60

E3
3.1 Inertia
(1) Inherent property of all the bodies by virtue of which they cannot
change their state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line by
their own is called inertia.
(2) Two bodies of equal mass possess same inertia because it is a factor
of mass only.

3.2 Linear Momentum

ID
(1) Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained in
U
the body.
(2) It is measured as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity
YG

i.e., Momentum = mass × velocity.

If a body of mass m is moving with velocity then its linear

momentum is given by
D

(3) It is a vector quantity and it’s direction is the same as the direction
of velocity of the body.
(4) Units : kg-m/sec [S. I.], g cm/sec [C.G. S.]
U

(5) Dimension : [MLT–1]

3.3 Newton’s First Law

ST

A body continue to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a

straight line, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change
the state.
(1) If no net force acts on a body, then the velocity of the body cannot
change i.e., the body cannot accelerate.

70 Physics Class XI
 (2) Newton’s first law defines inertia and is rightly called the law of
inertia. Inertia are of three types :
Inertia of rest, Inertia of motion, Inertia of direction.

3.4 Newton’s Second Law

(1) The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional
to the external force applied on the body and this change takes place

60
always in the direction of the applied force.

(2) If a body of mass m, moves with velocity then its linear momentum
can be given by and if force is applied on a body, then

E3
or (K = 1 in C. G. S. and S. I. units)

(Force = mass × acceleration)

3.5 Force ID
(1) Force is an external effect in the form of a push or pulls which :
U
(i) Produces or tries to produce motion in a body at rest.
(ii) Stops or tries to stop a moving body.
(iii) Changes or tries to change the direction of motion of the body.
YG

(2) Dimension : Force = mass × acceleration

[F] = [M][LT–2] = [MLT–2]
(3) Units : Absolute units : (i) Newton (S.I.) (ii) Dyne (C.G.S.)
Gravitational units : (i) Kilogram-force (M.K.S.) (ii) Gram-force
(C.G.S.)
D

(4) formula is valid only if force is changing the state of rest

or motion and the mass of the body is constant and finite.
U
ST

(5) if m is not constant

(6) No force is required to move a body uniformaly along a straight line.

= ma, ∴ = 0 (As a = 0)
(7) When force is written without direction then positive force means
repulsive while negative force means attractive.
Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 71
 (8) Out of so many natural forces nuclear force is strongest while
gravitational force weakest.
(9) Central force : If a position dependent force is always directed
towards or away from a fixed point it is said to be central otherwise
non-central.
(10) Conservative or non-conservative force : If under the action of

60
a force the work done in a round trip is zero or the work is path
independent, the force is said to be conservative otherwise non-
conservative.
Example : Conservative force : Gravitational force, electric force, elastic

E3
force.
Non-conservative force : Frictional force, viscous force.
(11) Common forces in mechanics :
(i) Weight : Weight of an object is the force with which earth
attracts it. (W = mg)
ID
(ii) Reaction or Normal force : When a body is placed on a rigid
surface, the body experience a force which is perpendicular to
the surfaces in contact. Then force is called ‘Normal force’ or
U
‘Reaction’.
(iii) Tension : The force exerted by the end of taut string, rope or
YG

chain against pulling (applied) force is called the tension. The

direction of tension is so as to pull the body.
(iv) Spring force : Every spring resists any attempt to change its
length. This resistive force increases with changes in length.
Spring force is given by F = – Kx; where x is the change in
D

length and K is the spring constant (unit N/m).

3. 6 Equilibrium of Concurrent Force

U

(1) If all the force working on a body are acting on the same point, then
they are said to be concurrent.
ST

(2) A body, under the action of concurrent forces, is said to be in

equilibrium, when there is no change in the state of rest or of uniform
motion along a straight line.
(3) The condition for the equilibrium of a body is that the vector sum
of all the forces acting on the body must be zero.

72 Physics Class XI
 3.7 Newton’s Third Law
To every action, there is always an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in
direction) reaction.

If = force exerted on body A by body B (Action) and = force

exerted on body B by body A (Reaction)

60
Then according to Newton’s third law of motion = –
Example :
(i) A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table which is equal to

E3
the weight of the book. This is the force of action.
(ii) Swimming is possible due to third law of motion.
(iii) When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun
recoils backward (reaction).

3.8 Frame of Reference

ID
(1) A frame in which an observer is situated and makes his observations
is known as his ‘Frame of reference’.
U
It is associated with a co-ordinate system.
(2) Frame of reference are of two types : (i) Inertial frame of reference
(ii) Non-inertial frame of reference.
YG

(i) Inertial frame of reference :

(a) A frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with
a uniform velocity along a straight line is called an inertial
frame of reference.
(b) In inertial frame of reference Newton’s laws of motion holds
D

good.
(c) Ideally no inertial frame exist in universe. For practical
purpose a frame of reference may be considered as inertial it
U

it’s acceleration is negligible with respect to the acceleration

of the object to be observed.
ST

Example : The lift at rest, lift moving (up or down) with constant velocity.
(ii) Non inertial frame of reference :
(a) Accelerated frame of references are called non-inertial frame
of reference.
(b) Newton’s laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial
frame of reference.
Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 73
 Example : Car moving in uniform circular motion, lift which
is moving upward or downward with some acceleration, plane
which is taking off.

