Experiment No.

MATTER: CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGES

Chemistry Laboratory Formal Report

Submitted by:

BERNAL, PRINCESS KRIZALAINE R.

GATPOLINTAN, ALEXANDRA MARIE Z.
PEREZ, MARY ELAINE V.
PIL, ANIKA TRISHA G.
VILLARTA, CELINE KATE WYNE B.
Group No. 4

11 – Newton

Submitted to

MARY-ANN V. GALO
Chemistry Instructor

Date Submitted:
September 18, 2023
 INTRODUCTION

We can benefit from material changes in our daily lives. Food is prepared to
enhance its flavor. Plants grow and produce food through a process called
photosynthesis. Animals eat food every day, which helps them grow. Our bodies go
through several changes.

Physical or chemical change are the two categories used to classify changes in
matter. Physical changes do not affect a substance's makeup, whereas chemical
changes change a substance's identity to create one or more new substances.

On the basis of its composition, all matter can be classified. Either a mixture or a
pure substance describes it. A mixture is the mixing of two or more different types of
material, each of which preserves its unique makeup and characteristics. Important traits
of a blend include:

A pure substance is a homogeneous sample of matter that always has the same
composition and properties, regardless of its source. Substances can only be
homogeneous and have constant composition. They are classified as either compounds
or elements.

A compound is a homogeneous substance made up of two or more elements

chemically combined. an element is a homogeneous substance made up of only one type
of atom , which cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical changes. All matter
is composed of some combination of elements.
 PROCEDURE

PART I : CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A. Pure Substance: Element to Compound

For this procedure, the reaction of the compound towards its interaction with an
element is shown. To start, we cut about a half inch magnesium ribbon, then lit the alcohol
lamp to burn it with the magnesium ribbon. Once the magnesium ribbon began to burn, it
was dropped onto the test tube, then a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid was added
to the test tube. In this procedure, the magnesium ribbon is the element and the
hydrochloric acid is the compound.

B. Pure Substance: Compound to Element

To start the procedure, we dissolved a small amount of copper (II) nitrate in 10 mL
water in a test tube, then placed a small piece of zinc metal into the solution. This
experiment showed the reaction of an element to its interaction with a compound. The
element in this procedure is the zinc metal while the compound is the copper (II) nitrate.

C. Mixture and Methods in Separating Components of Mixture

This part of the experiment showed the different methods of separating the
components of mixtures. Before beginning the procedure, we created a schematic
diagram to properly visualize how to separate each mixture given.

Figure. 1 Schematic Diagram of separation of Mixtures

A. Salt and Sand
The salt and sand heterogenous mixture was separated by using the
filtration method. Filtration is the process of separating insoluble solid from a liquid
in a mixture by using a filter medium where it retains the solid but lets the liquid
pass (Britannica, 2022). The filtration was achieved by using an erlenmeyer flask,
a funnel and a filter paper. The salt water and sand mixture were put on a filter
paper that was placed in a funnel at the top of the erlenmeyer flask to separate the
sand and the salt water.
After the sand was separated from the salt water, the salt water was put on
an evaporating bowl put on a wire gauze and metal tripod on top a bunsen burner
to be separated through evaporation. Evaporation is used to separate a mixture
with a dissolved solid from its solvent (CHEM 1114, n.d.).

B. Iron Filings and Sulfur

The iron and sulfur heterogenous mixture was separated from each other
by using the magnetic method of separation. The method is used to separate a
ferromagnetic metal from something that is not attracted to metal (IMA, n.d.). The
mixture was placed on a watching dish with a magnet near the mixture to pull in
the iron filings.

C. Alcoholic Beverage
The homogenous mixture, water and alcohol, was separated by using
distillation where one of the mixtures of two liquids with two different boiling points
are boiled and cooled back to liquid form (Britannica, 2022). On top of a tripod and
bunsen burner, the mixture was put in a flask which was connected to a distillation
apparatus. This apparatus was used to separate the alcohol and water.
D. Flour and Water

Flour mixed with water is a heterogeneous mixture where we used

centrifugation method to separate the solid and liquid. The centrifugation method
is a procedure where the mixture is spun and rotated rapidly for the solid particles
to sink to the bottom (More, 2020). The mixture was put in a test tube and was
placed inside a centrifuge machine.

E. Ink (black, red, blue, green)

The inks were drawn as one dot of each color on a horizontal line on the
lower part of a piece of filter paper. The paper was placed inside a beaker with the
ethyl alcohol below the horizontal line on the filter paper. This procedure is called
paper chromatography (Britannica, 2023).
 PART II : CHANGES IN MATTER

A. Action of Heat on Substance

To begin the procedure, NaOH pellets, solid CuSO4 5H2O, magnesium ribbon,
salt, and sugar were added in separate test tubes in small amounts. An alcohol lamp
was lit. The substances were then heated by tilting the test tube at a 45-degree angle
and were swayed side to side.

