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Ssunit 2

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UNIT-II

Fourier Series and Fourier Transform

G.Radha Kumari
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE
Contents
 Fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
 properties of Fourier series
 Dirichlet’s conditions
 Trigonometric and Exponential Fourier series
 Complex Fourier spectrum
 Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series
 Fourier transform of arbitrary signal, standard signals and
periodic signals
 properties of Fourier transforms
 Fourier transforms involving impulse and Signum functions
 Introduction to Hilbert Transform.
Fourier series:
 The representation of signals over a certain interval of time
in terms of the linear combination of orthogonal functions is
called Fourier series.
 Fourier series is applicable only for periodic signals
 Three methods:
1. Trigonometric form
2. Cosine form
3. Exponential form
 If the orthogonal functions are exponential then it is called
exponential Fourier series.
 If the orthogonal functions are trigonometric functions, then
it is called Trigonometric Fourier series.
Dirichlet’s conditions
 The Conditions under which periodic signals can be
represented by a fourier series are known as Dirichlet’s
conditions
 In each period the function x(t)
1) single valued function
2) Finite number of maxima and minima
3) Finite number of discontinuities
4) Absolutely integrable over one period i.e.

T
0
x(t ) dt 
Cosine Representation(alternative form of the
Trigonometric representation)
Wave Symmetry
 If the periodic signal x(t) has some type of symmetry, then
some of the trigonometric Fourier coefficients may become
zero and calculations of the coefficients becomes simple.
 Types of symmetry
1. Even symmetry
2.Odd symmetry
3. Half wave Symmetry
4. Quarter wave Symmetry
Even Symmetry
Odd Symmetry
Half wave Symmetry
Quarter wave Symmetry
Exponential Fourier series
Determination of the Coefficients Exponential Fourier Series
Fourier Spectrum
•Fourier spectrum of a periodic signal x(t) is a plot of its
Fourier coefficients verses frequency .
•It has two parts
1. Amplitude spectrum 2. Phase spectra
•The frequency spectrum exists only at discrete frequencies nωo ,
where n=0,1,2,… hence it is known as discrete spectrum or line spectrum
•The Trigonometric representation of periodic signal x(t) contains both
sine and cosine terms with positive and negative amplitude coefficients
(an and bn )but with no phase angles
•The Cosine representation of a periodic signal contains only positive
amplitude coefficients with phase angle θn. In this representation Fourier
coefficients exists for only positive frequencies, this spectra is called
single sided spectra.
Complex frequency Spectrum
•The Fourier spectrum for exponential representation can be
plotted for both positive and negative frequencies and hence
it is called two sided spectra

Cosine Fourier series


Complex exponential Fourier series
Single sided Spectrum
Two sided Spectrum
Gibbs Phenomenon

•Over shoots appear around the


edges.
• These overshoots decay outward in
a damped oscillatory manner away
from the edges.
•The overshoot at the discontinuity
according to the Gibbs are found to
be 9% of the height of discontinuity
irrespective of the number of terms
in the Fourier series.
Linearity Property
Time shifting Property
Time Reversal Property
Time scaling Property
Time Differentiation
Time Integration
Convolution
Modulation or Multiplication
Gibbs Phenomena

• Convergence in error can have some


interesting characteristics:
N
x(t )  c e
k  N
k
jk0t

• This is known as Gibbs


phenomena and was first
observed by Albert Michelson
in 1898.
• The Fourier series of a square
wave is plotted as a function of
N, the number of terms in the
finite series.
• The limit as N is the average
value of x(t) at the discontinuity.
• The squared error does converge:
2
 N

lim   x(t )   ck e jk0t  dt  0
N  T
 k  N 
Fourier transform
 Transformation technique- continuous time domain signal to
frequency domain signal and vice versa.
 Applicable for both periodic as well as aperiodic signals.
 Developed by finding the fourier series of a periodic function
and then tending T to infinite
 Mathematical tool used in analysis of LTI systems,
Cryptography, signals analysis, signal processing, astronomy,
etc.
 Applications ranging from radar to spread spectrum
communication.
Fourier Transform representation of
non periodic function
 Consider an arbitrary periodic function x(t) with
fundamental period T.
 The spectrum of such a periodic signal will be discrete one
with spectral lines at frequencies 0,fo,2fo,… with the
adjacent spectral lines separated by a frequency fo=1/T.
 Suppose we increase the fundamental period T, amplitude of
the spectrum is decreased but general shape remains
unchanged and spectral lines becomes closer and closer.
 As the pulses in x(t) is separated by T sec, as T increases the
interval becomes longer as T goes to infinity, adjacent pulses
separated by infinite amount of time i.e. x(t) becomes a
nonperiodic function.
 Nonperiodic signal will have continuous spectrum
Dirichlet’s conditions
 Fourier Transform does not exist for all aperiodic functions.
 The Conditions for a function x(t) to have a fourier
transform, called Dirichlet’s conditions are:
1) x(t) is absolutely integral over the interval

2) x(t) has a finite number of discontinuities in every finite


time interval.
3) x(t) has a finite number of maxima and minima in every
finite time interval
Derivation of the Fourier Transform of nonperiodic
signal from Fourier series of a periodic signal
Fourier Transform of Standard signals
Linearity property
Time Shifting Property
Frequency Shifting property
Time reversal property
Time scaling Property
Differentiation in Time Domain property
Differentiation in Frequency domain property
Time Integration Property
Convolution Property
Multiplication Property
References
 A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, Signals and
Systems , 2nd Edition,PHI, 2009
 A.Anand Kumar,Signals and Systems,third edition,PHI,2013

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