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1 Introduction

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avijitbd65
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Robotics

 Robotics is the applied science of motion control for multi-axis

manipulators and is a large subset of "mechatronics"

(Mechanical, Electronic and Software engineering for product or

systems development, particularly for motion control

applications).

 Mechatronics is a more general term that includes robotic

arms, positioning systems, sensors and machines that are

controlled by electronics and/or software, such as automated

machinery, mobile robots and even your computer controlled

washing machine and DVD movie player.


 Most of the information taught in mechatronic engineering

courses around the world stems from industrial robotics research,

since most of the earliest actuator and sensor technologies

were first developed and designed for indoor factory

applications.

 Robotics, sensors, actuators and controller technologies

continue to improve and evolve at an amazing rate. Automation

systems and robots today are performing motion control and

real-time decision making tasks that were considered impossible.


 It can truly be said that we are now living in a time
where almost any form of physical work that a human
being can do can be replicated or performed faster, more
accurately, cheaper and more consistently using
computer controlled robots and mechanisms.
 Many highly skilled jobs are now completely automated.
Manufacturing jobs such as metal milling, lathe
turning, pattern making and welding are now being
performed more easily, cheaper and faster using CNC
machines and industrial robots controlled by easy-to-use
3D CAD/CAM software.
 Designs for mechanical components can be quickly
created on a computer screen and converted to real-world
solid material prototypes in under one hour, thus saving a
great deal of time and costly material that would normally
be wasted due to human error.
 Industrial robots and machines are being used to
assemble, manufacture or paint most of the products
we take for granted and use on a daily basis, such as
computer motherboards and peripheral hardware,
automobiles, household appliances and all kinds of
useful white goods (air conditioners, refrigerators,
stoves, etc.) found in a modern home.
 In the 20th century, engineers have mastered almost
all forms of motion control and have proven that
robots and machines can perform almost any job that
is considered too heavy, too tiring, too boring or too
dangerous and harmful for human beings
 What Is a Robot?
 Robots today are being utilized in a wide variety of
industrial application. The most majority of industrial
robots are mechanical arms attached to a fixed base,
with some form of programmable control for
automatic execution of motion.
 There are a variety of definitions of an industrial
robot, two of which are as follows:
 A industrial robot is a re-programmable multi-
function manipulator designed to move materials,
parts, tools or specialised devices, through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a variety
of tasks. (Robotic Institute of America, 1979 and
Robotics Association of America)
 An industrial robot is a re-programmable device
designed to both manipulate and transport parts, tools
or specialised manufacturing implements through
variable programmed motions for the performance of
specific manufacturing tasks.
(British Robots Association)

 Robotics is the engineering science and technology of


robots, and their design, manufacture, application,
and structural disposition. It requires a working
knowledge of electronics, mechanics, and software.
 The word 'robot' first appeared in 1921 but was not a
technical term. It was used by a Czech playwright
called Karel Capek in a satirical play called
'Rossums Universal Robots' to describe slave
labourers who had their souls removed to make them
work harder.
 The term ROBOT comes to us from the Czech word,
robota, which means forced labor or servitude.
 In, 1942 Isaac Asimov wrote a short science fiction
story in which the word 'robotics' was first used and
presented 3 laws of robotics.
Laws of robotics.

 Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later


added the “zeroth law”
 Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through
inaction, allow humanity to come to harm
 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or
through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm, unless this would violate a higher order law
 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human
beings, except where such orders would conflict with a
higher order law
 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long
as such protection does not conflict with a higher
order law
WHY WE NEED ROBOTS?
 • The world needs robots for a countless number of
reasons, including hazardous jobs and automated
manufacturing
 • Robots work without breaks or the need to sleep or
eat
 • Robots also provide a level of precision that is
unmatched by the human hand, and one which is
repeatable over indefinite time frames.
 • These characteristics make them ideal for precision
cutting, welding and assembly processes.
 • Medical robots are now so advanced that they are
being employed in brain, heart and eye surgeries
MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROBOTS
AND MACHINE

 Machine can be defined as an apparatus used to


perform a particular task.
 Most machines are not autonomous. Meaning
they can’t take decisions or they can’t be left
without inspecting or assisting them.
 A Machine can be termed as a Robot, if it is
autonomous and if it agrees with the three laws
stated by Isaac Asimov - Father of Robotics
 “Some Machines are Robots, all Robots are
Machines”
AUTOMATION VS ROBOTICS
 Automation: – Machinery designed to carry out a
specific task
 Bottling machine
 Dishwasher
 Paint sprayer

 Robots – Machinery designed to carry out a


variety of tasks
 Pick and place arms
 Mobile robots
 Computer Numerical Control machines
Classification of Robots
JIRA (Japanese Industrial Robot Association)

 Class1: Manual-Handling Device

 Class2: Fixed Sequence Robot

 Class3: Variable Sequence Robot

 Class4: Playback Robot

 Class5: Numerical Control Robot

 Class6: Intelligent Robot


Classification of Robots

RIA (Robotics Institute of America)

 Variable Sequence Robot(Class3)

 Playback Robot(Class4)

 Numerical Control Robot(Class5)

 Intelligent Robot(Class6)
Classification of Robots

AFR (Association FranÇaise de Robotique)

 Type A: Manual Handling Devices/ telerobotics

 Type B: Automatic Handling Devices/predetermined


cycles

 Type C: Programmable, Servo controlled robot,


continuous point-to-point trajectories

 Type D: Same type with C, but it can acquire


information.

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