3.9 Impulse
(1) When a large force works on a body for very small time interval, it
is called impulsive force.

60
An impulsive force does not remain constant, but changes first from
zero to maximum and then from maximum to zero. In such case we
measure the total effect of force.
(2) Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of force.

E3
(3)

(4) Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of force.
(5) Dimension : [MLT–1]

s–1 (C.G. S.)

ID
(6) Units : Newton second or Kg-ms–1 (S. I.) and Dyne second or gm cm

(7) Force-time graph- Impulse is equal to the area under F-t curve.
U
YG
D

I = Area between curve and time axis = Ft

(8) If Fav is the average magnitude of the force, then
U

I= = = Fav∆t
ST

(9) From Newton’s second law, =

or = ⇒ = =
i.e., The impulse of a force is equal to the change in momentum.

74 Physics Class XI
 This statement is known as Impulse momentum theorem.
(10) Examples. Hitting, kicking, catching, jumping, diving, collision etc.
In all these cases an impulse acts, I = = Fav. ∆t = ∆p = constant
So if time of contact A t is increased, average force is decreased (or
diluted) and vice-versa.
(i) In catching a ball a player by drawing his hands backwards

60
increases the time of contact and so, lesser force acts on his
hands and his hands are saved from getting hurt.
(ii) China wares are wrapped in straw or paper before packing.

E3
3.10 Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
If no external force acts on a system (called isolated) of constant mass,
the total momentum of the system remains constant with time.

ID
(1) According to this law for a system of particles

In the absence of external force = 0 then = constant.

U
i.e., = = constant.
(2) Law of conservation of linear momentum is independent of frame of
YG

reference though linear momentum depends on frame of reference.

(3) Practical applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
(i) When a man jumps out of a boat on the shore, the boat is pushed
slightly away from the shore,
D

(ii) A person left on a frictionless surface can get away from it by

blowing air out of his mouth or by throwing some object in a
direction opposite to the direction in which he wants to move,
U

(iii) Recoiling of a gun-Tor bullet and gun system, the force exerted by
trigger will be internal so the momentum of the system remains
ST

unaffected.

3.11 Free Body Diagram

In this diagram the object of interest is isolated from its surroundings and
the interactions between the object and the surroundings are represented
in terms of forces.

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 75

 3.12 Apparent Weight of a Body in a Lift
When a body of mass m is placed on a weighing machine which is placed
in a lift, then actual weight of the body is mg.
This acts on a weighing machine which offers a reaction R given by the
reading of weighing machine. The reaction exerted by the surface of
contact on the body is the apparent weight of the body.

60
Condition Figure velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion
Lift is at rest v=0 a=0 R – mg = 0 Apparent weight
∴ R = mg = Actual weight

E3
Lift moving
upward or
downward
with constant
velocity
v = constant a = 0

ID
R – mg = 0
∴ R = mg
Apparent weight
= Actual weight
U
Lift accelerating v = variable a < g R – mg = ma Apparent weight
YG

upward at the ∴R = m(g+a) > Actual weight

rate of ‘a’

Lift accelerating V = variable a = g R – mg = mg Apparent weight

D

upward at the R = 2mg = 2 Actual weight

rate of ‘g’
U
ST

Lift accelerating V = variable a < g mg – R = ma Apparent weight

downward at ∴ R = m (g – a) < Actual weight
the rate of ‘a’

76 Physics Class XI
 Lift accelerating V = variable a = g mg – R = mg Apparent weight
downward at R=0 = Zero
the rate of ‘g’ (weightlessness)

Lift accelerating V = variable a > g mg – R = ma Apparent weight

60
downward at R = mg – ma negative means the
the rate of R = – ve body will rise from
a( > g) the floor of the

E3
3.13 Acceleration of Block on Horizontal Smooth Source
(1) When a pull is acting at an angle (θ) to the horizontal (upward)
R + F sin θ = mg
⇒
and
ID
R = mg – F sin θ
F cos θ = ma
U
a=
YG
D

3.14 Acceleration of Block on Smooth Inclined Plane

(1) When inclined plane is at rest.
Normal reaction R = mg cos θ
U

Force along a inclined plane F = mg sin θ

ma = mg sin θ
ST

a = g sin θ

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 77

 (2) When a inclined plane given a horizontal acceleration ‘b’. Since

60
the body lies in an accelerating frame, an inertial acts on it in the
opposite direction.
Normal reaction R = mg cos θ + mb sin θ

