THE DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE POWER REGULATION DEVICE FOR HOME

APPLIANCES

OSANIPIN EMMANUEL OLAREWAJU

OWOEYE BOLUWATIFE CHRISTOPHER
SHITTU IBRAHIM A.

MATRIC NO:
FPA/ME/3-046
FPA/ME/3-048
FPA/ME/3-101

IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

APRIL, 2024
 ABSTRACT

A remote-powered regulation device is an innovative technology designed to control and manage various
systems or processes from a distance. It harnesses the power of wireless communication and advanced
electronics to provide efficient and precise regulation. This device can be applied in numerous sectors,
including industrial automation, home automation, and environmental monitoring, allowing users to
operate and adjust settings effortlessly and safely from a remote location. Its key benefits include increased
convenience, energy savings, and enhanced safety measures.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

Modern homes are filled with electronic devices, from TVs and fans to air conditioners and lights.
Traditionally, these appliances required manual switches to turn them on and off. This method, while
simple, can be cumbersome, especially for people with physical limitations, busy schedules, or those who
need to control devices frequently. To address this, a more convenient solution emerged: the remote control
(Josephine, 2023).

Early attempts at remote control involved wired devices, offering some control from a distance. However,
these tethered users, either by tangling cords or tripping hazards. Hiding the cord under furniture restricted
movement, while leaving it exposed created a potential safety risk. Thankfully, wireless remote controls
revolutionized home control, putting users truly in charge. Remotes brought order and convenience to
everyday tasks, simplifying multi-device and multi-room living (ref).

Remote control technology has undergone significant advancements. Early versions relied on radio waves
or light beams directed at photoelectric cells. The concept of a wireless remote using light originated in the
US in 1955. Since then, advancements have continued, with modern remotes utilizing infrared (IR), radio
frequency (RF), Bluetooth, and even mobile phone technology (ref).

The most common technology in home remotes is infrared (IR) light. The signal between the remote and
the device consists of invisible pulses of IR light, detectable by digital cameras but not the human eye.
Pressing a button on the remote triggers the transmitter, an LED in the remote's tip, to emit a burst of these
coded pulses. The receiver in the device interprets the code and executes the corresponding action (ref).

Radio Frequency (RF) remotes employ various radio signals to control devices at greater distances. They
serve as a complementary option to IR controls, commonly found in electric garage door openers, security
alarms, and industrial automation systems (Mohamed & Ayman, 2023).

Key Milestones in the Evolution of Remote Power Regulation Devices (ref):

1. Analog Control Systems (1950s-1970s): The initial phase of development focused on analog
control systems, which used electrical signals to regulate power. These systems were primarily used
in industrial applications, such as controlling motors and machinery.

2. Digital Control Systems (1980s-1990s): As digital technology emerged, remote power regulating
devices transitioned from analog to digital control systems. These systems offered greater accuracy,
flexibility, and ease of programming, leading to their widespread adoption in various industries.
 3. Wireless Communication and the Internet of Things (IoT) (2000s-Present): With the advent of
wireless communication and the IoT, remote power regulating devices have become increasingly
sophisticated. Today, these devices can be connected to the internet, allowing users to monitor and
control power consumption from anywhere in the world.

4. Integration with Renewable Energy Sources (2010s-Present): As the world shifts towards
sustainable energy sources, remote power regulating devices have been integrated with renewable
energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines.

Josephine (2023) said that in today's technologically driven world, the demand for efficient and remotely
controlled power regulation devices has grown exponentially. As industries and households continue to
rely heavily on electronic devices and machinery, the need for smart and adaptive power management
solutions becomes increasingly critical. Traditional power regulating systems often lack the flexibility,
efficiency, and real-time monitoring capabilities required to meet the dynamic power demands of modern
applications.

