Object Oriented Programming

CSC2071
Lecture No. 07
Muhammad Shahid
Department of Computer Science
National Textile University

[email protected]
 Recap

 Arrays
 Multidimensional Arrays
‒ Rectangular arrays
‒ Jagged arrays
 Arrays as Arguments
 Arrays as Return values
 The System.Array Base Class

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 What Will You Learn Today?

 What is Object-Orientation?
 Procedural Programming Paradigm
 Object Oriented Programming Paradigm
 Benefits of Object-Orientation
 Object-Oriented Principles

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 Object-Orientation

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 Procedural Programming Paradigm

 In this paradigm (functional paradigm) the

programming unit is a function

 Program is divided into self-contained and

maintainable parts called ‘Modules’

 A module contains procedures-self-contained

code that carries out a single task

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 Procedural Programming Paradigm

 A function is a self-contained code returning

value to the calling procedure

 All computations are done by applying

functions

 Procedural paradigm separates data of

program from instructions that manipulate the
data

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 Procedural Programming Paradigm

Application Module C Procedure Y

Module A Module C Procedure X

Function P Function Q
Module B Module D Procedure Y Procedure Z

Application is divided into 4 modules Modules C carries out 3 tasks (X, Y, Z) Procedure Y calls function P and Q

Data In Data Code Data Out

Function (process the data)

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 Object Oriented Programming Para.

 Paradigm describes a system as it exists in

real life based on interactions among real
objects

 Application is modeled as collection of related

objects that interact and do the work (task)

 The programming unit is a class representing

collection of similar real world objects

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 Object Oriented Programming Para.

 Programming starts with abstraction of useful

real world objects and classes

 Application is divided into multiple packages

 OOP binds together data and the instructions

that manipulate the data into a class

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 Object Oriented Programming Para.
Application Package B Class R
Methods
Class (m1,…m7)
Package A Package B P
Data
X, y, z
Class Class
Package C Package D R
Q

Application is collection of 4 Packages Packages B contains 3 classes (P, Q, R) Class R encapsulates 7 methods
( m1.. m7) and 3 attributes ( x, y, z)

Object X of Class R

Data
Message to invoke m4() 3,8,1 Data/Object out

Object (encapsulates data+code)

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 Benefits of Object-Orientation

 Modularity
‒ Source code for an object can be maintained
independently in a class. Once created, an
object can be easily passed around inside the
system.
 Code Re-use
‒ If an object already exists, you can use that
object in the program. This allows specialists to
implement/test/debug complex, task-specific
objects, which you can then trust to run in your
own code.
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 Benefits of Object-Orientation

 Information-hiding
‒ By interacting only with an object's methods,
the details of its internal implementation remain
hidden from the outside world
 Plug-ability and debugging ease
‒ If a particular object turns out to be problematic,
you can simply remove it from the application
and plug in a different object as its replacement.
This is analogous to fixing mechanical problems
in the real world.

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 Object-Oriented Principles

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 Object-Oriented Principles

1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism

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 OO Principles - Encapsulation

 Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds

together the code and the data it
manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse
 There are two important aspects of
encapsulation:
1) Access restriction - preventing one object
from accessing another's internal state
2) Namespaces/scopes - allowing the same
name to have different meanings in different
contexts
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 OO Principles - Encapsulation

 Encapsulation mechanisms are essential for

reducing couplings between software
components

 Many encapsulation mechanisms originated

with non-object-oriented languages

 Object-oriented languages add additional

encapsulation mechanisms

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 OO Principles - Encapsulation

 Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds

together the code and the data it
manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse

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 OO Principles - Encapsulation

Private Area
No Entry Private Data

Private Functions

Public Area
Entry Allowed
Public Data

Public Functions

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 OO Principles - Abstraction

 Abstraction is the development of classes,

objects, types in terms of their interfaces and
functionality, instead of their implementation
details

 Abstraction denotes a model, a view, or some

other focused representation for an real world
object

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 OO Principles - Abstraction

 “An abstraction denotes the essential

characteristics of an object that distinguish it
from all other kinds of object and thus provide
crisply defined conceptual boundaries,
relative to the perspective of the viewer.”

[G. Booch]

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 OO Principles - Abstraction

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 OO Principles - Inheritance

 Inheritance is the process by which one

object acquires the properties of another
object
 By use of inheritance, an object need only
define all of its characteristics that make it
unique within its class, it can inherit its
general attributes from its parent
 Object-oriented programming allows classes
to inherit commonly used state and behavior
from other classes
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 OO Principles - Inheritance

Tandem Bike
Mountain Bike Road Bike

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 OO Principles - Polymorphism

 Polymorphism (from Greek, meaning ‘many

forms’) is a feature that allows same interface
to be used for a multiple class of actions
depending on context
Shape
Draw()

Line Circle Triangle Rectangle

Draw() Draw() Draw() Draw()
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 Recap

 What is Object-Orientation?
 Procedural Programming Paradigm
 Object Oriented Programming Paradigm
 Benefits of Object-Orientation
 Object-Oriented Principles

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Questions

Object Oriented Programming – CSC2071