E3
and ma = mg sin θ – mb cos θ
a = g sin θ – b cos θ

ID
U
3.15 Motion of Block in Contact

Condition Free body diagram Equation Force and acceleration

YG

F – f = m1a a=
D

f = m2a f=
U

f = m1a a=
ST

F – f = m2a f=

78 Physics Class XI
 4 F – f1 = m1a a=
P
3

1 2 f1 – f2 = m2a f1 =

60
V
f2 = m3a f2 =

E3
P
D f1 = m1a a=
2Po C

Po B
A

Vo 3Vo
V
ID
f2 – f1 = m2a f1 =
U
F – f2 = m2a f2 =
YG

3.16 Motion of Blocks Connected by Mass Less String

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

T = m1a a=
D

F – T = m2a T=
U
ST

F – T = m1a a=

T = m2a T=

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 79

 P I
T1 = m1a a=
IV
A

II T2 – T1 = m2a T1 =
B
III

60
V
F – T2 = m3a T2 =

E3
F – T1 = m1a a=

ID
T1 – T2 = m2a T1 =
U
T2 = m3a T2 =

3.17 Motion of Connected Block over A Pulley

YG

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

N
m1a = T1 – m1g T1 =
D

dz
h
r
U

m2a = m2g – T1 T2 =
ST

T2 = 2T1 a=

80 Physics Class XI
 m1a = T1 – m1g T1 =

m2a = m2g + T2 – T T2 =

60
m3a = m3g – T2 T3 =

E3
T3 = 2T1 a=

ID
U
A B m1a = m1g – T1 a=
m m
YG

O
m2a = T2 – m2g T1 =

Torque
m C

D m = (T1 – T2)R = 1α
D

(T1 – T2)R =
U

(T1 – T2)R = T2 =
ST

MR2

T1 – T2 =

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 81

 3.18 Friction (Introduction)
If we slide or try to slide a body over a surface the motion is resisted by a
bonding between the body and the surface. This resistance is represented
by a single force and is called friction.
The force of friction is parallel to the surface and opposite to the direction
of intended motion.

60
3.19 Types of Friction
(1) Static friction : The opposing force that comes into play when objects
are at rest.
(i) In this case static friction F = P.

E3
(ii) Static friction is a self-adjusting force because it changes itself
in accordance with the applied force.

P
ID 1
U
2 of static friction upto which
(2) Limiting friction : The maximum value
body does not move is called limiting friction.
YG

(i) The magnitude of limiting frictionV between any two bodies in

contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction between
them.
F1 α R or F1= µsR
(ii) Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to
D

the direction in which one body is at the verge of moving.

(iii) Coefficient of static friction :
U

(a) µs is called coefficient of static friction.

(b) Dimension : [M0L0T0]
ST

(c) Unit : It has no unit.

(d) Value of µs lies in between 0 and 1
(e) Value of µ depends on material and nature of surfaces in
contact.
(f) Value of µ does not depend upon apparent area of contact.

82 Physics Class XI
 (3) Kinetic or dynamic friction : If the applied force sets the body in
motion, the friction opposing the motion is called kinetic friction.
(i) Kinetic friction depends upon the normal reaction friction.
Fk ∞ R or Fk = µkR where µk is called the coefficient of kinetic
friction.

60
(ii) Kinetic friction is always lesser than limiting friction Fk < F1,
... µk < µs
Thus we require more force to start a motion than to maintain
it against friction. This is because when motion has actually

E3
started, irregulrities of one surface have little time to get locked
again into the irregularities of the other surface.
(iv) Types of kinetic friction : (a) Sliding friction (b) Rolling friction

ID
• Rolling friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction
(R) and inversely proportional to the radius (r) of the rolling
cylinder or whell.
U
FRrolling =

µ is called coefficient of rolling friction. It would have the

YG

dimensions of length and would be measured in metre.

• Rolling friction is often quite small as compared to the sliding
friction.
• In rolling the surfaces at contact do not rub each other.
D

• The velocity of point of contact with respect to the surface

remains zero all the times.
U

3.20 Graph Between Applied Force and Force of Friction

(1) Part OA = static friction (Fs).
ST

(2) At point A = limiting friction (F1).

(3) Beyond A, the force of friction is seen to decrease slightly.
The portion BC = kinetic friction (Fk).
(4) As the portion BC of the curve is parallel to x axis therefore kinetic

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 83

 friction does not change with the applied force.

Limiting
friction
Kinetic
friction

60
Static
friction

3.21 Angle of Friction

E3
Angle of friction may be defined as the angle which the resultant limiting
friction and normal reaction makes with the normal reaction.

By definition angle θ is called he angle of friction tan θ =

P2
V ID P1
U
YG

∴ tan θ = µ T [As we know = µ]

or θ = tan–1 (µ)

3. 22 Angle of Repose
D

Angle of repose is defined as the angle of the inclined plane with horizontal
such that a body placed on it is just begins to slide.
If α is called the angle of repose.
U

α = θ i.e., angle of repose = angle of friction.

A B
ST

P 2×10
5

(N/m2)

10
5
C
D

20 4.03
V (cm)

84 Physics Class XI
 UNIT-III (Laws of Motion)
1 Mark Questions
1. A passenger sitting in a car at rest, pushes the car from within. The car
doesn’t move, why ?
2. Give the magnitude and directions of the net force acting on a rain drop
falling with a constant speed.

60
3. Why the passengers in a moving car are thrown outwards when it suddenly
takes a turn ?
4. You accelerate your car forward. What is the direction of the frictional force
on a package resting on the floor of the car ?

E3
5. What is the purpose of using shockers in a car ?
6. Why are tyres made of rubber not of steel ?
7. Wheels are made circular. Why ?
8. If a ball is thrown up in a moving train, it comes back to the thrower’s
hands. Why ?
ID
9. Calculate the force acting on a body which changes the momentum of the
body at the rate of 1 kg-m/s2.
U
10. On a rainy day skidding takes place along a curved path. Why ?
11. Why does a gun recoils when a bullet is being fired ?
12. Why is it difficult to catch a cricket ball than a tennis ball even when both
YG

are moving with the same velocity ?

