Magnetism

Magnetism
• Similarities and differences between electricity and magnetism

Magnetic forces-I
• Force on a charged particle

Magnetic forces-II
• Force on a current carrying wire
 Magnetism & Electricity

Electric fields are created by electric charges: 𝐸𝐸=

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑟𝑟̂ Magnetic fields are created by moving charges (currents): 𝐵𝐵=? ?
𝑟𝑟 2

Electric fields exert force on charges: 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸 Magnetic fields exert force on moving charges: 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =? ?

Two kinds of electric charges (+,-): Two kinds of magnetic poles (north, south):

Like charges repel + + Like poles repel S N N S

Opposite charges attract + -

Opposite poles attract N S N S

Electric monopole (isolated + or – charges) No magnetic monopole N S

+ - -
N S N S N S
Basic magnetic structure: magnetic dipole
Basic electric structure: electric monopole

+
 Magnetic Field 𝑩𝑩

Magnetic dipoles create magnetic fields

S N
Magnetic field (B-field) lines point away from north and towards south

B-field lines continue through the inside of the magnet.

B-field lines always form closed loops.

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
SI unit* for magnetic field: T (Tesla) T=
𝐶𝐶.𝑠𝑠

Old unit Gauss, still sometimes used: 1G =10−4 𝑇𝑇

 Earth’s Magnetic Field

What creates Earth’s magnetic field ?

Geographic North pole
South magnetic pole
electric currents circulating in the molten material
in the Earth’s outer core.
The rotation of Earth on its axis causes these electric currents
to form a magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines

North magnetic pole

Geographic South pole

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magearth.html
 Earth’s Magnetic Field

The Earth’s magnetic field (weak) 0.6 G =𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟓𝟓 T

The strongest steady magnetic fields achieved 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 G = 45 T

in laboratory

The magnetic field existed in the compact stars 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ~𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 G =

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 ~𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑻
 Magnetism & Electric charge

Oersted’s Experiment (1820)

electricity and magnetism are connected  electric currents produce magnetic fields:

it circles around, direction given by the right hand rule (RHR).

Right hand rule (RHR):

1) Thumb points in direction of current

2) Fingers circle the wire and point in the direction of magnetic field

𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰

𝑨𝑨 𝑩𝑩
X
OUT 𝑩𝑩 IN
 Magnetism

Magnetism
• Similarities and differences between electricity and magnetism

Magnetic forces-I
• Force on a charged particle

Magnetic forces-II
• Force on a current carrying wire
 Magnetic Forces: force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
İf q is +
Electric force acts in the direction of the electric field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
(parallel to the direction of electric field). İf q is −

Electric force is nonzero even if v=0.

𝐸𝐸
Electric force does work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 = 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 . 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸 𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸
(E-field can accelerate particles ; change KE).
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 = 𝑞𝑞 E 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑

RHR
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐵𝐵

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣
Magnetic force is zero if v=0. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) = q (0 x 𝐵𝐵 ) = 0
𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magnetic force does NOT do work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 =𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 . 𝑑𝑑⃗ 𝑣𝑣
𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑
(B-field can change the direction of particles ; can NOT change KE). 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 = 0 𝑑𝑑
 Magnetic Forces: force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
İf q is +
Electric force acts in the direction of the electric field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
(parallel to the direction of electric field). İf q is −

Electric force is nonzero even if v=0.

𝐸𝐸
Electric force does work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 =𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 . 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸 𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸
(E-field can accelerate particles ; change KE).
𝑑𝑑

RHR
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magneti force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐵𝐵

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣
Magnetic force is zero if v=0. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) = q (0 x 𝐵𝐵 ) = 0
𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magnetic force does NOT do work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 =𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 . 𝑑𝑑⃗ 𝑣𝑣
−𝒒𝒒𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑
(B-field can change the direction of particles ; can NOT change KE). 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 = 0 𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
 Magnetic Forces: force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
İf q is +
Electric force acts in the direction of the electric field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐸𝐸
(parallel to the direction of electric field). İf q is −

Electric force is nonzero even if v=0.

