11 CURVE FİTTİNG There are two general approaches for curve fitting:
• Least Squares regression:
Data exhibit a significant degree of scatter. The strategy is to derive a single curve that represents the general trend of the data.
• Interpolation: Data is very precise. The strategy is to pass a curve or a series of curves through each of the points. MATHEMATİCAL BACKGROUND Arithmetic mean. The sum of the individual data points (yi) divided by the number of points (n).
y y i , i 1, , n n
Standard deviation. The most common measure of
a spread for a sample. St Sy , S t ( yi y ) 2 n 1 MATHEMATİCAL BACKGROUND Variance. Representation of spread by the square of the standard deviation.
i y y 2 2 ( y y ) 2 /n S 2 or S 2 i i n 1 y n 1 y
Coefficientof variation. Has the utility to quantify
the spread of data.
Sy c.v. 100 % y LEAST SQUARES REGRESSİON Linear Regression Fitting a straight line to a set of paired observations: (x1, y1), (x2, y2),…,(xn, yn). y = a0+ a1 x + e a1 - slope a0 - intercept e - error, or residual, between the model and the observations CRİTERİA FOR A “BEST” FİT
How to find a0 and a1 so that the error would
be minimum? n n min e (y a i 1 i i 1 i 0 a1 xi )
n n min | e | | y a i 1 i i 1 i 0 a1 xi | CRİTERİA FOR A “BEST” FİT
Another strategy is to minimize the sum of the
residuals between the measured y and the y calculated with the linear model n n n S r ei2 ( yi , measured yi , model ) 2 ( yi a0 a1 xi ) 2 i 1 i 1 i 1
n n min S r i e 2 ( yi a0 a1 xi ) 2 i 1 i 1 The coefficients a0 and a1 that minimize Sr must satisfy the following conditions: S r S r 2 ( yi ao a1 xi ) 0 a 0 ao 0 S r S r 0 2 ( yi ao a1 xi ) xi 0 a1 a1 0 yi a 0 a1 xi 0 yi xi a 0 xi a1 xi2
a 0 na0 na0 xi a1 yi 2 equations with 2 unknowns, ii 0i 1i y x a x a x 2 can be solved simultaneously n xi yi xi yi a1 a0 y a1 x n xi2 xi 2
Total sum of the squares around the mean for the
dependent variable, y, is St S t ( yi y ) 2
Sum of the squares of residuals around the regression
line is Sr n n S r ei2 ( yi ao a1 xi ) 2 i 1 i 1 Standard deviation for the regression line can be determined as;
𝑆𝑟 𝑆𝑦/𝑥 = 𝑛−2 where Sy/x is the standard error of the estimate.
y/x designates that the error is for a predicted value of
y corresponding to a particular value of x. St-Srquantifies the improvement or error reduction due to describing data in terms of a straight line rather than as an average value.
St S r r 2
St r2: coefficient of determination r : correlation coefficient For a perfect fit: Sr= 0 and r = r2 =1, signifying that the line explains 100 percent of the variability of the data. For r = r2 = 0, Sr = St, the fit represents no improvement. EXP 11-1: Fit a straight line to x, y values given below.
x y 0 200 3 230 5 240 8 270 10 290 EXP 11-2: Fit a straight line to x, y values given below, and calculate the standard deviation, the standard error of the estimate, and correlation coefficient of the data.
