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    Na 11

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    Ezgi Geyik

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Na 11

    Uploaded by

    Ezgi Geyik
    3 views15 pages

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    NA-11

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    3 views15 pages

    Na 11

    Uploaded by

    Ezgi Geyik

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

    Prof. Dr. Süheyla ÇEHRELİ

    11
    CURVE FİTTİNG
    There are two general approaches for curve fitting:

    • Least Squares regression:


    Data exhibit a significant degree of scatter. The
    strategy is to derive a single curve that represents
    the general trend of the data.

    • Interpolation:
    Data is very precise. The strategy is to pass a
    curve or a series of curves through each of the
    points.
    MATHEMATİCAL BACKGROUND
     Arithmetic mean. The sum of the individual data
    points (yi) divided by the number of points (n).

    y
     y i
    , i  1, , n
    n

     Standard deviation. The most common measure of


    a spread for a sample.
    St
    Sy  , S t   ( yi  y ) 2
    n 1
    MATHEMATİCAL BACKGROUND
     Variance. Representation of spread by the square of
    the standard deviation.

     i   y   y 
    2 2
    ( y y ) 2
    /n
    S 
    2
    or S 2

    i i
    n 1
    y
    n 1
    y

     Coefficientof variation. Has the utility to quantify


    the spread of data.

    Sy
    c.v.  100 %
    y
    LEAST SQUARES REGRESSİON
    Linear Regression
    Fitting a straight line to a set of paired
    observations: (x1, y1), (x2, y2),…,(xn, yn).
    y = a0+ a1 x + e
    a1 - slope
    a0 - intercept
    e - error, or residual, between the model and
    the observations
    CRİTERİA FOR A “BEST” FİT

     How to find a0 and a1 so that the error would


    be minimum?
    n n
    min e  (y  a
    i 1
    i
    i 1
    i 0  a1 xi )

    n n
    min | e |  | y  a
    i 1
    i
    i 1
    i 0  a1 xi |
    CRİTERİA FOR A “BEST” FİT

     Another strategy is to minimize the sum of the


    residuals between the measured y and the y
    calculated with the linear model
    n n n
    S r   ei2   ( yi , measured  yi , model ) 2   ( yi  a0  a1 xi ) 2
    i 1 i 1 i 1

    n n
    min S r   i e 2
      ( yi  a0  a1 xi ) 2
    i 1 i 1
     The coefficients a0 and a1 that minimize Sr
    must satisfy the following conditions:
     S r S r
     2 ( yi  ao  a1 xi )  0
     a  0 ao
     0
     S r
     S r  0  2 ( yi  ao  a1 xi ) xi   0
    a1
     a1
    0   yi   a 0   a1 xi
    0   yi xi   a 0 xi   a1 xi2

    a 0  na0
    na0   xi a1   yi 2 equations with 2 unknowns,
     ii  0i 1i
    y x  a x  a x 2 can be solved simultaneously
    n xi yi   xi  yi
    a1  a0  y  a1 x
    n xi2   xi 
    2

    Total sum of the squares around the mean for the


    dependent variable, y, is St
    S t   ( yi  y ) 2

    Sum of the squares of residuals around the regression


    line is Sr
    n n
    S r   ei2   ( yi  ao  a1 xi ) 2
    i 1 i 1
    Standard deviation for the regression line can
    be determined as;

    𝑆𝑟
    𝑆𝑦/𝑥 =
    𝑛−2
    where Sy/x is the standard error of the estimate.

    y/x designates that the error is for a predicted value of


    y corresponding to a particular value of x.
     St-Srquantifies the improvement or error reduction due to
    describing data in terms of a straight line rather than as
    an average value.

    St  S r
    r  2

    St
    r2: coefficient of determination
    r : correlation coefficient
    For a perfect fit:
     Sr= 0 and r = r2 =1, signifying that the line explains 100
    percent of the variability of the data.
     For r = r2 = 0, Sr = St, the fit represents no improvement.
     EXP 11-1: Fit a straight line to x, y values given below.

    x y
    0 200
    3 230
    5 240
    8 270
    10 290
     EXP 11-2: Fit a straight line to x, y values given below, and
    calculate the standard deviation, the standard error of the
    estimate, and correlation coefficient of the data.

    x y
    1 0,5
    2 2,5
    3 2
    4 4
    5 3,5
    6 6
    7 5,5

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