Module 9b

Spread Footing Subjected to Axial Load

and Bending Moment Producing Non-
Uniform Pressure at the Bottom of
Footing

Design Problem

Design a square footing which will support an interior column 405mm x 405mm in
dimension. The column is subjected to axial dead load D of 400 kN, axial live load L of
600 kN, dead load moment MD of 45 kN.m and live load moment ML of 60 kN.m. Use the
following design properties: qa = 225 kPa, Ϫs = 20.4 kN/m3, Ϫc = 23.5 kN/m3, fy = 415
MPa, f ‘c =21 MPa, 25mm bars, 75mm clear cover.

PD + P L

MD + ML

1.80 m

Solution:

Try t = 510mm

1. Solve the effective soil pressure

𝑞𝑒 = 225 − [(1.8 − 0.510)(20.4)] − (0.510 𝑥 23.5)
𝑞𝑒 = 186.699 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2. Solve for trial footing dimension

𝑃 400+600
𝐴= = = 5.36 𝑚2
𝑞𝑒 186.699
𝐵 = 𝐷 = √5.36 = 2.30𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2.75 𝑚
Try 2.75m x 2.75m

3. Check the effective stress

➢ allowable eccentricity
ℎ (2.75)1000
𝑒= = = 458.3 𝑚𝑚
6 6
 ➢ actual eccentricity
𝑀 45+60
𝑒= = = 0.105 𝑚
𝑃 400+600

𝑒= 105𝑚𝑚 < 𝑒 = 458.3𝑚𝑚

hence, direct and bending stress can be superimposed.

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑞= − ±
𝐴 𝐼
𝐴 = (2.75)2 = 7.5625𝑚2
1
𝐼 = 12 (2.75)(2.75)3 = 4.766𝑚4

2.75
𝑐= = 1.375 𝑚
2
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑞= − ±
𝐴 𝐼
1000 105(1.375)
𝑞 = − ±
7.5625 4.766

𝑞 = −132.23 ± 30.29
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −132.23 + 30.29
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −101.94 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (compression)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −132.23 − 30.29
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −165.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (compression)

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 165.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎 < 𝑞𝑒 = 186.649 𝑜𝑘!

Therefore use 2.75m x 2.75m footing dimension

4. Solve for net ultimate soil pressure

𝑃𝑢 𝑀𝑢 𝑐
𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = − ±
𝐴 𝐼
where: 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2(400) + 1.6(600) = 1440 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿 = 1.2(45) + 1.6(60) = 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴 = (2.75)2 = 7.5625𝑚2
1
𝐼= (2.75)(2.75)3 = 4.766𝑚4
12
2.75
𝑐= = 1.375𝑚
2
𝑃𝑢 𝑀𝑢 𝑐
From the equation: 𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = − ± z
𝐴 𝐼
1440 150(1.375)
𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = − ±
7.5625 4.766

𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = −190.41 ± 43.27

𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −190.41 + 43.27 = −147.13 𝑘𝑃𝑎

 𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −190.4 − 43.27 = −233.68 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

➢ allowable ultimate soil pressure

𝑃𝑢 (𝑞𝑎 ) 1440(225)
𝑞𝑎(𝑢𝑙𝑡) = = = 324 𝑘𝑃𝑎 > 233 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑘!
𝐷+𝐿 1000

5. Check footing thickness from one-way shear

𝑑 = 510 − 1.5(25) − 75 = 397.5𝑚𝑚

2.75 0.405
− = 1.1725𝑚
2 2

1.1725 − 0.3975 = 0.775 𝑚

1.1725 m

147.13 kPa 233.68 kPa

86.55 kPa
y

0.775 m

405 mm

2.75 m 405 mm

0.9375mm

2.75 m
Line of critical in shear
 ➢ For ultimate shear force:

by similar :
𝑦 86.55
=
0.775 2.75
𝑦 = 24.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1
𝑉𝑢 = 233.68 (0.775 𝑥 2.75) − 2 (0.775 𝑥 24.4)(2.75)

𝑉𝑢 = 498.0305 − 26.00125

𝑉𝑢 = 472.02925 𝑘𝑁

➢ Effective depth

6𝑉𝑢 6(472.02925)(1000)
𝑑 = =
0.75√21(2.75)(1000)
𝜙√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤

𝑑 = 299.65𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 = 397.5𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑘!