𝐸𝐸
Electric force does work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 =𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 . 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸 𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸
(E-field can accelerate particles ; change KE).
𝑑𝑑

Magneti force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) OR use cross product X X

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magnetic force is zero if v=0. 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) = q (0 x 𝐵𝐵 ) = 0
𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Magnetic force does NOT do work in displacing a charged particle 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 =𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 . 𝑑𝑑⃗ 𝑣𝑣
𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑
(B-field can change the direction of particles ; can NOT change KE). 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 = 0 𝑑𝑑
 .
Cross & dot product
𝑏𝑏
dot product 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
cross product x 𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 = −𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐⃗
𝑗𝑗 . 𝑗𝑗 = 1 𝑗𝑗 . 𝑘𝑘 = 0 + 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑗𝑗 = −𝑖𝑖
⃗ 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑊𝑊=𝐹𝐹. 𝑗𝑗 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑗𝑗
𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑘𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑘𝑘 = 0 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 +
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘
−
𝑎𝑎⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝒌𝒌
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁 𝐵𝐵 = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇
𝑏𝑏 = 𝒊𝒊 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣⃗ = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑞𝑞=1𝐶𝐶

1 1 −𝑗𝑗 −𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗

4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 = 4 (𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ) −2 (𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 ) = 2 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 = −8 (𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 ) −3 (𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 ) +6 (𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 ) +1 (𝑘𝑘 x 𝑖𝑖)= −8 (−𝑗𝑗) −3 (−𝑘𝑘) +6 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑗𝑗

= 6 𝑖𝑖 + 9 𝑗𝑗 + 3 𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏⃗ = 2
𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏 = 6 𝑖𝑖 +9 𝑗𝑗 + 3 𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 2𝐽𝐽 𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) = (6 𝑖𝑖 +9 𝑗𝑗 + 3 𝑘𝑘 ) 𝑁𝑁
 .
Cross & dot product
𝑏𝑏
dot product 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
cross product x 𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 = −𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐⃗
𝑗𝑗 . 𝑗𝑗 = 1 𝑗𝑗 . 𝑘𝑘 = 0 + 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑗𝑗 = −𝑖𝑖
⃗ 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑊𝑊=𝐹𝐹. 𝑗𝑗 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑗𝑗
𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑘𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑘𝑘 = 0 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 +
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘
−
𝑎𝑎⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝒌𝒌 𝑣𝑣⃗ = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑏𝑏 = 𝒊𝒊 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑖𝑖(𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 )
𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧

𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑞𝑞=1𝐶𝐶

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = −𝑗𝑗(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 )
1 1 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧
= 4 (𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ) −2 (𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 ) = 2 𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏⃗ = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧
4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘
𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 )
𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏⃗ = 2

𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 2𝐽𝐽 𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏⃗ = 𝑖𝑖(𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 ) −𝑗𝑗(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑘𝑘(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 )
 .
Cross & dot product
𝑏𝑏
dot product 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
cross product x 𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑖𝑖 . 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 = −𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎⃗ x 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑐𝑐⃗
𝑗𝑗 . 𝑗𝑗 = 1 𝑗𝑗 . 𝑘𝑘 = 0 + 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑗𝑗 = −𝑖𝑖
⃗ 𝑑𝑑⃗
𝑊𝑊=𝐹𝐹. 𝑗𝑗 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑗𝑗
𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑘𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑘 . 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑘𝑘 = 0 𝑘𝑘 x 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 +
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘
−
𝑎𝑎⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝒌𝒌 𝑣𝑣⃗ = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑏𝑏 = 𝒊𝒊 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 4 −3 1 = 𝑖𝑖(6 − 0)
𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇 1 0 −2

𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑞𝑞=1𝐶𝐶

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
4 −3 1 = −𝑗𝑗(−8 − 1))
1 1 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 1 0 −2
= 4 (𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ) −2 (𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 ) = 2
𝑞𝑞(𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = 4 −3 1
4𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑘𝑘 1 0 −2
𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
4 −3 1 = 𝑘𝑘(0 − (−3))
1 0 −3
𝑎𝑎⃗ . 𝑏𝑏⃗ = 2

𝐹𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑑⃗ = 2𝐽𝐽 𝑞𝑞(𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = ( 6𝑖𝑖 +9𝑗𝑗 +3 𝑘𝑘 ) 𝑁𝑁

 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

If v and B are perpendicular, a charged particle travels in a circular path with radius r.