Remote controls devices are devices that sends digitally-coded pulses to control functions like power,
volume, tuning, temperature set point, fan speed, just to name a few, to control different equipment’s.
These devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array for various adjustable setting
buttons for television channel, track number, and volume. For many devices, the remote control contains
all the function controls while the controlled device itself has only a handful of essential primary controls
(Mohamed & Ayman, 2023). In summary, the study for the development of a remote power regulation
device is highly significant as it addresses critical challenges in energy management, promotes
sustainability, fosters technological innovation, and empowers users with greater control over their energy
consumption. The successful implementation of this project has the potential to reshape the energy
landscape, driving towards a more efficient, sustainable, and resilient energy future.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Technology has advanced so much in the last decade or two that it has made life more efficient and comfortable. The

comfort of being able to take control of devices from one particular location has become imperative (i.e. important)

as it saves a lot of time and effort. Therefore there arises a need to do so in a systematic manner which will be

implemented in the proposed system (ref). The system is an extended approach to automating a control system. With

the advancement and breakthrough in technology over the years, the lives of people have become busier than before.

With the adoption of this system, we can gain control over certain things that require constant attention. The

application of this system comes in handy when people who forget to do simple things such as turn ON or OFF

devices at their homes or at their offices. They can now do so without their presence by the transmission of a simple
call from their mobile phone. This development, I believe will ultimately save a lot of time especially when people

do not have to come back for simple things such as to turn ON or OFF at their homes or at their office once they set

out for their respective work or appointment.

The light bulbs and fans that we use in our daily life are switched on and off via a switch manually. Such
light bulbs usually do not have intensity control. The speed of the fan is controlled by the user manually
using the regulatorr’s nob. Thus, in their busy life, users tend to forget switching off the light
bulbs and fans while leaving home for their workplace. The user wouldn’t know this until he/she returns
home or wouldn’t’t have enough time to return home and switch them off. Thus resulting in a huge
wastage of electricity, emptying the pockets paying bills. The currently existing Serial Lights Controller is
a manually operated Embedded System. The end-users have to operate the controller only via the keys/
button present on the device. To choose a particular light sequence, the end-user will have to go to the
controller device and select the required sequence by pressing the relevant buttons on the device. Also, the
device usually doesn’t support changing the colour of the serial light bulbs. Thus, manual monitoring and
controlling of the device is required (Fernandes M.R., Padma M.C. 2014).

The development of a user-friendly interface for remote control and monitoring of power consumption will
contribute to promoting user engagement and awareness in energy management. This research will provide
insights into designing intuitive and accessible interfaces that empower users to make informed decisions
and adopt responsible energy usage patterns.

The project's focus on energy conservation, operational cost reduction, and sustainability will contribute to
understanding the economic and environmental impacts of remote power regulation systems. This research
will provide insights into the potential benefits of adopting such systems on a larger scale, including energy
savings, reduced carbon emissions, and a smaller ecological footprint.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The primary aim of this project is to design, develop, and install a remote power regulation device that
leverages advanced technologies to optimize energy efficiency, provide real-time monitoring and control
capabilities, and enhance the overall management of power consumption across various applications and
environments while specific objectives include:
i. To research and identify the key factors affecting power consumption in various applications.
ii. To design algorithms and control mechanisms that can dynamically adjust power output based on
real-time demand, thereby optimizing energy efficiency and reducing wastage.
iii. To develop a user-friendly interface that allows users to remotely control and monitor power
consumption, settings, and performance via smartphones, tablets, or computers.
 iv. To design a modular and adaptable power regulating solution capable of accommodating different
power requirements and configurations that will ensure compatibility of device with various
applications and environments, from industrial settings to residential complexes.
v. To develop protocols and interfaces that enhance grid management, load balancing, and demand
response capabilities
vi. To design the device with built-in safeguards and fail-safe mechanisms to prevent potential hazards
and ensure reliable operation under various conditions.
vii. To carry out performance evaluation of the developed remote power regulation device.