13. The distance travelled by a moving body is directly proportional to time. Is
any external force acting on it ?
14. Calculate the impulse necessary to stop a 1500 kg car moving at a speed of
25 ms–1.
D

15. Lubricants are used between the two parts of a machine. Why ?
16. What provides the centripetal force to a car taking a turn on a level road ?
U

17. A body is acted upon by a number of external forces. Can it remain at

rest ?
ST

18. Bodies of larger mass need greater initial effort to put them in motion.
Why ?
19. An athlete runs a certain distance before taking a long jump. Why ?
20. Action and reaction forces do not balance each other. Why. ?
21. The wheels of vehicles are provided with mudguards. Why ?

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 85

 22. China wares are wrapped in straw paper before packing. Why ?
23. Why is it difficult to walk on a sand ?
24. The outer edge of a curved road is generally raised over the inner edge.
Why ?
25. Explain why the water doesn’t fall even at the top of the circle when the
bucket full of water is upside down rotating in a vertical circle ?

60
26. Why does a speedy motor cyclist bends towards the centre of a circular path
while taking a turn on it ?
27. An impulse is applied to a moving object with a force at an angle of 20°
w.r.t. velocity vector, what is the angle between the impulse vector and

E3
change in momentum vector ?
2 Marks Questions
28. A man getting out of a moving bus runs in the same direction for a certain
distance. Comment.

momentum remains constant.

ID
29. If the net force acting upon the particle is zero, show that its linear

30. A force of 36 dynes is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 60°. Find the
U
acceleration in a mass of 18 g that moves in a horizontal direction.
31. The motion of a particle of mass m is described by h = ut + 1/2 gt2 . Find
YG

the force acting on particle. (F = mg)

32. A particle of mass 0.3 kg is subjected to a force of F = – kx with k = 15
Nm–1 . What will be its initial acceleration if it is released from a point
20 cm away from the origin ?
33. A 50 g bullet is fired from a 10 kg gun with a speed of 500 ms–1. What is
D

the speed of the recoil of the gun.

34. Smooth block is released at rest on a 45° incline and then slides a
U

distance d. If the time taken of slide on rough incline is n times as large

as that to slide than on a smooth incline. Show that coefficient of friction.
µ= .
ST

35. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. When the lift is at rest
spring balance reads 49 N of a body hang on it. If the lift moves :
(i) Downward
(ii) upward, with an acceleration of 5 ms–2

86 Physics Class XI
 (iii) with a constant velocity.
What will be the reading of the balance in each case ?
36. It is easier to pull a roller than to push it. Why ? (using vector diagram)
37. A horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space. Why ? (using diagram)
38. A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of room by a string 2 m long
is oscillating. At its mean position the speed of a bob is 1 ms–1. What is the

60
trajectory of the oscillating bob if the string is cut when the bob is
(i) At the mean position
(ii) At its extreme position.

E3
39. Define force of friction. How does ball bearing reduce friction ?
40. Define angle of friction and angle of repose.
41. A block placed on a rough horizontal surface is pulled by a horizontal force
F. Let f be the force applied by the rough surface on the block. Plot a graph
of f versus F.
ID
42. A mass of 2 kg is suspended with thread AB. Thread CD of the same type
is attached. To the other end of 2 kg mass.
U
(i) Lower end of the lower thread is pulled gradually, hander and hander
is the downward direction so as to apply force on AB. Which of the
thread will break & why ?
YG

B
D

(ii) If the lower thread is pulled with a jerk, what happens ?

U

43. A block of mass M is held against a rough vertical wall by pressing it with
a finger. If the coefficient of friction between the block and the wall is µ and
the acceleration due to gravity is g, calculate the minimum force required to
ST

be applied by the finger to held the block against the wall ?

3 Marks Questions & Numericals
44. A block of mass 500 g is at rest on a horizontal table. What steady force is
required to give the block a velocity of 200 cms–1 in 4 s ?
45. A force of 98 N is just required to move a mass of 45 kg on a rough horizontal
Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 87
 surface. Find the coefficient of friction and angle of friction ?
46. Calculate the force required to move a train of 2000 quintal up on an incline
plane of 1 in 50 with an acceleration of 2 ms–2. The force of friction per
quintal is 0.5 N.
47. A force of 100 N gives a mass m1, an acceleration of 10 ms–2 and of 20
ms–2 to a mass m2. What acceleration must be given to it if both the masses

60
are tied together ?
48. The pulley arrangement of fig. are identical. The mass of the rope is
negligible. In (a) mass m is lifted up by attaching a mass (2 m) to the other
end of the rope. In (b), m is lifted up by pulling the other end of the rope

E3
with a constant downward force F = 2 mg. In which case, the acceleration
of m is more ?

ID
U
YG

49. Fig. shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4 kg. What is the
D
U

(a) Force on the particle for t < 0, t > 4s, 0 < t < 4s ?
(b) Impulse at t = 0 and t = 4s ?
ST

(Consider one dimensional motion only)

50. What is the accleration of the block and trolly system as the fig., if the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the trolly and the surface is 0.04 ?
Also Calculate friction in the string.
Take g = 10 m/s2, mass of the string is negligible.