B. Action of Water on Substances

Meanwhile in Part 2B, NaOH pellets, magnesium ribbon, salt, and sugar were
added in separate test tubes in small amounts. The heated CuSO4 5H2O used in the
previous experiment was kept to be used. The tubes were labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Five
drops of water were added into each test tube. Each test tube was shaken lightly and
the bottom of the tubes were observed. The substances were then heated gently. Red
litmus paper was used and placed onto the mouths of each test tube.

C. Combining Different Substances

We used four test tubes and labeled them as A, B, C, and D. For test tube A, we

used a medicine dropper to mix five drops of Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 5 drops of

Potassium iodide (KI). On test tube B, we mixed a pinch of baking soda and 5 drops of

vinegar. Next, on text tube C, we mixed 5 drops of Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) and 5

drops of Barium chloride (BaCl). And for the last test tube D, we mixed a pellet of Sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) and ten drops of water.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PART I : CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A. Pure Substance: Element to Compound

In this part of the experiment, when the magnesium ribbon was lit at the alcohol
lamp, the magnesium burned with a white spark. After putting it into the test tube, a white
powdery mass of magnesium oxide is found. When a few drops of hydrochloric acid were
added into the test tube, it resulted for the magnesium oxide to dissolve into the
hydrochloric acid and particles of magnesium settled into the bottom. A change in
temperature can also be observed in which the temperature of the bottom of the test tube
rose.

Figure 2. Magnesium ribbon reaction to flame

B. Pure Substance: Compound to Element

For Part 2B, as the zinc was placed in copper nitrate solution, the color of the
solution changed from an intense blue to a blue-greenish color, the zinc changed its color
from silver to black, and bubbles also appeared.

Figure 3. Zinc metal reaction to copper nitrate solution

C. Mixture and Methods in Separating Components of Mixture
A. Salt and Sand
The salt and sand that was mixed with water had a murky appearance
before it was filtered. After the filtration method, only the wet sand which is a solid,
was left on the filter paper and only salt water passed through the filter paper. After
the evaporation method of salt water, only the salt remained on the evaporating
dish due to the water vaporizing because water has much lower boiling point
compared to the salt (Helmenstine, 2020).

Figure 4. Salt water falling down the flask

B. Iron Filings and Sulfur

When the magnet was placed on top of the mixture, only the iron filing which
is a ferromagnetic metal moved and was attracted to the magnet while the sulfur
stayed on the watching dish (Weinhandl, 202). All of the iron filings were removed
from the watching dish while being stuck on to the magnet.

Figure 5. Iron filings stuck on the magnet

C. Alcoholic Beverage
After the alcoholic beverage was distilled, only water was left on the
flask because the ethanol has lesser boiling point which then vaporizes
and condenses back into liquid form after it was cooled down by the tap water
and then falls down into a beaker (Wade, 2023).

Figure 6. Condenser part of the distillation apparatus during the process

D. Flour and Water

The flour and water mixture after centrifugation are separated; with the flour
on the bottom of the test tube and the water on top. The greater particle size or
weight of the mixture sinks to the bottom while the lesser floats (Taulbee &
Mercedes, 2000). This is because the particle size of flour is greater than the
particle size of water (Oyungerel et. al., 2020; Hareland, 1994).

Figure 7. Mixture in a test tube in a centrifuge

E. Ink (black, red, blue, green)

The ink colors that rapidly went up the paper were black and blue while the
red ink remained stationary. This may be because the red ink was stuck and was
absorbed by the filter paper while the black and blue inks were not very absorbed
into the paper (Nagwa, n.d.). The black ink went up and separated into two colors
which were yellow and violet. This is because, the combination of yellow and violet
creates the color black (Wilson & Hall, 2023). Meanwhile, the blue ink separated
into two colors which were light blue and purple. Blue inks have many different
variations because different companies use different combinations (Chaussee,
2016).

Figure 8. Chromatography method with black, red and blue ink

 PART II : CHANGES IN MATTER

A. Action of Heat on Substances

NaOH pellets - The solvent evaporated and white crystals formed in the saturated
solution. When sodium hydroxide is heated, it creates an exothermic reaction. It is a
chemical reaction that releases energy by heat which causes it to decompose. The
products formed were sodium oxide and water.

Solid CuSO4 5H2O - It turned into white and loses its blue color making it change to color
white. When Copper(II) sulfate is heated, the water of crystallization will evaporate and
the substance will be anhydrous. The water of crystallization is what makes the substance
look blue and when undergoes a chemical change such as an exothermic reaction, the
crystals will disappear and so does the color.