1.4 Significance of Study

The development of a remote power regulating device holds substantial significance in the context of
modern energy management and sustainability. The study and implementation of such a device can have
far-reaching impacts on various sectors and aspects of society. Below are the key significances of the
study:

i. Energy Conservation and Sustainability: The project aims to optimize energy efficiency by
dynamically adjusting power output based on real-time demand. This can lead to significant energy
savings, reduced carbon emissions, and a smaller ecological footprint, contributing to global
sustainability efforts.
ii. Operational Cost Reduction: By efficiently managing and controlling power consumption,
businesses and households can reduce their energy bills and operational costs. The remote
monitoring and control capabilities of the device can also minimize downtime and maintenance
costs.
iii. Enhanced Grid Management and Stability: The integration of the device with smart grids can
improve grid management, load balancing, and demand response capabilities. This can lead to a
more stable and resilient electrical grid, reducing the risk of blackouts and improving overall grid
performance.
iv. Flexibility and Adaptability: The scalable and flexible nature of the device allows it to be tailored
to various applications and environments, from industrial settings to residential complexes. This
adaptability enhances the device's versatility and applicability across different sectors, maximizing
its impact and utility.
v. Technological Advancement and Innovation: The project leverages advanced technologies such
as Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and cloud computing. By pushing the
boundaries of technological innovation, the study contributes to the advancement of the field of
energy management and opens up new possibilities for future research and development.
vi. Empowering Users with Remote Accessibility: The user-friendly interface and remote-control
capabilities of the device empower users to actively participate in managing their power
 consumption. This increased awareness and control can lead to more responsible energy usage
patterns and foster a culture of energy conservation.
vii. Regulatory Compliance and Safety: Ensuring that the device meets all safety standards and
regulations is crucial for its widespread adoption and acceptance. The study's focus on safety and
reliability contributes to establishing trust and confidence among users, regulatory bodies, and
stakeholders.

1.5 Scope of the Study:

The development and implementation of a remote power regulation device represent a pioneering effort in
the field of energy management and smart grid technology. This project is expected to cover the following
areas; identification of key factors affecting power consumption in various applications, designing
algorithms and control mechanisms that can dynamically adjust power output based on real-time demand,
develop a user-friendly interface that allows users to remotely control and monitor power consumption,
settings, and performance via smartphones, tablets, or computers, design a modular and adaptable power
regulating solution capable of accommodating different power requirements and configurations that will
ensure compatibility of device with various applications and environments, from industrial settings to
residential complexes, develop protocols and interfaces that enhance grid management, load balancing, and
demand response capabilities, design the device with built-in safeguards and fail-safe mechanisms to
prevent potential hazards and ensure reliable operation under various conditions, and carry out performance
evaluation of the developed remote power regulation device.

1.6 Expected Contribution to Knowledge

The development of a remote power regulating device is expected to make significant contributions to
advancement in the field of energy management, smart grid technology, and sustainable development.
The development of a remote power regulating device will contribute to expanding the body of
knowledge, fostering technological innovation, and shaping the future of energy consumption and
management.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

The field of remote power regulation devices has witnessed significant advancements over the years,
driven by the increasing demand for energy efficiency, sustainability, and smart grid integration. Several
studies, projects, and commercial products have contributed to shaping this field. Different types of
approaches have been made towards home automation. An SMS based method uses GSM technology
available in phones to communicate with a microcontroller which acts as the main control for access to
home appliances. A GSM module is also required to be attached to the microcontroller through a port to
enable SMS capability (Khiyal, 2009). Below is an overview of some of the key previous work done in this
area:
i. Smart Grid Technologies:
Numerous research studies and pilot projects have focused on the development and implementation
of smart grid technologies, including advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), demand response
systems, and grid automation. These efforts have laid the foundation for integrating remote power
regulating devices into existing electrical grids and enhancing grid management and efficiency (Jin,
2011).