88 Physics Class XI
 µk
kgf

51. Three blocks of masses m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 20 kg are connected by strings

on smooth horizontal surface and pulled by a force of 60 N. Find the

60
acceleration of the system and frictions in the string.

E3
52. The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5m
away from the open end. The coefficient of friction between the box and
the surface below it is 0.15 on a straight road, the truck starts from rest and
accelerates with 2 m/s2. At what distance from the starting point does the
ID
box fall off the truck ? (ignore the size of the box)
53. A block slides down as incline of 30° with the horizontal. Starting from rest,
it covers 8 m in the first 2 seconds. Find the coefficient of static friction.
U
54. A helicopter of mass 2000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m/s2.
The total mass of the crew and passengers is 500 kg. Give the magnitude
YG

and direction of the :

(i) Force on the floor of the helicopter by the crew and passenger.
(ii) Action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air
(iii) Force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air (g =10 m/s2)
D

55. A rectangular box lies on a rough inclined surface. The coefficient of friction
between the surface and the box is (µ). Let the mass of the box be m.
U

(a) At what angle of inclination θ of the plane to the horizontal will the
box just start to slide down the plane ?
(b) What is the force acting on the box down the plane, if the angle of
ST

inclination of the plane is increased to α > θ.

(c) What is the force needed to be applied upwards along the plane to
make the box either remain stationary or just move up with uniform
speed ?

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 89

 (d) What is the force needed to be applied upwards along the plane to
make the box move up the plane with acceleration a ?
56. Two masses of 5 kg and 3 kg are suspended with help of mass less
inextensible string as shown. Calculate T1 and T2 when system is going
upwards with acceleration m/s2. (Use g = 9.8 m/s2)
Y Y Y Y

T T T
T
  

X X X X
t t t t

60
E3
57. There are few forces acting at a Point P produced by strings as shawn,
which is at rest, Find the forces F1 & F2

ID
U
58. A hunter has a maching gun that can fire 50g bullets with a velocity of
YG

150 ms–1 . A 60 kg tiger springs at him with a velocity of 10 ms–1. How

many bullets must the hunter fire into the target so as to stop him in his
track ?
59. Two blocks of mass 2 kg and 5 kg are connected by an ideal string passing
over a pulley. The block of mass 2 kg is free to slide on a surface inclined at
D

an angle of 30° with the horizontal whereas 5 kg block hangs freely. Find
the acceleration of the system and the tension in the string.
U

60. Show that Newton’s second law of motion is the real law of motion.
5 Marks Questions
ST

61. Define the principle of conservation of linear momentum. Deduce the law
of conservation of linear momentum from Newton’s third law of motion.
62. Why circular roads are banked ? Derive an expression for angle of banking
for safe circular turn. Consider that coefficient of friction between the tyre
and road is µ.

90 Physics Class XI
 63. Obtain an expression for minimum velocity of projection of a body at the
lowest point for looping a vertical loop.
64. Show that the area under the force-time graph gives the magnitude of the
impulse of the given force for the following case when (i) force is constant
(ii) variable force.
65. Derive an expression for acceleration of a body down a rough inclined

60
plane ? (Sliding only)
66. With the help of suitable example, explain the terms static friction, limiting
friction and kinetic friction. Show that static friction is a self adjusting
force. Also plot the graph showing the variation between applied force F

E3
and force of friction f.
Unit-III (LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION)
Solutions

2. as = 0 so
3. Due to inertia of direction.
ID
1. For motion, there should be external force.
U
4. The package in the accelerated car (a non inertial frame) experiences a
Pseudo force in a direction opposite to that of the motion of the car. The
YG

frictional force on the package which acts opposite to this pseudo force is
thus in the same direction (forward) as that of the car.
5. To decrease the impact of force by increasing the time for which force acts.
6. Since coefficient of friction between rubber and road is less than the
D

coefficient of friction between steel and road.

7. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
8. Both during its upward and downward motion, the ball continues to move
U

inertia of motion with the same horizontal velocity as the train. In this
period, the ball covers the same horizontal distance as the train and so it
ST

comes back to the thrower’s hand.

9. As F = rate change of momentum
F = 1kg-m/s2 = 1N
10. As the friction between the tyres and road reduces on a rainy day.
11. To conserve momentum.
Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 91
 12. Being heavier, cricket ball has higher rate of change of momentum during
motion so more force sumed.
13. As s ∝ t, so acceleration a = 0, therefore, no external force is acting on the
body.
14. Use formula I = change in momentum = m(v – u)
(Ans. – 37500 Ns)

60
15. To reduce friction and so to reduce wear & tear.
16. Force of friction between the tyre and road provides centripetal force.
17. Yes, if the external forces acting on the body can be represented in magnitude

E3
and direction by the sides of a closed polygon taken in the same order.
18. As F = ma so for given a, more force will be required to put a large mass in
motion.

longer jump. ID
19. So that inertia of motion may help him in his muscular efforts to take a

20. As they acts on different bodies.

U
21. When the wheel rotates at a high speed, the mud sticking to the wheel flies
off tangentially, this is due to inertia of direction. If order that the flying
mud does not spiral the clothes of passer by the wheels are provided with
YG

mudguards .
22. The straw paper between the China ware increases the Time of experiencing
the jerk during transportation. Hence impact of force reduces on China
wares.
23. Less reaction force.
D

24. In addition to the frictional force, a component of reaction force also

provides centripetal force.
U

25. Weight of the water and bucket is used up in providing the necessary
centripetal force at the top of the circle.
ST

26. So that in addition of the frictional force, the horijontal component of the
normal reaction also provides the necessary centripetal forces.
27. Impulse and change in momentum are along the same direction. Therefore
angle between these two vectors is zero.
28. Due to inertia of motion.

