Soil Nailing

Touch Pile

Secant Pile

Touch Pile
 By
A.C.SHIVAKUMAR
ME(Str/PSC)
Mob 9845013493, 9110250187
[email protected]
[email protected]
DEEP EXCAVATION.
Excavations that exceed a depth of 4.5m (15ft) are considered Deep
Excavations.

Necessity of Deep Excavation

The deep excavation is required for construction of basements /roads /canals etc;
Number of deep excavations are increasing every year in City centres
Design of very deep basements for high rise buildings make excavations
formidable projects.
It forms an important part in modern construction field.
 Deep Excavation for high rise building
Soil Nailing for Deep Excavation
RMZ Ecoworld 20 Bengaluru

22.00m
Depth
Deep Excavation for Residential Apartments
 Deep Excavation for Road way

• Support of Hill cut for highways

Soil nailing for Existing slope
Deep Excavation for Road way and approach to tunnel
Slope protection for Rail way
Stabilize the retaining walls
• Stabilize the retaining walls
ROB at Navaloor, Hubli town limits

RE panels collapsed
Retrofitting by nailing
• Stabilize the embankments and levees
Soil Nailing for Tunnel
Why Deep Excavation Supporting Systems is required?

 Unsupported excavations pose hazard to workers and equipment.

 The accidents due to collapse of soil which leads to fatality of
workers can not be neglected.
The deep excavation for construction of basements /roads /canals
etc; requires the stability of structures.
 Prevention and minimising damages to surrounding is of utmost
concern to the design engineers .
Hazardous due to collapse of soil
Hazardous due to collapse of soil
A variety of excavation methods and lateral supporting
systems are to be practiced based on
I. Local soil,

II. Ground water table

III. Environmental conditions,

IV. Allowable construction period,

V. Money and machinery.

Excavation methods include

a. Full open cut methods,

b. Braced excavation methods,
c. Anchored excavation methods,
d. Island excavation (partial excavation) methods,
e. Top-down construction methods
f. Zoned excavation methods.
Full open cut excavation
 Full open cut excavation

In rocky strata

25m Deep

In Hard strata
Braced Excavation method
Anchored Excavation method
Island excavation (partial excavation) methods,

i. Centre of excavation area is

dug.
ii. After major part of the
structure is completed
iii. Then the side slope will be
excavated by placing struts
between retaining wall and
structure.
excavation by top down
construction methods,
Zoned excavation methods.
Zones are made for different depths
Surcharge due to Existing buildings
adjacent to excavation area
Existing buildings adjacent to excavation
area
Types of surcharge from adjacent structures

The following types of surcharge from the adjacent

structures depending up on the type of foundation or the
load transferring system on the supporting soil needs to be
considered carefully for design of deep excavation system.
Example for point load surcharge

Alignment of RT wall
Example for Line load and footing load
surcharge
Line load

Footing Load
Pressure diagram of Footing Load
Additional pressure for surcharge due to Footing load
Example for Strip load surcharge
Example for Strip load surcharge
If the length and depth of retaining wall is less than the length and
width of raft respectively and the retaining wall is abutting the raft
slab, then UDL surcharge can be considered.
 SOIL NAILING
Soil nailing is to reinforce and
strengthen the existing ground by
installing closely spaced steel bars,
called “nails”, in to slope or
excavation as construction proceeds
from the “top down”.
Deep Excavation
 Support of Hill cut for highways
Stabilize the retaining walls Federal Highway Administration
Publication No.FHWA-SA-96-069
Stabilize the embankments and levees
Nov 1996
Typical cross section of soil nailing
Permanent soil nailing
 Where an extended design life is required, usually more than 50years
 Permanent soil nail is hot dipped galvanised bar
 The bar encapsulated with additional corrosion protection of a
corrugated polyethylene sheath which acts as a barrier for corrosion
protection.
 The inner and outer annulus of the sheathing is grout filled to transfer
load and provide long term durability.
 Anchorage components at the surface are usually hot dip galvanised.
Components of Permanent soil nailing
Hot dip Galvanised soil nail and Galvanised plate
Polyethylene sheath
Finished surface of Permanent soil nailing
Temporary Soil Nails
Temporary soil nails are in applications where the design
life is usually less than 2 years.
Temporary soil nails are used for temporary structures like
deep excavation in high rise buildings.
Machineries and Materials
Drilling Equipment
Grout mixer
Compressor

