DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ELECTRONICS DEVICES
1. Determine the output voltage waveform for Figure.

Solution:
This comparator has both hysteresis and zener bounding. The
voltage across D1 and D2 in either direction is This is because one zener
is always forward-biased with a drop of 0.7 V when the other one is in
breakdown.
The voltage at the inverting (-) op-amp input is V out ±5.4 V. Since
the differential voltage is negligible, the voltage at the noninverting (+)
op-amp input is also
Approximately Vout ±5.4 V. Thus,
VR1 = Vout - (Vout ± 5.4 V) = ±5.4 V
IR1 =VR1 / R1= ±5.4 V / 100 kΩ = ±54 µA
Since the noninverting input current is negligible,
IR2 = IR1 = 54 µA
VR2 = R2IR2 = (47 kΩ)(±54 µA) = ±2.54 V
Vout = VR1 + VR2 = ±5.4 V ± 2.54 V = ±7.94 V
The upper trigger point (UTP) and the lower trigger point (LTP)
are as follows:
VUTP = ( R2/(R1+R2)(+Vout) )= (47kΩ / 147 k Ω)(+7.94 V) = +2.54 V
VLTP = ( R2/(R1+R2)(-Vout) )= (47kΩ / 147 k Ω)(-7.94 V) = -2.54 V
2. (a) For the transistor circuit in Figure what is V ce when Vin = 0 V?
(b) what is minimum value of Ib is required to saturate this transistor if
βDC is 200? Neglect VCE (sat).
(c) Calculate the maximum value of RB when VIN = 5V.

Solution:
(a) When VIN= 0 V, the transistor is in cutoff (acts like an open switch)
and
VIN = VCC = 10 V
(b) Since VCE(sat) is neglected (assumed to be 0 V),
IC(sat) =VCC/RC=10 V/1.0 kΩ = 10 mA
IB(min) =IC(sat) / βDC =10 mA / 200= 50 µA
 This is the value of I B necessary to drive the transistor to the point of
saturation.
Any further increase in IB will ensure the transistor remains in
saturation but there cannot be any further increase in IC.
(c) When the transistor is on, The voltage across RB is
VRB = VIN - VBE = 5 V - 0.7 V = 4.3 V
Calculate the maximum value of RB needed to allow a minimum I B of
50 mA using Ohm’s law as follows:
RB(max) =VRB / IB(min)=4.3 V/50 mA= 86 Ω

ထပ်မံ လေ့ လရန်

Reference : Electronic Devices By Floyd 9th Edition (softcopy ပပြီ)

- Article 4.4 and 4.5
- Article 10.3 မှ BJT Amplifier
Lt.Col. ZawZaw (ဘသရပ်တဝန်ခံ ) 09402556412

ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1. Derive the formula of AM waveform. Draw the spectrum diagram of AM
waveform with its frequency components. If a 1.5 MHz carrier was modulated
by a 5 kHz intelligence signal, find all the component frequencies. (Amplitude
Modulation)

Solution
A sine wave modulating signal can be expressed with a similar formula
where instantaneous value of information signal peak amplitude of information
signal f m frequency of modulating signal
v m=V m sin 2 π f m t

Using trigonometric functions, we can express the sine wave carrier with
the simple expression
v c =sin 2 π f c t

In this expression, v c represents the instantaneous value of the carrier sine

wave voltage.
When the amplitude of the modulating signal is greater than the
amplitude of the carrier, distortion will occur, causing incorrect information to
be transmitted. In amplitude modulation, it is particularly important that the
peak value of the modulating signal be less than the peak value of the carrier.
Mathematically,
V m <V c

The instantaneous value of either the top or the bottom voltage envelope
can be computed by using the equation
v 1=V c + v m=V c +V m sin 2 π f m t

Thus we can write the instantaneous value of the complete modulated

wave v 2 by substituting v 1 for the peak value of carrier voltage V C as follows:
v 2=v 1 sin 2 π f c t

Now substituting the previously derived expression for and expanding,

we get the following:
v 2=(V c +V m sin 2 π f m t)sin2 π f c t=V c sin 2 π f c t+(V m sin 2 π f m t)(sin2 π f c t)
By using the trigonometric identity that says that the product of two sine waves
is
cos (A−B) cos ( A+ B)
sin A sin B= −
2 2
and substituting this identity into the expression a modulated wave, the
instantaneous amplitude of the signal becomes
Vm Vm
v 2 ¿ V c sin2 π f c t+ cos 2 πt (f c −f m )− cos 2 πt (f c + f m )
2 2
where the first term is the carrier; the second term, containing the difference
(f c −f m), is the lower sideband; and the third term, containing the sum (f c + f m ), is

the upper sideband.