92 Physics Class XI
 29. As F∝

when F = 0, = 0 so P = constant
30. F = 36 dyne at an angle of 60°
Fx = F cos 60° = 18 dyne

60
Fx = max

So ax = = 1 cm/s2

E3
31. h =
find a by differentiating h twice w.r.t.
a=g
as F = ma so F = mg (answer)
32. As F = ma so F = – kx = ma

a=
ID
U
for x = 20 cm, ⇒ a = – 10 m/s2
33. Initial momentum = 0
YG

using conservation of linear momentum

mv + MV = 0

V=

⇒ V = 2·5 m/s
D

34. When there is no friction, the block slides down the inclined plane with
acceleration.
a = g sin θ
U

when there is friction, the downward acceleration of the block is

a´ = g (sin θ – µ cos θ)
ST

As the block slides a distance d in each case so

d= =

= = = n2

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 93

 or = n2

Solving, we get (Using θ = 45°)

35. (i) R = m (g – a)

60
weight = 49 N

so m= = 5 kg
R = 5 (9·8 – 5)

E3
R = 24N
(ii) R = m (g + a)
R = 5 (9·8 + 5)

(iii) as a = 0 so R = mg = 49N ID
R = 74 N

38. (i) Parabolic, (ii) vertically downwards

U
41.
YG

Uuto point A, f = F (50 Long as block is stationary)

beyond A, when F increases, block starts moving f remains constant.
D

42. (i) Thread AB breaks down

(ii) CD will break.
U

43.
ST

For the block not to fall f = Mg

But f = µR = µF so
µF = Mg

94 Physics Class XI
 F= .
44. Use F = ma

a= = = 50 cm/s2
F = 500 × 50 = 25,000 dyne.

60
45. F = 98 N, R = 45 × 9·8 = 441 N

µ2 = = 0.22
Angle of friction θ = tan–1 µ = tan–1 0·22 = 12°24′

E3
46. Force of friction = 0·5 N per quintal
f = 0·5 × 2000 = 1000 N
m = 2000 quintals = 2000 × 100 kg
sin θ = , a = 2 m/s2

ID
In moving up an inclined plane, force required against gravity
= mg sin θ = 39200 N
U
And force required to produce acceleration = ma
= 2000 × 100 × 2 = 40,0000 N
Total force required = 1000 + 39,200 + 40,0000
YG

= 440200 N.
47. Suppose, a = acceleration produced if m1 and m2 are tied together,
F = 100 N
Let a1 and a2 be the acceleration produced in m1 and m2, respectively.
D

∴ a1 = 10 ms–2, a2 = 20 ms–2 (given)

Again m1 = and m2 =
U

⇒ m1 = = 10 ms–2
ST

and m2 = = 5 ms–2

∴ m1 + m2 = 10 + 5 = 15

So, a= = =

= 6.67 ms–2
Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 95
 48. Case (a) : a=

Case (b) : FBD of mass m

60
E3
ma′ = T – mg
ma′ = 2mg – mg
⇒ ma′ = mg

ID
So in case (b) acceleration of m is more.
49. (a) For t < 0. No force as Particles is at rest.
U
For t > 4s, No force again particle comes at rest.
For 0 < t < 4s, as slope of OA is constant so velocity constant
YG

i.e., a = 0, so force must be zero.

(b) Impulse at t = 0
Impulse = change in momentum
I = m(v – u) = 4(0 – 0·75) = 3 kg ms–1
Impulse at t = 4s
D

I = m (v – u) = 4 (0 – 0.75) = – 3 kg ms–1
50. Free body diagram of the block
U

30 – T = 3a ...(i)
ST

Free body diagram of the trolley

96 Physics Class XI

T – fk = 20 a ...(ii)
where fk = µk N = 0·04 × 20 × 10 = 8 N

60
Solving (i) & (ii),
a = 0·96 m/s2 and T = 27·2 N
51. All the blocks more with common acceleration a under the force F = 60 N.
F = (m1 + m2 + m3)a

E3
a= = 1 m/s2
To determine, T1 → Free body diagram of mass m1.