The elements of soil nailing:

Reinforcement grade steel bar either deformed or course threaded
Plastic centraliser equally spaced along the bar to keep central to the drill
hole
Grout column for load transfer
Anchor plate and nut to transfer load at better surface
Drilling Equipment
Grout mixer with pump
Compressor

Shotcreting work under progress

The elements of soil nailing:
Reinforcement grade steel bar either deformed or course threaded

Epoxy coated rebars

Plastic centraliser equally spaced along the bar to keep central to
the drill hole
Grout column for load transfer
Anchor plate and nut to transfer load at better surface
Advantages of soil nailing
The top down construction technique of soil nailing offers the following
benefits:
 Improved economy and lessened environmental impact due to
elimination of the need for cut excavation and backfilling.
 Economy and material saving due to incorporation of temporary
excavation system in to the permanent support system
Elimination of the need for high capacity structural facing
Construction flexibility
Ease of construction and reduced construction time
Limitations of Soil Nailing
The reinforcement may interfere with nearby utilities
 Nail capacity may not be economically developed in cohesive
soils
 The soft clay would require a very high density of in situ
reinforcement of considerable length
It is not suitable in sensitive or expansive clay
 Below water table the soil nailing will not work because the
water will soften and weaken the soil.
The following ground types are favourable for soil
nailing:
Residual soils and weathered rock without unfavourably oriented,
low strength structure.
Stiff cohesive soil that are not prone to creep.(clayey sits and low
plasticity clay)
Naturally cemented or dense sands and gravels with some
cohesion.
Strata above the ground water table.
Ground conditions Not favourable for soil nailing
 Loose clean granular soil with N value <10
 Granular cohesion less soil of uniform size (poorly graded) with uniformity
coefficient <2.
 Soil containing excessive moisture or wet pockets.
 Organic soils or clay soils with Liquidity Index >0.2 and untrained shear
strength<50kN/sqm

 Highly frost-susceptible and expansive (swelling) soils.

 Highly fractured rocks with open joints or voids
 Rock or decomposed rock with weak(e.g.; gouge filled)structural discontinuities.
 Construction Sequences
Stage I About 1.2m to 2m depth shall be excavated
Stage II Place the wire mesh and shotcrete to top and face of
excavation as shown
Stage III Drill a hole of 100 to 150mm dia @ 15degree inclination to
horizontal.
 Construction Sequences
Stage IV Insert the steel bar attaching the centraliser
 Construction Sequences
Stage V Grouting the annular space with cement mortar
Minimum compressive strength 25Mpa at 7 days
 Construction Sequences
Stage VI Put welded mesh , Plate and nut.
Insert the PVC pipe for weep hole
 Construction Sequences
Stage VII Shotcrete the facia
Minimum cement content 390kg/cum W/C Ratio 0.45
Load testing of soil
nail for
Pullout capacity and
Bond strength
Sapthagiri Engineering College Bengaluru
Driven Nail for RMZ Ecoworld19 Bengaluru
20m Depth for RMZ Ecoworld 20 Bengaluru
 Failure of Soil Nailing system

Before Collapse After Collapse

Collapse due to seepage of water from washing area
 Piled Retaining Walls

In-situ pile retaining walls also called column piles are rows of concrete piles either cast-in situ

pile method or precast pile method.

Depending on geotechnical characteristics of the location and project requirements, we

differentiate several types of pile wall.

According to the type of resistance,

a. cantilever pile wall

b. supported pile wall structure.

According to the pile layout the pile

i. Touch pile/contiguous pile wall.

ii. secant/tangent pile wall

 Touch Pile
Contiguous piling is a way of creating
a retaining wall by inserting a row of
piles that almost touch one another.
The width of gap between pile
varies between 50 and 500mm.
The dia of these piles varies
from 300 to 1200mm normally.
The soil between two piles is
stabilised by concreting.
 Touch pile wall is a temporary or permanent retaining wall Commonly

used for excavations in urban areas .

Touch pile shoring is very versatile because the size of the piles and

the spacing between them can be adjusted to suite the site condition.

Pile wall applications:

i. To ensure stability of excavation,

ii. For open pits sealing,

iii. In buildings displacement control

iv. As landslide remediation.

Touch pile /Contiguous piles system for supporting deep excavation
In this technique the RCC piles are installed in the periphery of the
proposed site.
The contiguous pile wall is designed in such a way that it resists the lateral
earth pressure of retaining soil.

