RM&IPR

UNIT-II
• Effective literature studies approaches, analysis Plagiarism,
Research ethics,

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 Effective literature studies approaches
Effective literature study approaches are very important for good
research.
Guidelines for conducting an effective literature review:
The proposed guidelines are,
1. Find literature associated with the topic.
2. Search and analyze the literature.
3. Evaluate the paper before reading.
4. Cite literature properly.
5. Make a summary table of reviewed papers.
6. Avoid plagiarism. (copying, stealing, illegal use)
7. Write a journal article based on literature review.
Requirements for the literature review: The researcher should
• have clarity in understanding of the field.
• explain the rationale (under lying principle or basis) for his research
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Effective literature studies approaches(Contd..)
• place his research within a broader context
• evaluate the results of previous research
• define key concepts and ideas
• identify research in related areas that are generalisable or
transferable to his topic
• identify relevant methodological issues
Objectives of Literature Review:
• Literature review ensures that the researcher is familiar with
the body of research in his field before starting his own
investigations.
• Literature review also provides practice in critical thinking.
Applying critical thinking skills to the findings of past
research, keeps him in a better position to apply these same
skills to his own work.
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Effective literature studies approaches(Contd..)
• A systematic review is a literature review focused on a
research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and
synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that
question
• A systematic literature review is a means of identifying,
evaluating and interpreting all available research relevant to a
particular research question, or topic area, or phenomenon of
interest.
Reasons for Performing Systematic Reviews:
• To summarize the existing evidence concerning a treatment or
technology. (e.g. to summarize the empirical evidence of the
benefits and limitations of a specific agile method)

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Effective literature studies approaches (Contd..)
• To identify any gaps in current research in order to suggest
areas for further investigation.
• To provide a framework/background in order to appropriately
position new research activities.
• A literature review involves researching, reading, analyzing,
evaluating, and summarizing scholarly literature (typically
journals and articles) about a specific topic.
• A literature review helps the author learn about the history
and nature of their topic, and identify research gaps and
problems.
• Different types of literature review techniques followed in a
research:
1. Narrative or traditional literature review technique
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Effective literature studies approaches (Contd..)
2. Systematic literature review technique
3. Critical review technique
4. Theoretical framework review technique
1. Narrative or traditional literature review technique:
• It is a general review to define and describe an issue. This
technique can be further divided into three types:
i) A general literature review is the crucial dimension of current
knowledge of a topic.
ii) A historical literature review is based on the examination of
research throughout a period. Generally, it starts with the
first time a theory or topic has emerged.
iii) The methodological literature review describes the way
a research design or methods are described.

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Effective literature studies approaches (Contd..)
Narrative or traditional literature review technique is
applicable for all types of research.
2. Systematic literature review technique:
It presents the findings of empirical studies in a specific
format based on criteria. It is applicable in scientific and
psychology-based research which needs an empirical
evidence-based approach.
3. Critical literature review technique:
It compares multiple studies and their findings on a specific
issue. The researcher’s judgment is also reflected. This is
applicable when various scholars can consider contradictory
views.

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Effective literature studies approaches (Contd..)
4. Theoretical framework literature review technique:
It describes the theories that support the research. It is
applicable in social sciences, economics and psychology-
based studies.
• No matter which type of literature review is chosen for a
study, it must be written with a proper structure and format.
• Emotional phrasing and unjustified claims should be avoided.
• Moreover, the researcher should not use irrelevant content
and non-scholarly sources.
• The focus must be on choosing the right type of review and
finding a logical structure.

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 Plagiarism
Plagiarism Definition:
• Plagiarism refers to the act of intellectual theft. In simple
words, copying and using someone's ideas and work as their
own without referring to or crediting the source is Plagiarism.
• Plagiarism can take on a number of different forms:
• Deliberate Plagiarism Deliberate Plagiarism, which is also
known as direct Plagiarism, is the most dishonest form of
duplication that a person can make. Plagiarism occurs when a
person intentionally copies content/manuscript from another
author and publishes it under their name.
• Source-based Plagiarism Source-based Plagiarism is the type
of Plagiarism in which a person uses content from a certain
source but cites it incorrectly or with secondary references.
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 Plagiarism(Contd..)
• Mosaic Plagiarism : Plagiarism is also direct but is more
cunning as most plagiarism checker tools cannot detect it.
This form of plagiarism content is stolen from multiple
sources and is compiled as a single unique post.
• Self-Plagiarism Self Plagiarism is the type of duplication in
which a writer copies and uses his published work
intentionally or unintentionally.
• Accidental Plagiarism As the name tells us, Accidental
Plagiarism is when a person unintentionally uses the content
of another writer.
• Paraphrasing Plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism is also one
of the common types of duplication that you must know
about.