F does not change the speed of the particle          

         
F only changes the direction of of the particle B
         
Particle will move in a circular path with a constant v and a = v /r2 r
         
𝑣𝑣 2 - 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
⃗
� 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎⃗𝑅𝑅 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑟
         
𝑣𝑣 2
𝑣𝑣
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚          
𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
𝑣𝑣 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣          
𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚 𝒓𝒓 =
𝑟𝑟 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵
          𝑣𝑣
-
Period (T) and frequency (f) of the orbit:        - 𝑣𝑣   𝐵𝐵 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 linear motion 𝑇𝑇 = 2 𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟
𝑣𝑣 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
1 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 uniform circular motion 2 𝜋𝜋 ( 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⁄𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇 2 𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣
Cyclotron frequency
𝑇𝑇 = 2 𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
 Helical Motion in a Uniform Magnetic Field

If v and B are perpendicular, a charged particle travels in a circular path with radius r.
B 𝒒𝒒
𝒗𝒗

v⊥
+
If v has a component parallel to B, the charged particle moves in a helical path. v||

This extra velocity contributes no additional force since it is parallel to B.

 Charged Particle in the presence of B-field & E-field

What speed will allow the particle to pass and not to be deflected through the region?

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸
        Bout
----------------
       
+ 𝒗𝒗 RHR
+ 𝒗𝒗 + 𝒗𝒗
𝐸𝐸       
++++++++++++ 𝒗𝒗
        𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵

𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 = 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 Cross product x

𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵 𝒋𝒋

𝒊𝒊
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸 𝒌𝒌
𝑣𝑣 = 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑗𝑗
𝐵𝐵
+
𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘
−
 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 1: An electron moves with a velocity 𝑣𝑣⃗ = 7𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑗𝑗 104 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠. Find the force on the electron if the magnetic field is 𝐵𝐵 = −0.8𝑖𝑖 + 0.4𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇.

𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑣𝑣⃗ = 7𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑗𝑗 104 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠.

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝐵𝐵 = −0.8𝑖𝑖 + 0.4𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇.

𝑒𝑒(̅ 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑒𝑒̅ 7 −6 0 x 104
−0.8 0 0.4

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 −𝑗𝑗 −𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖
7 −6 0 = 𝑖𝑖(−2.4 − 0)
7𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑗𝑗 x −0.8𝑖𝑖 + 0.4𝑘𝑘 = 2.8 (𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 ) +4.8 (𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 ) −2.4 (𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 ) = 2.8 (−𝑗𝑗) +4.8 (−𝑘𝑘) −2.4 𝑖𝑖
−0.8 0 0.4

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 = −2.4 𝑖𝑖 − 2.8 𝑗𝑗 − 4.8 𝑘𝑘

7 −6 0 = −𝑗𝑗(2.8 − 0)
−0.8 0 0.4

𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑒𝑒(̅ 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = ( −1.6 10−19 ) ( −2.4 𝑖𝑖−2.8 𝑗𝑗−4.8 𝑘𝑘 ) x 104
𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
7 −6 0 = 𝑘𝑘(0 − 4.8)
−0.8 0 0.4
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = ( 3.84 𝑖𝑖 + 4.48 𝑗𝑗 + 7.46 𝑘𝑘 ) 10−15 𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑒𝑒(̅ 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = ( −1.6 10−19 ) ( −2.4 𝑖𝑖−2.8 𝑗𝑗−4.8 𝑘𝑘 ) x 104

𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = ( 3.84 𝑖𝑖 + 4.48 𝑗𝑗 + 7.46 𝑘𝑘 ) 10−15 𝑁𝑁

 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 2: An electron experiences a force 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 3.8𝑖𝑖 − 2.7𝑗𝑗 10−13 𝑁𝑁 when passing through the magnetic field 𝐵𝐵 = 0.85 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇.
a) Determine the x components of the electron’s velocity. b) Find the electron’s speed.

a) 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 3.8𝑖𝑖 − 2.7𝑗𝑗 10−13 = ( −1.6 10−19 ) (0.85𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 − 0.85𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑗𝑗 )
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑒𝑒(̅ 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑒𝑒̅ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
0 0 0.85
10−13
−3.8𝑖𝑖 + 2.7𝑗𝑗 = (0.85𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 − 0.85𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑗𝑗 )
𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 1.6 10−19
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝑖𝑖(0.85𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 − 0)
0 0 0.85
−3.8𝑖𝑖 + 2.7𝑗𝑗 0.63 x106 = (0.85𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 − 0.85𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑗𝑗 )

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = −𝑗𝑗(0.85𝑣𝑣 − 0) 3.8 x 0.63 x106 = −2.8 x106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = −
0 0 0.85 0.85

2.7 x 0.63 x106 = −2.0 x106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = −
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝑘𝑘(0 − 0) 0.85
0 0 0.85
𝑣𝑣⃗ = −(2.0 𝑖𝑖 + 2.8𝑗𝑗) 106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 0.85𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖 − (0.85𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 )𝑗𝑗 b) 𝑣𝑣 = 2.02 + 2.82 106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
0 0 0.85 𝑣𝑣 = 3.4 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 3: A proton (mass m, charge q), a deuteron (m=2m, Q=q), and an alpha particle (m=4m, Q=2q) are accelerated
⃗ , where they move in
by the same potential difference V and then enter a uniform magnetic field B
⃗
circular paths perpendicular to B.
Determine the radius of the paths for the deuteron and alpha particle in terms of that for the proton.

𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙
+ -
𝑈𝑈 = 𝐾𝐾𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 + V -     
1 + - B
𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2  v   
2 +
+ q -
𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + -     
𝑚𝑚 𝒓𝒓 = 𝑚𝑚 2𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉 ⁄𝑚𝑚
=
1 2𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉⁄𝑞𝑞 = 𝑟𝑟 - r
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
+
    
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 2     
1 2𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉 ⁄𝑞𝑞
𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 2
𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
= 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞⁄𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞 = 2     
𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 1
𝑟𝑟 2𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉 ⁄𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝
𝐵𝐵     
𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣
𝒓𝒓 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵
1 2𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉 ⁄𝑞𝑞
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵 4𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞⁄(𝑚𝑚 2𝑞𝑞) = 2
= = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎 =
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 1
2𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉 ⁄𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝
𝐵𝐵
 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 4: A negative charge q=-2𝛍𝛍C with mass m=4x𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 travels at v=2x𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔 in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field with magnitude B=0.4T and toward the page as shown in the figure.
a)Find the radius of the circular of the charge inside the magnetic field.
b) Calculate the period and the frequency of the orbit.
c) Determine the magnitude and direction of an electric field acting on the same charge such that the charge moves in
the magnetic field on a straight path (without any deflection).

c) RHR
B 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
v v 𝐵𝐵
-q -q
-q
r - 𝒗𝒗 + 𝒗𝒗

𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣 1
a) 𝒓𝒓 = b) 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 linear motion
𝑓𝑓 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇

4𝑥𝑥10−11 ( 2𝑥𝑥103 ) 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 uniform circular motion 10−4 −1