Magnesium ribbon - It slowly became almost completely white in color and then oxidized.
When a magnesium ribbon is heated, the substance gives up two electrons to oxygen
atoms and produces a white powder of magnesium oxide.

Salt - It melted and somewhat vaporized. When salt is heated, it slowly becomes liquid
due to the heat being applied causing it to melt. The heat then turned the liquid into gas
because it evaporated into the air.

Sugar - It melted and then formed bubbles as it caramelized while turning golden brown
in color.

B. Action of Water on Substances

NaOH - When water was added into the test tube, the bottom of it felt hot (it was previously
at room temperature). The solution was transparent. After it was heated, a red litmus
paper was placed and turned into a blue color.

CuSO4 5H2O - When water was added into the test tube, the anhydrous Copper(II)
sulfate returned into its blue color. The temperature of the test tube was hot. After it was
heated, a red litmus paper was placed and did not change color.
Magnesium ribbon - When water was added into the test tube, there was no physical
change to the substance. The temperature of the test tube remained constant. After it
was heated, a red litmus paper was placed and did not change in color.

Salt - When water was added into the test tube, the salt dissolved in the solution. The
temperature of the test tube remained constant. After it was heated, a red litmus paper
was placed and did not change in color.

Sugar - When water was added into the test tube, the sugar dissolved in the solution. The
temperature of the test tube remained constant. After it was heated, a red litmus paper
was placed and did not change in color.

C. Combining Different Substances

A. AgNO3 and KI

After mixing test tube A, the mixture had a white to yellow green color and

precipitate settled at the bottom of the test tube. When AgNO3 and KI were

combined, positively charged silver iodide sol (AgI) was created as a result of the

adsorption of Ag+ ions from the dispersion medium onto the precipitate of silver

iodide. A precipitation reaction occurs when dissolved substances react to form

solid products. This kind of reaction frequently involves the exchange of ions

between ionic substances in aqueous solution, also known as the

double-displacement reactions (Parashar, et.al, 2023).

Figure 9. AgNO3 and KI

B. Baking Soda and Vinegar

The acid-base reaction between baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate) and

vinegar (Acetic acid) caused the mixture in test tube B to fizz and bubble. This

produced salt (sodium acetate) and water, and also released carbon dioxide. A

hydrogen ion (H+) is given by the acid (vinegar) to the base (baking soda), which

receives it and produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

Figure 10. Baking Soda and Vinegar

C. K₂CrO₄ and BaCl₂

When an aqueous solution of Potassium chromate was mixed with Barium

chloride, the mixture turned yellow and formed precipitate called Barium chromate

through a chemical reaction called double displacement reaction. A double

displacement reaction is the type of reaction in which two reactants exchange ions

to form two new compounds (Nisar Ahmad, et.al, 2018).

Figure 11. K₂CrO₄ and BaCl₂

D. NaOH and Water

When solid Sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 10 drops of water, the

bottom of the test tube was hot as the mixture turned foggy white before becoming
clear. The ions Na+ and OH- were formed when sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
dissolved in water. This process released heat as it is exothermic.

Figure 12. NaOH and Water

 CONCLUSION

In Part 1a, magnesium acts as the reducing agent, while the hydrogen acts as the
oxidizing agent. With the reaction of magnesium ribbon from the hydrochloric acid,
magnesium chloride was formed and gasses of hydrogen were released, because of this
reaction, The temperature of the test tube changes, gas bubbles start to fizz, and
eventually the magnesium ribbon dissolves into the water, leaving behind some blue or
white particles.

In part 2b, the zinc reacts with copper nitrate resulting in a zinc nitrate and copper.
This is an example of a single displacement reaction. To create the product in a single
displacement reaction, one atom or ion from one reactant displaces another atom or ion
from another reactant. Copper nitrate's copper is replaced by zinc metal as zinc is more
reactive than copper, resulting in zinc nitrate and copper metal.

There are many separation methods that can be used for mixtures such as
filtration, distillation, decantation, magnetic, chromatography, centrifugation and
sublimation (Britannica, 2023). it can be used for solid- solid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid.
Heterogenous mixture uses physical separation methods such as magnetism and
filtration while homogenous mixtures other methods such as distillation and
chromatography (Vedantu, 2023).

Chemical reactions deal with the breaking of old bonds in order to form new bonds.
It is when two or more substances interact and undergo chemical changes. When a
chemical reaction is given energy, a reaction takes place. This experiment used a variety
of chemical processes, such as precipitation and double displacement, which resulted in
the solidification of two dissolved compounds, acid-base reaction, which produced salt
and carbon dioxide, and exothermic reaction, which released heat.
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