Fig.2.1. Smart Grid Technologies

ii. IoT and Energy Management Systems:

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in energy management systems has been a
significant area of research and development. Studies have explored the use of sensor networks, data
analytics, and cloud computing to monitor, control, and optimize energy consumption in real-time. Thus,
IoT-based solutions have provided insights into designing scalable and adaptable remote power regulating
devices (ref).
iii. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Energy Management:
Research has been conducted on leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
algorithms for predicting energy demand, optimizing power consumption, and enhancing the performance
of remote power regulating devices. These AI-driven approaches have demonstrated promising results in
improving energy efficiency and reducing operational costs (ref).

iv. Wireless Communication Technologies:

The development of wireless communication technologies, such as Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and Wi-Fi, has
enabled seamless remote control and monitoring of power regulating devices. Studies have explored the
design and implementation of communication protocols, network architectures, and security mechanisms to
facilitate reliable and secure communication between devices and control systems (ref).

Fig.2.2. Wireless Communication Technologies

v. Safety and Reliability of Power Regulating Devices:

Research has been conducted on evaluating the safety and reliability of remote power regulating devices
under various operating conditions and environmental factors. Studies have focused on identifying
potential risks, designing fail-safe mechanisms, and ensuring compliance with safety standards and
regulations to minimize hazards and ensure reliable operation (ref).

vi. User Interface Design and Human-Centric Approaches:

The importance of user-friendly interfaces and human-centric design principles in energy management
systems has been emphasized in previous research. Studies have explored user behavior, preferences, and
engagement strategies to design intuitive and accessible interfaces for remote power regulating devices,
enhancing user experience and adoption rates (ref).

vii. Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment:

Researchers have conducted studies to assess the economic and environmental impacts of implementing
remote power regulating devices. These studies have evaluated energy savings, cost reductions, carbon
emissions reductions, and other benefits associated with adopting smart and adaptive power management
solutions (ref).

In summary, previous work in the field of remote power regulating devices has laid a solid foundation for
the development and implementation of innovative and efficient energy management solutions. The
insights, technologies, and methodologies derived from these studies provide valuable guidance and
inspiration for the current project, enabling the exploration of new approaches, the integration of advanced
technologies, and the advancement of knowledge in this rapidly evolving field.

2.2. Remote Power Regulation Device

The world of literature is vast and diverse, encompassing various genres and themes that cater to the
diverse tastes of readers. One such unique subject matter that has recently emerged in the literary world is
the Remote Power Regulation Device. This review aims to provide an insightful analysis of the book, its
content, and the impact it has on the reader (ref).

The Remote Power Regulation Device, published in 2020, is a fascinating exploration of technology's role
in modern society. The author, an anonymous engineer, shares their experiences in designing and
implementing a remote power regulating device for various industries. The narrative is engaging, with a
perfect balance of technical details and human emotions, making it accessible to readers from all walks of
life.

The book is divided into three main parts, each focusing on a different aspect of the remote power
regulation device. The first part delves into the conceptualization and design of the device, providing an in-
depth understanding of the engineering principles involved. The author's passion for their work is evident
throughout this section, making it an enjoyable read even for those who may not have a technical
background.

The second part of the book focuses on the practical implementation of the device in various industries.
The author shares real-life case studies, highlighting the challenges faced during the installation process
and the benefits experienced by the industries that adopted the device. These examples provide a
comprehensive understanding of the device's versatility and potential impact on different sectors of the
economy.

In the final part of the book, the author discusses the future of remote power regulation devices and the
potential implications for society. This section is thought-provoking, as it raises questions about the role of
technology in shaping our lives and the environment. The author's vision for a more sustainable future,
powered by efficient energy management systems, is both inspiring and realistic.

One of the key strengths of The Remote Power Regulation Device is its ability to bridge the gap between
technical jargon and everyday language. The author's writing style is clear and concise, making it easy for
readers to grasp complex concepts. Furthermore, the book is well-researched, with numerous references to
scientific studies and industry reports, adding credibility to the content.