ID
T1 = m1a = 10 × 1 = 10 N
U
To determine, T2 – Free body diagram of m3.
YG

F – T2 = m3a
Solving, we get T2 = 30 N
52. Force on the box due to accelerated motion of the truck
D

F = ma = 40 × 2 = 80 N
(in forward direction)
U

Reaction on the box, F´ = F = 80 N (in backward direction)

Force of limiting friction, f = µR = 0·15 × 40 × 10 = 60 N
ST

Net force on the box in backward direction is P = F´ – f

= 80 – 60 = 20 N

Backward acceleration in the box = a = = = 0·5 ms–1

t = time taken by the box to travel s = 5 m and falls off the truck, then from

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 97

 s=

5=
t = 4·47s
If the truck travels a distance x during this time

60
then x = 0 × 4·34 +
x = 19·98 m
53. Use s=

E3
a= as u = 0

µ=

ID
Putting the value and solving, µ =
54. (a) Force on the floor of the helicopter by the crew and passengers

0·11

= apparent weight of crew and passengers

U
= 500 (10 + 15)
= 12500 N
YG

(b) Action of rotor of helicopter on surrounding air is Obviously vertically

downwards, because helicopter rises on account of reaction of this
force. Thus force of action
= (2000 + 500) (10 + 15)
D

= 2500 × 25
= 62,500 N
U

(c) Force on the helicopter due to surrounding air is obviously a reaction.

As action and reaction are equal and opposite, therefore
ST

Force of reaction F´ = 62,500 vertically upwards.

55. (a) When the box just starts sliding
µ = tan θ
or θ = tan–1 µ
(b) Force acting on the box down the plane

98 Physics Class XI
 = mg (sin α – µ cos α)

60
(c) Force needed mg (sin α + µ cos α)

(d) Force needed = mg (sin α + µ cos α) + ma.
56. According Newton’s second law of motion

E3
(i) T1 – (m1 + m2)g = (m1 + m2)a
T1 = (m1 + m2)(a + g)
= (5 + 3) (2 + 9·8)
T1 = 94·4 N
(ii)


ID
T2 – m2g = m2a
T2 = m2 (a + g)
T2 = 3(2 + 9·8)
U
T2 = 35·4 N
57. Using Resolution of forces 1N and 2N and then applying laws of vector
addition.
YG

Calculate for F1 & F2.

F1 = , F2 =

58. Given m = mass of bullet = 50 gm = 0.50 kg

D

M = mass of tiger = 60 kg
v = Velocity of bullet = 150 m/s
U

V = Velocity of tiger = – 10m/s

(∴ It is coming from opposite direction n = no. of bullets fired per second
ST

at the tiger so as to stop it.)

Pi = 0, before firing ...(i)
Pf = n(mv) + MV ...(ii)

∴ From the law of conservation of momentum,
Pi = pf

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 99


⇒ 0 = n(mv) + MV

⇒ n=

= = 80.

60
59.

E3
2g
2g

Let a be the acceleration of the system and T be the Tension in the string.
Equations of motions for 5 kg and 2 kg blocks are


where
5g – T = 5a
T – 2g sin θ – f = 2a
ID
f = force of limiting friction
...(1)
...(2)
U
= µR = µ mg cos θ = 0·3 × 2g × cos 30°
Solving (1) & (2),
a = 4·87 m/s2
YG

T = 24·65 N.

LAWS OF MOTION
D

1. The maximum velocity (in m/s) with which a car driver must transverse
a flat curve of radius 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
skidding is
U

(a) 60 (b) 30
(c) 15 (d) 25
ST

2. The tension in the string shown in figure m 2m → F is ;

(a) F/3 (b) F/6
(c) F/2 (d) 2F

100 Physics Class XI

  
3. A particle moves in x-y plane under the action of force F (p)
such that
 
F (p) at any instant t is px = 2 cos t and
the value of its linear momentum
  
(p)(p)at a given time t will be-
py = 2 sin t. The angle θ between F and
F
(a) 90° (b) 0°
(c) 180° (d) 30°

60
  
4.  B = 2i − j + 3k and C are acting on a body to keep
Three forces A = i + j − k,

it in equilibrium. Then C is

E3
 −(4i + 3k)
 3i + 4k 2i + 3k
(a) −(3i + 4k)
 − (4i + 3k)
 3i +−(3i
4k(b) 2i + 3k
+ 4k)

−(3i + 4k)
 − (4i +  3i + −
(c)3k)   +2i4k)
4k(3i +
 3k− (4i + 3k)
 3i (d)
+ 4k 2i + 3k

5. The objects at rest suddenly explodes into three parts with the mass ratio

(a)
ID
2:1:1. The parts of equal masses moves at right angles to each other with
equal speeds. The speed of the third part after the explosion will be
2v (b)
V V
U
2 2

(c)
V V ν (d)ν 2ν
2 2
YG

2 2
6. Two Iron blocks of equal masses but with double surface area slide down an
Inclined plane with coefficient of friction µ . If the first block with surface
area A experience a friction force f, then the second block with surface area
2A will experiences a frictional force.
D

(a) f/2 (b) f

(c) 2f (d) 4f
U

7. A body of mass M starts sliding down an Inclined plane where critical angle
is <ACB=30° as shown in figure, the coefficient of friction will be
ST

C
Mg
(a) Mg(b)
/ 2 3 Mg 3 30

3
Mg / 2 (c)
3 Mg 3 (d) None of these
A B

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 101

 8. Three block of masses m1, m2 & M3 are connected by mass less stings as
shown on a frictionless table.
T1 T2 T3
m1 m2 m3

They are pulled with a force T3 = 40N, If m1=10 kg, m2=6 kg, & m3=4 kg,
then tension T2 will be

60
(a) 20 N (b) 40 N
(c) 10 (d) 32 N
9. If the tension in the cable supporting an elevator is equal to the weight of

