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Lec 2

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12 views13 pages

Lec 2

Uploaded by

Khaled Amr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Segmentation

 Segmentation divides an image into its


constituent regions or objects.

 Segmentation of non trivial images is one of the


difficult task in pattern recognition.

 Segmentation accuracy determines the eventual


success or failure of computerized analysis
procedure.
Segmentation Algorithms

 Segmentation algorithms are based on one of two basic


properties of intensity values discontinuity and similarity.

 First category is to partition an image based on abrupt


changes in intensity, such as edges in an image.

 Second category are based on partitioning an image into


regions that are similar according to a predefined criteria.

**Histogram thresholding approach falls under this category.


Histograms
 Histogram are constructed by splitting the range of the
data into equal-sized bins (called classes). Then for
each bin, the number of points from the data set that fall
into each bin are counted.

 Vertical axis: Frequency (i.e., pixel counts for each bin)

 Horizontal axis: Response variable

 In image histograms the pixels form the horizontal axis


Thresholding - Foundation
 Suppose that the gray-level histogram corresponds to
an image f(x,y) composed of dark objects on the light
background, in such a way that object and background
pixels have gray levels grouped into two dominant
modes. One obvious way to extract the objects from the
background is to select a threshold ‘T’ that separates
these modes.

 Then any point (x,y) for which f(x,y) < T is called an


object point, otherwise, the point is called a background
point.
Example
Bimodal Histogram
 If two dominant modes characterize the image
histogram, it is called a bimodal histogram. Only
one threshold is enough for partitioning the
image.

 If for example an image is composed of two


types of dark objects on a light background,
three or more dominant modes characterize the
image histogram.
Bimodal Histogram
 If two dominant modes characterize the
image histogram, it is called a bimodal
histogram. Only one threshold is enough for
partitioning the image.

 If for example an image is composed of two


types of dark objects on a light background,
three or more dominant modes characterize
the image histogram.
Multimodal Histogram
 In such a case the histogram has to be
partitioned by multiple thresholds.

 Multilevel thresholding classifies a point (x,y) as


belonging to one object class
if T1 < (x,y) <= T2,
to the other object class
if f(x,y) > T2
and to the background
if f(x,y) <= T1.
Thresholding Bimodal Histogram
 Basic Global Thresholding:
1) Select an initial estimate for T
2) Segment the image using T. This will produce two groups
of pixels. G1 consisting of all pixels with gray level values
>T and G2 consisting of pixels with values <=T.
3) Compute the average gray level values mean1 and mean2
for the pixels in regions G1 and G2.
4) Compute a new threshold value
T=(1/2)(mean1 +mean2)
5) Repeat steps 2 through 4 until difference in T in successive
iterations is smaller than a predefined parameter T0.

 Basic Adaptive Thresholding: Images having uneven illumination


makes it difficult to segment using histogram, this approach is to
divide the original image into sub images and use the above said
thresholding process to each of the sub images.
Examples

0-169

170-214

215-255
Examples
Thresholding – Colour Images

 In colour images each pixel is characterized by


three RGB values.

 Here we construct a 3D histogram, and the


basic procedure is analogous to the method
used for one variable.

 Histograms plotted for each of the colour values


and threshold points are found.

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