The Remote Power Regulation Device is a must-read for anyone interested in technology, engineering, or
the future of energy management. The author's passion for their work is evident in every page, making for
an engaging and informative read. Published in 2020, this book has already made a significant impact in
the realm of literature, inspiring readers to explore the potential of technology in shaping a better
tomorrow.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1. System design and implementation

This remote controlled power supply switch has six stages namely: The transmitter stage, the detector
(phototransistor) stage, the NAND Schmitt trigger stage, the flip-flop stage and the relay stage. The circuit
comprises of a transmitter designed to generate an average frequency from 30 KHz to 60 KHz. The
frequency rate of the output pulse is determined by the values of two resistors “R1 and R2” and the timing
capacitor “C of the 555 timer. The signal generated by the timer is picked up by the infrared detector unit,
which goes low on receiving the signal. The detector unit (photodiode) is set by different values of “R1”
and “C1”and the values for the resistor “R1” may be as high as 10Kohms and the capacitor C1 40μF. This
will prevent the photodiode unit from turning on under normal lighting conditions. The output of the
photodiode, which is at low level, is then inverted by the NAND Schmitt trigger, (the NAND gate is a NOT
-AND, or an inverted AND function). The NAND gate used for this project is the CB 4093 BCN, the
output of the NAND gate (a high) is now fed to into the flip flop which is a D – type of flip flop and it
stores the information it receives which is a high (i.e.1), until it receives a contrary command or
information which may be a low (i.e.0) when the transmitter button is pressed again [3,5]. The flip-flop
receives data or information, which is a single bit and stores it; the data may be a low or high depending on
the input. The output of the flip-flop now turns on or triggers the relay, which supplies power to the AC
supply line. The flip-flop used for this work is the TC 4013 BP as shown in circuit diagram of Figure 3.5.
The relay acts as a switch and as an isolator in this work because it is used to isolate the main circuit from
the AC supply line, and it switches the power supply of a given room ON or OFF as the case may be
(Ahmed, Adamu,. and Kolo, 2007).

3.2. Transmitter
A 9 volts battery powers the transmitter. It consumes little power. A 555 timer shown in Figure 3.2. was
used to generate the signal and it was configured in unstable mode [7,9]. The threshold input pin (6) six
was connected to the trigger input pin (2) two. The external components R1, R2, and C1 form the timing
network that sets the frequency of oscillation. When the switch S1 is closed, power is turned ON, and the
capacitor “C1” uncharged, thus the trigger voltage (pin 2) is at 0 volt. This causes the output of the
comparator “B” to be HIGH and output of comparator “A” to be LOW, Forcing the output of the latch, and
thus the base of Q1 LOW and keeping the transistor OFF. Now, C1 begins charging through R1 and R2 as
seen in Figure 3.2. when the capacitor voltage reaches 1/3 Vcc, comparator B switch to its LOW output
state, and when the capacitor voltage reaches 2/3Vcc, comparator A switches to it’s HIGH output state.
This RESETS the latch, causing the base of Q1 to HIGH, and turns ON the transistor. This sequence
creates a discharge path for the capacitor through R2 and the transistor. The capacitor now begins to
discharge, causing comparator A to go LOW. At the point where the capacitor discharges down to 1/3 Vcc,
comparator B switches HIGH; this SETS the latch, which makes the base Q1 LOW and turns OFF the
transistor. Another charging cycle begins and the entire process repeats. The result is a rectangular wave
output

Fig.3.2. Transmitter circuit

The resistor R2 was chosen to be one with very high resistance, because a duty cycle approaching a
minimum of 50% can only be achieved if R2 >> R1 so that the charging and discharging times are
approximately equal. Therefore, R2 was chosen to be 1.8kΩ and R1 to be 220Ω for this project design.
The capacitor alternately charges towards Vo and discharges towards zero according to the input voltage
shown in figure 3.3. Here, the frequency (and therefore period) of the input square wave voltage is exactly
such that the capacitor is allowed to fully charge and discharge. The time constant “t,” is equivalent to
KRC.
t = KRC (1)

Assume that a square wave voltage is applied across an RC circuit. If one were to
continually monitor the voltage across the capacitor, the waveform would resemble that of
figure 3.3.

