INTRODUCTION TO

DATABASE SYSTEMS

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 Learning Indicators
By the end of the lesson, trainees will be able to;
Give a brief history of the development of DBMS
Identify characteristics and limitations of file-based system
Define database, DBMS, and database applications with examples
Discuss the role of database in an organization
Describe the components of a database environment

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 History of DBMS
Between 1960's-1970's; - the emergence of the first type of DBMS,
the hierarchical DBMS.
IBM had the first model, developed which was called Information
Management System (IMS) which was originally written for the Apollo
program.
This type of DBMS was based on binary trees, where the shape was like a
tree and relations were only limited between parent and child records.
Advantages; less redundant data, data independence, security and integrity.
Disadvantages; complex implementation, was hard to manage because of the
absence of standards, which made it harder to handle many relationships.

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 History of DBMS Cont…
The early 1970's; emergence of network DBMS.
Charles Bachmann developed DBMS known as, Integrated Data Store
(IDS) then a group called CODASYL, had that system standardized.
The CODASYL group invented what they call the "CODASYL
APPROACH. Based on that approach many systems using network
DBMS were developed for business use.
In this model, each record can have multiple parents in comparison with one
in the hierarchical DBMS.
Disadvantage; the System was complex and there was difficulty in design and
maintenance, it is believed that the Lack of structural independence was the
main cause.
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 History cont…
The 1990's; emergence of the relational DBMS on the hands of Edgar Codd. He
worked at IBM, and he was unhappy with the navigational model of the CODASYL
APPROACH.
In 1970, he proposed a new approach to database construction, which made the creation
of a Relational DBMS intended for Large Shared Data Banks. The idea was to use a
table of records. All tables will be then linked by either one-to-one relationships, one-
to-many, or many-to-many.
In 1985, the object oriented DBMS was developed, but it did not have any booming
commercial profit because of the high unjustified costs to change systems, and format.
In 1990, the DBMS took on a new object oriented approach joint with relational
DBMS. In this approach, text, multimedia, internet and web use in conjunction with
DBMS were available and possible.
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 History cont…
The first half of the 2000s saw the emerging of XML and the
associated query language XQuery as a new database technology.
Although XML is widely used for data exchange, as well as for
storing certain complex data types, relational databases still form the
core of a vast majority of large-scale database applications. In this
time period we have also witnessed the growth in “autonomic-
computing/auto-admin” techniques for minimizing system
administration effort. This period also saw a significant growth in use
of open-source database systems, particularly MySQL.

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 File-Based System
A file system is a method for storing and organizing
computer files and the data they contain to make it easy
to find and access them. File systems may use a storage
medium such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve
maintaining the physical location of the files.
Example, you may have a filing system that contains
music, movies, books, names of students, e.t.c.

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 Characteristics of file-based system

It is a group of files storing data of an organization.

Each file is independent from one another.
Each file is called a flat file.
Each file contained and processed information for one
specific function, such as accounting or inventory.
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 Advantages of file-based system

◦Back up
◦Sharing; Data stored in files of computer-based
systems can be shared among multiple users at a
same time.
◦Editing; It is easy to edit any information stored in
computers in form of files.
◦Remote access

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 Limitations of file-based system
Security problems; Each user should be allowed to access
data concerning his requirements only.
Duplication of data
Concurrency problems; When two or more users read the
data simultaneously there is no problem, but when they like
to update a file simultaneously, it may result in a problem.
Difficulty in accessing data

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 Limitations cont…
Limited Data Sharing: Data are scattered in various files. Also different
files may have different formats and these files may be stored in different
folders may be of different departments. This makes it difficult to share
data among different applications.
Data Redundancy: It is possible that the same information may be
duplicated in different files. This leads to data redundancy results in
memory wastage.
Data Inconsistency: Because of data redundancy, it is possible that data
may not be in consistent state.

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 What is Database?
A database is a collection of related data.
For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and
addresses of the people you know. You may have recorded
this data in an indexed address book or you may have stored it
on a hard drive, using a personal computer and software such
as Microsoft Access or Excel. This collection of related data
with an implicit meaning is a database.

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 DBMS

DBMS is a collection of programs that enables users to

create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-
purpose software system that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases
among various users and applications.
Defining a database involves specifying the data types,
structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the
database.
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 DBMS
Constructing the database is the process of storing the
data on some storage medium that is controlled by the
DBMS.
Manipulating a database includes functions such as
querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating
the database to reflect changes in the miniworld, and
generating reports from the data.
Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to
access the database simultaneously.
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 Types of database

➢Relational DBMS

➢Hierarchical DBMS

➢Network DBMS

➢Object Oriented DBMS

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 Database Applications
A database application is a computer program whose primary
purpose is entering and retrieving information from a
computerized database. They are software programs designed to
collect, manage and disseminate information efficiently.
Database applications are used to search, sort, calculate, report
and share information.
Examples of database applications are; MySQL, Microsoft Access,
FileMaker Pro, MySQL Server, SQLite, Navicat, Firebird, Oracle, IBM
DB2 e.t.c.

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 Database Systems
The collection of database and
DBMS software together is
known as a database system.

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 File-Based System vs DBMS
The file system provides less security while DBMS provide more
security.
The file system are not suitable to store large amount of data, but DBMS
are suitable to handle large amount of data.
File system not provide relationship between record using primary key
and foreign key constraint as like in DBMS.
Duplication of data is allowed in file system while DBMS avoid
duplication of data.
In small scale application like we can use file system while in medium
and large scale application we use DBMS.
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 Role of Database in an organization
It helps managers to search data in a better manner.
Provide the information necessary for strategic decision making,
strategic planning, policy formulation, and goals definition.
Deliver the data necessary for tactical decisions and planning.
Monitor and control the allocation and use of company resources
and evaluate the performance of the various departments.
Provide access to external and internal data to identify growth
opportunities and to chart the direction of such growth.

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 Role of Database in an Organization
Provide feedback to monitor whether the
company is achieving its goals.
Enhance the company’s short-term
operational ability by providing timely
information for customer support and for
application development and computer
operations.
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Components of Database Environment

◦Hardware
◦Software
◦Data
◦Procedure
◦People

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 Hardware

➢Computers
➢Input/Output devices
➢Networking devices

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 Software
➢Operating Systems
➢Database Management Systems
➢Applications programs
➢Support utility programs

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 People
System administrator
Database administrator
Database designer
Programmer
End user
System analyst

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 Data
➢Database
➢Business rules
➢Controls
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 Procedure
They are the business rules and instructions
that govern the design and use of the
database system, enforce the standards,
monitor and audit the data that reside in the
databases and regulate the information that
is generated from the stored data.

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 Advantages of DBMS

Crash recovery
Concurrent access
Data security
Data integrity; If data is always accessed through the
DBMS, the DBMS can enforce integrity constraints on the
data. For example, before inserting salary information for
an employee, the DBMS can check that the department
budget is not exceeded.
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 Disadvantages
Cost
Qualified personnel
Lower Efficiency: A database system is a multi-use software
which is often less efficient than specialised software which is
produced and optimised exactly for one problem.
Complexity: A database system creates additional complexity and
requirements. The supply and operation of a database management
system with several users and databases is quite costly and
demanding.
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 Reflection

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