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Routing

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Islam Elsharkawy
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63 views19 pages

Routing

Uploaded by

Islam Elsharkawy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CCIE EI v1.

1.0 Network Infrastructure 30%


2.0 Software Defined Infrastructure 25%
3.0 Transport Technologies and Solutions 15%
4.0 Infrastructure Security & Services 15%
5.0 Infrastructure Automation and programmability 15%

Content Creation by:-


Ratnesh K
CCIE x3
1.2 Routing concepts

1.2.a Administrative distance


1.2.b Static routing (unicast, multicast)
1.2.c Policy-based routing
1.2.d VRF-Lite
1.2.e VRF-aware routing with BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and static
1.2.f Route leaking between VRFs using route maps and VASI
1.2.g Route filtering with BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and static
1.2.h Redistribution between BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and static
1.2.i Routing protocol authentication
1.2.j Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
1.2.k L3 MTU
1.2.a Administrative distance
Administrative Distance (AD) is a value used by routers to select the best
path when multiple routes to the same destination are available via
different routing protocols. Lower values indicate more preferred routes.

Default Administrative Distances:


Connected: 0
Static: 1
EIGRP (internal): 90
OSPF: 110
IS-IS: 115
RIP: 120
EIGRP (external): 170
BGP (internal): 200
BGP (external): 20
Changing Administrative Distance:
conf t
ip route <destination-network> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip> <distance>

Example:
conf t
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1 100

This command sets the AD for the static route to 100.


1.2.b Static Routing (Unicast, Multicast)

Static Unicast Routing:


Static routes are manually configured routes that provide specific paths for packets.
Configuring Static Unicast Routes:
conf t
ip route <destination-network> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip>
Example:
conf t
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1
Static Multicast Routing:
Static multicast routes are used to direct multicast traffic through
specific paths.
Configuring Static Multicast Routes: Example:

conf t conf t
ip mroute <source> <mask> <destination> ip mroute 239.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.1.1.1
1.2.c Policy-Based Routing

Policy-Based Routing (PBR) allows routing decisions based on policies set


by the network administrator, such as source or destination addresses.

Configuring PBR:
Define an access list.
conf t
access-list 100 permit ip <source-ip> <wildcard-mask> <destination-ip> <wildcard-mask>

Create a route map.


conf t
route-map <name> permit <sequence>
match ip address <access-list-number>
set ip next-hop <next-hop-ip>
Apply the route map to an interface.
conf t
interface <interface-id>
ip policy route-map <name>
Example:
conf t
access-list 100 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any
route-map PBR permit 10
match ip address 100
set ip next-hop 10.1.1.1
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip policy route-map PBR
1.2.d VRF-Lite

VRF-Lite allows multiple routing tables to coexist on the same router,


providing isolation between different networks.
Configuring VRF-Lite:
Create a VRF.
conf t
ip vrf <vrf-name>
Example:
rd <route-distinguisher>
Assign interfaces to the VRF. conf t
ip vrf RED
conf t
rd 100:1
interface <interface-id> interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip vrf forwarding <vrf-name> ip vrf forwarding RED
ip address <ip-address> <subnet-mask> ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
1.2.e VRF-Aware Routing with BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and Static
BGP:
router bgp <asn> Example:
address-family ipv4 vrf <vrf-name> router bgp 100

neighbor <neighbor-ip> remote-as <asn> address-family ipv4 vrf RED


neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 200
EIGRP:
router eigrp <asn>
address-family ipv4 vrf <vrf-name> autonomous-system <asn>
network <network>
OSPF:
conf t
router ospf <process-id> vrf <vrf-name>
network <network> area <area>

Static:
conf t
ip route vrf <vrf-name> <destination-network> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip>
1.2.f Route Leaking Between VRFs Using Route Maps and VASI

Route Leaking Using Route Maps:


Create route maps to import/export routes.
conf t
route-map IMPORT_TO_VRF permit 10
match ip address <access-list>
set ip vrf <vrf-name> next-hop <next-hop-ip>
route-map EXPORT_FROM_VRF permit 10
match ip address <access-list>

Apply the route maps to VRFs.


conf t
ip vrf <vrf-name>
import map IMPORT_TO_VRF
export map EXPORT_FROM_VRF
Route Leaking Using Virtual Access Interfaces (VASI):

conf t
interface VirtualAccess1
ip vrf forwarding VRF1
ip address <ip-address1> <subnet-mask> Example:

interface VirtualAccess2 conf t

ip vrf forwarding VRF2 route-map IMPORT_TO_VRF permit 10

ip address <ip-address2> <subnet-mask> match ip address 100


set ip vrf RED next-hop 192.168.1.2
route-map EXPORT_FROM_VRF permit 10
match ip address 100
ip vrf RED
import map IMPORT_TO_VRF
export map EXPORT_FROM_VRF
1.2.g Route Filtering with BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and Static

BGP:
conf t
router bgp <asn>
neighbor <neighbor-ip> route-map <route-map-name> in|out
conf t EXAMPLE
router bgp 100
neighbor 10.1.1.2 route-map FILTER_ROUTES in
EIGRP:
conf t
router eigrp <asn>
distribute-list <access-list-number> in|out <interface-id>
OSPF:

conf t
router ospf <process-id>
distribute-list <access-list-number> in|out <interface-id>

Static:

conf t
ip route <destination-network> <subnet-mask> <next-hop-ip> tag <tag>
ip prefix-list <prefix-list-name> permit <prefix>
1.2.h Redistribution Between BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and Static
General Redistribution:
conf t
router <protocol>
redistribute <protocol> [metric <value>] [route-map <route-map-name>]

Example:
conf t
router ospf 1
redistribute eigrp 1 subnets
router eigrp 1
redistribute ospf 1 metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
1.2.i Routing Protocol Authentication
OSPF:
interface <interface-id>
ip ospf authentication message-digest
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 <password>

EIGRP:

key chain <key-chain-name>


key 1
key-string <password>
interface <interface-id>
ip authentication mode eigrp <asn> md5
ip authentication key-chain eigrp <asn> <key-chain-name>
BGP:
conf t
router bgp <asn>
neighbor <neighbor-ip> password <password>

Example:
conf t
router bgp 100
neighbor 10.1.1.2 password cisco123
1.2.j Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
BFD is used to detect faults in the bidirectional path between
two forwarding engines, minimizing downtime.
Configuring BFD:
Enable BFD globally.

bfd interval <tx-interval> min_rx <rx-interval> multiplier <multiplier>

Enable BFD on interfaces.

interface <interface-id>
bfd interval <tx-interval> min_rx <rx-interval> multiplier <multiplier>

conf t
bfd interval 50 min_rx 50 multiplier 3 Example
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
bfd interval 50 min_rx 50 multiplier 3
1.2.k L3 MTU

L3 MTU refers to the maximum transmission unit for Layer 3,


affecting the size of packets that can be sent.
Configuring L3 MTU:
conf t
interface <interface-id>
ip mtu <size>
Example:
conf t
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip mtu 1500
Summary

Administrative Distance: Determines route preference.


Static Routing: Manual route configuration for unicast and multicast.
Policy-Based Routing: Custom routing policies.
VRF-Lite: Virtual routing for multiple routing tables.
VRF-Aware Routing: VRF-specific routing with various protocols.
Route Leaking: Sharing routes between VRFs.
Route Filtering: Control over advertised/received routes.
Redistribution: Sharing routes between different protocols.
Routing Protocol Authentication: Secure routing protocol communication.
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection: Fast fault detection.
L3 MTU: Configuring maximum packet sizes.

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