𝒓𝒓 = 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝜋
2𝑥𝑥10−6 ( 0.4) 2 𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜋𝜋 0.1 −4
𝑇𝑇 = = = (10 𝜋𝜋) 𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣 2𝑥𝑥103
𝒓𝒓 = 0.1𝑚𝑚
 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 4: A negative charge q=-2𝛍𝛍C with mass m=4x𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 travels at v=2x𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔 in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field with magnitude B=0.4T and toward the page as shown in the figure.
a)Find the radius of the circular of the charge inside the magnetic field.
b) Calculate the period and the frequency of the orbit.
c) Determine the magnitude and direction of an electric field acting on the same charge such that the charge moves in
the magnetic field on a straight path (without any deflection).

c) 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸 =𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸 RHR

B 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
v v 𝐵𝐵
-q -q
-q
r - 𝒗𝒗 - 𝒗𝒗
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
𝑬𝑬 𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵
𝒗𝒗 -
𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣 1 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
a) 𝒓𝒓 = b) 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 linear motion
𝑓𝑓 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐸𝐸 = 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 uniform circular motion 10−4 −1 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵 Cross product x
4𝑥𝑥10−11 ( 2𝑥𝑥103 ) 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠
𝒓𝒓 = 𝜋𝜋 𝒋𝒋
2𝑥𝑥10−6 ( 0.4) 2 𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜋𝜋 0.1 −4 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑣𝑣 𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇 = = = (10 𝜋𝜋) 𝑠𝑠 𝒊𝒊
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵
𝑣𝑣 2𝑥𝑥103 𝐸𝐸 = 800 𝑉𝑉/𝑚𝑚 (−𝑗𝑗) 𝒌𝒌
𝒓𝒓 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ −𝑖𝑖 x (−𝑘𝑘) = −𝑗𝑗
 Magnetism

Magnetism
• Similarities and differences between electricity and magnetism

Magnetic forces-I
• Force on a charged particle

Magnetic forces-II
• Force on a current carrying wire
 Magnetic Forces: force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field
RHR
Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

Magnetic force on a single charged particle 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 =𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣

𝐵𝐵
Total force on all charges (carriers)
𝑣𝑣
𝑞𝑞
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = # 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

RHR
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 𝑞𝑞 (𝑣𝑣⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

𝑰𝑰
𝑱𝑱 =
𝑨𝑨 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣
𝐼𝐼
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼 (𝑙𝑙⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )
𝐵𝐵

𝑙𝑙⃗ is in direction of current! 𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼

𝑞𝑞

Right hand rule (RHR):

1) Thumb points in direction of current

2) Fingers circle the wire and point in the direction of magnetic field
𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝑨
3) Palm points in direction of force
 Magnetic Forces: force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field

Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field

𝑰𝑰 𝑩𝑩 𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰 𝑩𝑩

𝒍𝒍 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
X

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵

𝑰𝑰

Cross product x
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )
𝒋𝒋
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵
𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩 = 𝑩𝑩 𝑰𝑰 𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝜽𝜽 (−𝒌𝒌)
𝒌𝒌 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝑗𝑗 x 𝑖𝑖 = −𝒌𝒌
+
𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘

−
 Magnetic Forces: force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field

Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field

What if the wire is not straight?

I
      
      
      
B 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = d𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) = 𝐼𝐼(𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑙⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )
      
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
       𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = �.𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵

      
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = �d. 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = �.𝐼𝐼 (𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑙⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

 Magnetic Forces: force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field

Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

RHR

RHR 𝑩𝑩
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰
𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰
Cross product x
Cross product x
𝒋𝒋
𝒋𝒋 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵
𝒊𝒊
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 𝒊𝒊
𝒌𝒌
𝒌𝒌 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ −𝑖𝑖 x (−𝑘𝑘)= −𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝑖𝑖 x (−𝑘𝑘) = 𝑗𝑗

+ +

𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘

− −
 Magnetic Forces: force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field
+
Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )
𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘 X 𝑖𝑖 X 𝑗𝑗 X 𝑘𝑘