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 Plagiarism(Contd..)
• Common consequences of Plagiarism:
1. Destroy Student Reputation
2. Destroy Professional Reputation
3. Legal Repercussions
4. Monetary Repercussions
Prevention of Plagiarism:
• The only foolproof way of preventing Plagiarism and its
consequences is by making a plagiarism test with the best
plagiarism checker tools on the web.
• Use of an effective plagiarism checker will be helpful to find
and remove duplicate content.
• These plagiarism checker tools will be helpful to authenticate
originality in the research work without any effort.
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 Plagiarism(Contd..)
How to avoid plagiarism :
• Take notes and perform your own work
• Keep careful track of sources you use
• Quote and cite phrases, sentences, paragraphs, figures, etc.
taken directly from the original source
• Give credit to the original author
• Finally, acknowledge those who contribute to your work.

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 RESEARCH ETHICS
• Research ethics involves the application of fundamental
ethical principles to research activities which include the
design and implementation of research, respect towards
society and others, the use of resources and research outputs,
scientific misconduct and the regulation of research.
• Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that
guide your research designs and practices. These principles
include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity,
confidentiality, potential for harm, and results
communication.
• Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain
code of conduct when collecting data from others.
• These considerations protect the rights of research
participants, enhance research validity, and maintain scientific
integrity.
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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
• Research is the pillar of knowledge, and it constitutes an
integral part of progress. Ethics are broadly the set of rules,
written and unwritten, that govern our expectations of our
own and others’ behavior.
• Research ethics is a core aspect of the research work and the
foundation of research design. Research ethics are the set of
ethics that govern how scientific and other research is
performed at research institutions such as universities, and
how it is disseminated.
• When most people think of research ethics, they think about
issues that arise when research involves human or animal
subjects. While these issues are indeed a key part of research
ethics, there are also wider issues about standards of conduct.

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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
• These include the importance of publishing findings in a
transparent way, not plagiarizing others’ work, and not
falsifying work.
Importance of Research Ethics
Research ethics are important for a number of reasons.
• They promote the aims of research, such as expanding
knowledge.
• They mean that researchers can be held accountable for their
actions. Many researchers are supported by public money,
and regulations on conflicts of interest, misconduct, and
research involving humans or animals are necessary to ensure
that money is spent appropriately.

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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
• They support the values required for collaborative work, such
as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because
scientific research depends on collaboration between
researchers and groups.
• They ensure that the public can trust research. For people to
support and fund research, they have to be confident in it.
• They support important social and moral values, such as the
principle of doing no harm to others.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
Study design and ethics approval:
• Good research should be well adjusted, well-planned,
appropriately designed, and ethically approved.
• To conduct research to a lower standard may constitute
misconduct.
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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
• The research proposal should discuss potential ethical issues
pertaining to the research.
• The researchers should pay special attention to weak subjects
to avoid breech of ethical codes.
Data analysis :
• It is the responsibility of the researcher to analyze the data
appropriately.
• Although inappropriate analysis does not necessarily amount
to misconduct, intentional omission of result may cause
misinterpretation and mislead the readers.
• Fabrication and falsification of data do constitute misconduct.
• To ensure appropriate data analysis, all sources and methods
used to obtain and analyze data should be fully disclosed.
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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
Authorship:
• There is no universally agreed definition of authorship. It is
generally agreed that an author should have made substantial
contribution to the intellectual content, including
conceptualizing and designing the study; acquiring, analyzing
and interpreting the data.
• The author should also take responsibility to certify that the
manuscript represents valid work and take public
responsibility for the work.
• Conflicts of interest :
• This happens when researchers have interests that are not
fully apparent and that may influence their judgments on
what is published. These conflicts include personal,
commercial, political, academic or financial interest.
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 RESEARCH ETHICS (Contd..)
• Redundant publication and plagiarism :
• Redundant publication occurs when two or more papers,
without full cross reference, share the same hypothesis, data,
discussion points, or conclusions. On the other hand,
plagiarism occurs mainly due to unreferenced use of others’
published and unpublished ideas.
• Validity :
• The research design must address specific research questions
and the research ethics demands that the methods used
must relate specifically to the research questions.
Most ethical codes cover the following areas:
• 1.Honesty and Integrity , 2.Objectivity , 3.Carefulness ,
4.Openness , 5.Respect for Intellectual Property ,
6.Confidentiality , 7.Responsible Publication , 8.Legality ,
9.Human Subjects Protection and 10.Animal Care .
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 Assignment Questions in Unit - II
1. List out the Guidelines for conducting an effective literature
review.
2. What are the requirements of the researcher for good
literature review?
3. Define Systematic review. Give reasons for Performing
Systematic Review.
4. Discuss about different types of literature review techniques
followed in a research.
5. Define Plagiarism. What are the different forms of
Plagiarism?
6. What are the consequences of Plagiarism? Explain how
plagiarism is avoided?
7. Explain about research ethics and importance of Research
Ethics.
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 Assignment Questions in Unit - II
8. Discuss about ethical issues in research.
9. List out different areas in which the ethical codes are
covered?

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