Fig.3.3. Waveform of an RC circuit+

3.3. Frequency circuit calculation
Considering equation (1), the time constant t = KRC and from the figure above, it can
be deduced that for 1 (one) period of oscillation of the RC circuit the capacitor charges for say
T charge seconds and discharges for T discharge seconds. Where R is a resistor, C is a
capacitor, and K is a constant (0.693).
From the transmitter circuit in figure 3.2: R 1=220 Ω, R 2=1.8 kΩ C=0.01 μF :
T charge=0.693 RTC ( 2 )
Where RT is R 1+ R 2
Therefore
T charge=0.693 ( R 1+ R 2 ) C
T charge=0.693 ( 220+1.8 k ) 0.01×10−6=1399.86 ×0.01 ×10−6=14 μs(3)
T discharge=0.698 R 2C
T discharge=1.8 k ×0.693 ( 0.01 ×10−6 ) =13 μs ( 4 )
Therefore; Period of Oscillation:
T =t charge+t discharge=14+13=27 μs ( 5 )
Frequency of oscillation:
1.44 1.44
F= = × 0.01 ×10−6
( R 1+2 R 2 ) C (220+ 3600)
F=37,696.34 Hz ≈=38 kHz (6)
The oscillator in this circuit is a free running non-sinusoidal oscillator.

3.4. The receiver

It consists of a photodiode pre-amplifier and a signal processor, which operates at a turned frequency of
about 37.9KH3. When the pin 3 of the receiver is powered, R1 limits the current into the photodiode. The
output of the Receiver at pin one (1) as shown in figure 3.4 is the voltage drop across the photodiode under
normal light. When the photodiode, receivers any signal from the transmitter, the resistance of the
photodiode will drop and consequently drop the voltage across it. With a considerable signal received by
the receiver of about 30KH3 to 40KH3, the resistance may fall to a negligible value and thus the drop
across the photodiode is approximately zero volts, thus making the output of the receiver low. But when no
signal is received, the resistance increases and thus the voltage drop across the photodiodes increases (ref).
 Figure. 3.4. Receiver circuit

3.5. The buffer circuit

C9014 [6] transistor or emitter follower is used as buffer as shown in the circuit
diagram Figure 3.5.; the output terminal is the emitter, which follows the input (the base), less
one-diode drops. For this circuit, the Vin was at the positive 0.6 volt, so that the output will
remain at ground level. An emitter follower has current gain; therefore it is used to increase
the driving current of the relay, even though it has no voltage gain. The circuit requires less
power from the signal source to drive a load, and much power if the signal source were to
drive the load directly.

Fig.3.5. Circuit diagram of

an infrared remote control unit

3.6. Power / regulator

The power supply used in this design is a linear power supply type, which comprises
of a step down transformer, filter capacitors, rectifier and voltage regulators. The two
regulators were used to give the various voltage levels. The power supply circuit diagram is
shown in Figure 3.6 (ref).
 Fig.3.6. Power supply unit
The turn’s ratio of a transformer in a D.C power supply can be selected to either increase or decrease the
220V ac input. With most electronic equipment, a supply voltage of less than 220V is required, and
therefore, a step down transformer is used. The secondary output voltage (Vs} from the transformer can be
calculated as.
Vs = (Ns x Vp)/ Np (7)
where:
• Vs = Secondary voltage of transformer;
• Ns = Secondary windings of transformer;
• Np = Primary windings of transformer;
• Vp = Primary winding of transformer.

References

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