−
Find the direction of current. Find the direction of magnetic field.
Find the direction of force.
𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
     𝑩𝑩
Cross product x
     𝑰𝑰  𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩
     𝒋𝒋
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 𝑰𝑰
   𝑭𝑭  𝒊𝒊 𝑰𝑰
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩  𝑩𝑩
    𝒌𝒌 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑗𝑗 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩
    
     Cross product x Cross product x
𝑰𝑰
𝒋𝒋 𝒋𝒋

Cross product x 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵

𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊
𝒋𝒋 𝑘𝑘 ∝ −𝑗𝑗 x 𝐵𝐵
𝒌𝒌 −𝑗𝑗 ∝ 𝐼𝐼 x (−𝑘𝑘) 𝒌𝒌
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ 𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵
𝒊𝒊 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑘𝑘 ∝ 𝐼𝐼 x (−𝑘𝑘) = −𝐼𝐼 x 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖 x 𝑗𝑗 ∝ −𝑗𝑗 x 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 x 𝑗𝑗
𝒌𝒌 𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 ∝ −𝑗𝑗 x 𝑘𝑘 = −𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼 = −𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑖𝑖
 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 1: ⃗
A 2.0-m-long wire carries a current of 8.2 A and is immersed within a uniform magnetic field B.
When this wire lies along the +x axis, a magnetic force F⃗ = (-2.5j) N acts on the wire, and when it lies on the +y axis,
⃗ = (2.5i – 5.0k) N. Find B.
the force is F ⃗
𝒋𝒋
𝐼𝐼=8.2 A
𝒊𝒊
𝒌𝒌
⃗ = 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗 + 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘
𝐵𝐵
𝐼𝐼= 8.2 A
𝐹𝐹⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 ) 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 2.5 𝑁𝑁
⃗ = 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 0 𝑗𝑗 + 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘
𝐵𝐵
−𝑗𝑗 −𝑘𝑘
0
2.5 𝑖𝑖 − 5.0 𝑘𝑘 = 2 [ 8.2 𝑗𝑗 x 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 0.15 𝑘𝑘 . ]
−2.5 𝑗𝑗 = 2 [ 8.2 𝑖𝑖 x 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗 + 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘 . ]
𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘
0 2.5 𝑖𝑖 − 5.0 𝑘𝑘 = 2.5 𝑖𝑖 + 16.4 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 (−𝑘𝑘)
−2.5 𝑗𝑗 = 16.4 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 (−𝑗𝑗 ) + 16.4 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑘𝑘
5.0
2.5 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 = = 0.30 𝑇𝑇
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = = 0.15 𝑇𝑇 16.4
16.4

𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝐵𝐵⃗ = 0.30 𝑖𝑖 + 0.15 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇

 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 2: Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑎𝑎
𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎

X 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑

𝑎𝑎/2 𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰
𝑎𝑎 𝑰𝑰 𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩

𝑩𝑩
 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 X 𝑭𝑭𝟒𝟒

𝑩𝑩
𝑭𝑭𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝑭𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑎𝑎/2

Cross product x 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑

𝒋𝒋 𝑩𝑩 = −𝒊𝒊
𝑩𝑩 = −𝒊𝒊 𝑩𝑩 = −𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊 𝑰𝑰 = 𝒋𝒋 𝑰𝑰 = 𝒊𝒊 𝑰𝑰 = −𝒋𝒋
𝒌𝒌
𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 ∝ 𝑰𝑰 𝒙𝒙 𝑩𝑩 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 ∝ 𝑰𝑰 𝒙𝒙 𝑩𝑩 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑 ∝ 𝑰𝑰 𝒙𝒙 𝑩𝑩

𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 ∝ 𝒋𝒋 𝒙𝒙 (−𝒊𝒊) = 𝒌𝒌 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 ∝ 𝒊𝒊 𝒙𝒙 (−𝒊𝒊) = 𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑 ∝ (−𝒋𝒋) 𝒙𝒙 (−𝒊𝒊) = −𝒌𝒌

 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 2: Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑎𝑎
𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎

X 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑

𝑎𝑎/2 𝑩𝑩 𝑎𝑎/2
𝑰𝑰
𝑎𝑎 𝑰𝑰 𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩

𝑩𝑩
 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 X 𝑭𝑭𝟒𝟒
 𝑎𝑎/2
𝑩𝑩
𝑭𝑭𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝑭𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑎𝑎/2

Cross product x 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 (𝒌𝒌) 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑 (−𝒌𝒌) 𝑭𝑭𝟒𝟒 (−𝒌𝒌) 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 = 𝑭𝑭𝟓𝟓 = 𝑭𝑭𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒋𝒋
𝐹𝐹1 = B I 𝑙𝑙1 𝐹𝐹3 = B I 𝑙𝑙3 𝐹𝐹4 = B I 𝑙𝑙4
𝒊𝒊
𝒌𝒌
⃗1 = B I 𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘 ⃗3 = B I 𝑎𝑎2 (−𝑘𝑘)
𝐹𝐹 ⃗4 = B I 𝑎𝑎2 (−𝑘𝑘)
𝐹𝐹
+ 𝐹𝐹

⃗ 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭 The net force on the closed loop is zero!
 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 3-a:Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑩𝑩 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟒𝟒
𝑩𝑩
𝑹𝑹 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟑𝟑
𝑹𝑹

𝒍𝒍
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝑰
 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 3-a:Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃
dF dθ dF
𝑩𝑩 θ
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟒𝟒
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟑𝟑 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝜃𝜃
𝑹𝑹
θ
𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍
𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
𝐹𝐹 = �.𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝒍𝒍 𝐹𝐹 = �. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝑰 𝐹𝐹 = �. 𝑅𝑅 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝜋𝜋

𝐹𝐹 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 �. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
0
𝜋𝜋
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 )
0

𝐹𝐹 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (− 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜋𝜋 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 )
−1 1
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 2𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑗𝑗
 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 3-b:Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑩𝑩
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟒𝟒
𝑹𝑹 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟑𝟑

𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒍
𝜃𝜃
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒍𝒍
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 2𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑗𝑗
𝑰𝑰
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 2𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (−𝑗𝑗)
+
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟓𝟓 ⃗𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭𝑩𝑩𝟓𝟓 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(2𝑅𝑅)

The net force on the closed loop is zero!

 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 4: Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑩𝑩

𝑅𝑅

𝑰𝑰
𝑰𝑰

𝑩𝑩
Cross product x
𝒋𝒋 𝐼𝐼
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 𝑗𝑗
𝒊𝒊
𝒌𝒌 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹⃗1 = 𝑙𝑙 (𝐼𝐼⃗ x 𝐵𝐵 )

𝐹𝐹⃗1 = 2R (𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 x 𝐵𝐵𝑗𝑗 ) = 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐵𝐵 𝒌𝒌

 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 4: Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑰𝑰 𝐹𝐹2 = �.𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝑩𝑩

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝐹𝐹2 = �. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜃𝜃
𝐹𝐹2 = �. 𝑅𝑅 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃

𝑰𝑰 𝜋𝜋

𝐹𝐹2 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵�. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃

0
𝜋𝜋

𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹2 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 )
𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 0
Cross product x 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
𝒋𝒋 𝜃𝜃
𝐼𝐼
X 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
 𝐹𝐹2 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (− 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜋𝜋 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 )
𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃
𝒊𝒊
𝒌𝒌 𝑅𝑅
𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 ∝ 𝑰𝑰 𝐱𝐱 𝑩𝑩 𝐹𝐹⃗2 = 2𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵 (−𝒌𝒌)
𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 ∝ −𝒊𝒊 𝒙𝒙 𝒋𝒋 = −𝒌𝒌
 Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field: Examples

Example 4: Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field.

𝑩𝑩

𝑅𝑅

𝑰𝑰 𝐹𝐹⃗2 =2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐵𝐵 (−𝒌𝒌 )

⃗ 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭
𝐹𝐹⃗1 = 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐵𝐵 𝒌𝒌