6. Checking the footing thickness as required by two-way punching shear

147.13 kPa

233.68 kPa

𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑐+𝑑

2.75 m 𝑐+𝑑

2.75 m
 233.68+147.13
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 190.405 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2

𝑐 + 𝑑 = 405 + 397.5 = 802.5𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑝 = 1440 − 190.405 (0.8025)2
𝑉𝑝 = 1317.4 𝑘𝑁
𝑏0 = 4(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 4(802.5) = 3210𝑚𝑚
(i) Case a
3𝑉𝑝 3(1317.4)(1000)
𝑑= =
0.75√21(3210)
𝜙√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜

𝑑 = 358.43𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 = 397.5𝑚𝑚 , safe

(ii) Case b
6𝑉𝑝
𝑑=
2
𝜙(1+ )√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜
𝛽𝑐

405
𝛽𝑐 = =1<2 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
405
(iii) Case c
12𝑉𝑝
𝑑=
∝ 𝑑
𝜙( 𝑠 +2) √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜
𝑏𝑜

∝𝑠 = 40 (𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
12(1317.4)(1000)
𝑑= 40𝑥𝑑
0.75 ( +2) √21 (3210)
3210

𝑑 = 268.2𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 = 397.5𝑚𝑚 , safe

Hence,

𝑡 = 510𝑚𝑚 is safe for both one-way and two-way shear

7. Solve for bending moment in the longitudinal direction

by similar triangles:

𝑦 86.55
=
1.1725 2.7

𝑦 = 36.90 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Bending moment along section A-A

1.1725 1 1
𝑀𝑢 = 233.68 (1.1725 𝑥 2.75) ( ) − 2 (1.1725 𝑥 36.9 2.75)(3 𝑥 1.1725)
2
 𝑀𝑢 = 441.72 − 23.25

𝑀𝑢 = 418.47 𝑘𝑁.

147.13
288.68 kPa

86.55 kPa
y

A 1.1725 m

405 mm

2.75 m
405 mm

A line of critical in bending

2.75 m

8. Solve for reinforcement along the longitudinal direction

𝑀𝑢 418.47(1000)
𝑅𝑢 = =
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 0.9(2.75)(397.5)2

𝑅𝑢 = 1.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85(21) 2(1.07)
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ]
415 0.85(21)

𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.00266

the minimum steel ratio is larger between:

√𝑓𝑐 ′ √21
𝜌= = = 0.00276
𝑓𝑦 4(415)

1.4 1.4
𝜌= = = 0.00337
𝑓𝑦 415

hence, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337 > 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.00266

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝𝑏𝑑 = 0.00337(2750)(397.5)

𝐴𝑠 = 3683.83 𝑚𝑚2

Using 25mmϕ: Ao = 490.87mm2

3683.83
𝑛= = 7.50 → 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8
490.87

use 8-pcs. of 25mm in the longitudinal direction

9. Solve for bending moment in the transverse direction

1.1725 m

B B
PU 2.75 m

405 mm

405 mm

2.75 m

𝑃𝑢 1440
𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = − = (2.75)2 = 190.14 kPa
𝐴
Bending moment along section B-B

1.1725
𝑀𝑢 = 190.14 (1.1725 𝑥 2.75) ( ) = 359.42 kN m
2

9. Solve for reinforcement along the longitudinal direction

𝑀𝑢 359.42(1000)
𝑅𝑢 = 2
=
𝜙𝑏𝑑 0.9(2.75)(397.5)2

𝑅𝑢 = 0.9191 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85(21) 2(0.9191)
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ]
415 0.85(21)

𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.002275 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑝𝑏𝑑 = 0.00337(2750)(397.5)

𝐴𝑠 = 3683.83 𝑚𝑚2

Using 25mmϕ: Ao = 490.87mm2

3683.83
𝑛= = 7.50 → 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8
490.87

use 8-pcs. of 25mm in the transverse direction