E3
elevator, the elevator my be
(a) going up with increasing speed
(b) going down with increasing speed
(c)
(d)
going up with uniform speed
ID
elevator falls freely under gravity
10. A graph is drawn with a force along y-axis and time along x-axis. The area
U
under the graph represent–
(a) Momentum (b) Couple
YG

(c) Moment of the force (d) Impulse of the force

11. In a game of tug of wars, a condition of equilibrium exists. Both the team
pull the rope with a force of 104N. The tension in the rope is –
D

(a) 104 N (b) 108 N

(c) 0N (d) 2×104 N
U

12. A bullet of mass m moving with a speed v strikes a wooden block of mass
M & gets embedded into the block. The final speed is
ST

M m m M ν m m ν
(a) ν ν ν ν
M+m V M +Mm+(b) V
ν ν
M+m m 2 M+m M+m 2
M m m ν V
ν (c) ν V
ν (d)
M+m M+m M+m 2 2

102 Physics Class XI

 13. The pulley & strings shown in figure are smooth and of negligible mass.
For the system to remain in equilibrium, the angle θ should be

2m m

60
m

(a) 0° (b) 30°

(c) 45° (d) 60°

E3
14. If two forces are acting at a point such that the magnitude of each force is
2N and the magnitude of their resultant is also 2N, then the angle between
the two forces is
(a) 120° (b) 60°
(c) 90°
15. The dimensions of action are
ID (d) 0°
U
(a) [M L T–2] (b) [M2 L T–3]
(c) [M L T–1] (d) [ML2 T–1]
YG

16. Which of the four arrangements in the figure correctly shows the vector
addition of two forces F1 & F2 to yield the third force F3?

F1 F1 F1
F3 F3 F1 F3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
D

F2 F3 F2
F2 F2
U

17. A car when passes through a bridge exerts a force on it which is equal to
mν 2 mν 2 mνm
ST

2
− +(c) ν mν 2 mν 2
2
(a) Mg + MgMg Mg −
σr σ σ σ σr σ
mν 2 mν 2 mν 2
Mg + (c) Mg − (d) None of these
σ σ r
σ

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 103

 18. In the figure given, the position-time graph of a particle of mass 0.1 kg is
shown the impulse at t = 2s is
(a) 0.2 kg m/s 4
x (m)
(b) –0.2 kg m/s 2

(c) 0.1 kg m/s

60
0 2 4 6
(d) –0.4 kg m/s t (s)

19. A particle revolves round a circular path. The acceleration of the particle is
inversely proportional to–

E3
(a) radius (b) velocity
(c) mass of particle (d) both (b) & (c)
20. If Maximum and minimum values of the resultant of two forces acting at a
point are 7N and 3N respectively, the smaller force is equal to
(a)
(c)
4N
3N
ID (b)
(d)
5N
2N
U
Answer Key :
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c)
YG

13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (a) 20. (d)

HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS :

D

1. ν= µrg = 0.6 ×150 ×10 = 30 m / s

U

2. 2ma = F–T –––– (1) Solve T = F/3

ma = T –––– (2)
ST

3. p= px 2 + py 2 = 4 cos 2 t + 4sin 2 t = 2 (constant), As p remains constant,

   
acts
F (p) at right angleFto(p).

104 Physics Class XI

 4. Since body is in equilibrium
   
A+B+C = O
  
C= —(A + B)= — [i + j + k + 2i − j + 3k]


= — [3i + 0j + 4k) = — (3i + 4k)


5. Resultant momentum of two part of equal mass

60
p1= (mν) 2 + (mν) 2= 2 mν
ut v1 = speed of third part of mass 2 m

E3
Acc. to Law of conservation of momentum
=
(2 m )ν1 2 mν
2ν
ν1
= = ν
2 2

6.

7. =µ tan=
60° 3
ID
Frictional force is independent of area of contact.
U
T 40 T 40
8.=Net acceleration
3
== =3 2= m / s=2
2 m / s2
m1 + m 2 + m3 + m 2 + m3
m120 20
YG

T2 = (m1 + m 2 ) a = 16 × 2 = 32 N

9. Impulse = ∫ F dt
D

12. By law of conservation of momentum

mν + M(0) = (m + M) V
mν
U

V=
m+M
13. For equilibrium of mass m, T = mg –––– (1)
ST

For equilibrium of mass 2m

2T cos θ = mg –––––– (2)

2m

Solve (1) & (2)

1
cos θ = 2
, θ = 45°.

Newton's Law Of Motion And Friction 105

 14. P = Q 2N, R = 2N
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ Cos θ
4 = 4 + 4 + 2(4) Cos θ
−4 −1
cos=θ = , =
θ 120°
8 2

60
15. Action = Force
= [M L T–2]

E3
mν 2
17. =
F mg −
r
σ
18. Impulse
= change in momentum
= m(v–u)
= 0.1 (0–2) = –0.2 kg m/s
ID
U
V2
19. a =
r
YG

1
aα
r
20. F max. = P+Q = 7N –––––– (1)
F min. = P–Q = 3N –––––– (2)
D

From (1) & (2)

=
P+ Q 7 =
P+Q 7
U

=
P− Q 3 =
5+Q 7

2P = 10
ST

Q=2N
P = 5N

****

106 Physics Class XI