Carrier frequency = 1.5 MHz

Intelligence frequency = 5 kHz
LSB= 1.5 MHz-5 kHz = 1.45 MHz
USB= 1.5 MHz+5 kHz = 1.55 MHz

2. With the help of circuit diagram explain the operation of square-law diode
Modulator.
3. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A if only the carrier is sent,
but it increases to 8.93A if the carrier is modulated by a single sinusoidal wave.
Determine the percentage modulation. Also find the antenna current if the
percent of modulation changes to 0.8.
I C =8 A
I t=8.93
m=?

√
I t=I c 1+
m2
2

√
8.93=8 1+
m2
2
 ( )
2 2
m 8.93
1+ =
2 8

[ 8.938 ) −1]
m =2 (
2
2

m=0.701
%m=0.701× 100 %=70 %
Ifm=0.8 , find I C .

√
I t=I c 1+
m2
2

8.93=I c 1+
√ 0.8 2
2
I c =7.8 A

ထပ်မံ လေ့ လရန်

Reference: Modern Electronic Communication (softcopy ပပြီ)

Chapter 1 (Communication Systems)
Chapter 2 (AM Wave Forms)
Major Nay Aung Lin (ဘသရပ်တဝန်ခံ ) 09402529727

WAVE PROPAGATION AND ANTENNA

Rough surface scattering
The reflection processes discussed so far have been applicable to smooth
surfaces only; this is termed specular reflection. When the surface is made
progressively rougher, the reflected wave becomes scattered from a large
number of positions on the surface, broadening the scattered energy. This
reduces the energy in the specular direction and increases the energy radiated in
other directions. The degree of scattering depends on the angle of incidence and
on the roughness of the surface in comparison to the wavelength. The apparent
roughness of the surface is reduced as the incidence angle comes closer to
grazing incidence and as the wavelength is made larger.
If a surface is to be considered smooth, then waves reflected from the
surface must be only very slightly shifted in phase with respect to each other. If
there is a height difference between two points on the surface, then waves
reflected from those points will have a relative phase difference of:

A reasonable criterion for considering a surface smooth is if this phase

shift is less than 90 degree, which leads to the Rayleigh criterion:

Figure: The effect of surface roughness on reflection

For accurate work, it is suggested that surfaces should only be considered
smooth if the roughness is less than one-quarter of the value indicated by the
Rayleigh criterion (i.e. phase difference less than π/8).
 Figure: Rayleigh criterion for surface roughness: surfaces above the curve
cannot be accurately modeled using the Fresnel reflection coefficients alone

Note that surfaces of any roughness may be considered smooth for θ=90
degree, since all the reflected rays arrive with the same phase shift. When the
surface is rough, the reduction in the amplitude of the specular component may
be accounted for by multiplying the corresponding value of R by a roughness
factor f, which depends on the angle of incidence and on the standard deviation
of the surface height. One formulation for this factor is:

ထပ်မံ လေ့ လရန်

Reference : Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems

(Second Edition) (softcopy ပပြီ)
Chapter 1 (Article 1.1 to 1.8)
Lt.col Tay Zar Oo (ဘသရပ်တဝန်ခံ ) 095002310
Control System
ထပ်မံ လေ့ လရန်

Reference : မိမိနှ စ်သက်ရ control system စအု ပ်

Explanation of Feedback control system, transient response, system sensitivity,
bandwidth, gain, system stability, block diagram representation, closed-loop
control systems, components of a closed-loop control system, drawing block
diagrams.
Maj. Swe Lin Htoo Aung (ဘသရပ်တဝန်ခံ ) 09254276290