The biggest advantage of contiguous piling is that the process of inserting

them creates very little vibration. Because the piles are bored, rather than
driven, noise and shaking are kept to a minimum, making this method ideal
for use in built-up areas or close to other structures.
There are numerous advantages associated with contiguous bore
piles:
a. They are easier to build in a variety of loading and soil conditions and
may not require a guide wall to control the alignment issues.
b. Due to the reduced amount of cost and time associated with the
contiguous bored piles, they are considered as much more economical
solution than the diaphragm walls.
c. In contrast to diaphragm walls, which have units of bigger geometry,
contiguous bored piles have the unit as a single pile. A single pile has a
small cross-sectional area. This allows achieving much more flexible
geometries than the diaphragm walls.
d. They have more load-bearing capacity than the diaphragm or retain wall.
Of course, this depends on the amount of reinforcement inside them.
e. They are the perfect option for metropolitan areas, which have a higher cost associated

with the land.

f. They are a much more suitable option in the area of dense urban populations or adjoining

properties. In those areas, other methods would not be possible to implement without the

encroachment of nearby land.

g. If in the nearby areas or surrounding there are footings and underground utilities of other

building, it would be difficult with traditional retaining methods. This constraint makes a

contiguous pile wall the ideal choice for supporting an excavation.

h. These piles have much faster construction time than the secant bored piles. Cont.....
i. These walls can be constructed to provide load-bearing capacity as well
as a retaining structure where line loads can be applied to the wall.
j. Contiguous pile walls are ideal when groundwater ingress is not an issue
for the finished wall.
k. This type of retaining wall is used on a wide range of engineering
projects such as ground stabilisation, underpasses, and basement walls.
Cantilever pile wall
Cantilever pile wall represents a retaining structure performed without
additional protection. The wall is executed by digging under the level of
excavation / slide surface and stabilises the soil mass due to the resistance
of material in the front.
Performance advantages:
I. It allows undisturbed excavation in the open pit
II. It does not require an additional support
III. It is simpler construction procedure
Cantilever pile wall
Supported pile wall
Supported pile wall represents retaining structure which is executed with
additional protection when it is not possible to ensure the stability of the
structure for design loads.
Depending on design requirements, additional protection can be performed
inside (bracing system) and outside of open pit (geotechnical and self
drilling anchors etc.)
On front of side pile wall, the additional protection with steel or reinforced
concrete beams are commonly used horizontal to the pile wall.
Performance advantages:
i. possibility of deeper depth of excavation compared to the cantilever pile
wall
ii. possibility of accepting more loads (eg in existing building area)
iii. more control of horizontal displacement of pile wall

Supported pile wall

Buttress pile
Pile wall for Basement or cellars

The most common use of contiguous piling is for

constructing basements or cellars, where the piles can be
inserted and then used as a retaining wall already in place
as the basement is excavated. If desired, they can be
removed and replace by a solid retaining wall, but it’s
usually more effective to leave them in place and, as
described, add a second wall in front.
 Pile wall as protection to adjacent structure

The other main uses

include for inserting
substructures close to an
existing structure, where
extensive excavation might
not be practical, or for
stabilising inclines or
slopes. Alternatively,
contiguous piling can be
used to maintain the
ground on adjoining 7.00m
properties.

Industrial site at
Yalahanka, Bangalore
Touch Pile as foundation for retaining wall
for slope protection at collapsed portion
Slope protection to collapsed portion at Ch
87.90km on NH 275 Madikeri Mangalore road
Slope protection to collapsed portion at Ch
98.40km on NH 275 Madikeri Mangalore road

Touch pile
Touch Pile retaining wall for road work
Anchored pile wall
Pile wall for varying depth
 Secant Piles
In this technique primary piles (PCC) are installed first, and then secondary piles
(RCC) constructed between primary piles when it gained some strength.
Pile overlap is typically in order of 75mm to 100mm.
The lack of waterproofness in contiguous pile walls are effectively overcome by
Secant pile system.

tangent pile wall

Tangent pile wall consists of piles that touch but do not overlap. Consequently, all piles of
tangential pile wall must be reinforced.
Tangent pile
Pile wall can be the option
What is Micropile?
Micropiles, also known as minipiles, pin piles, needle piles, and
root piles, are a deep foundation element constructed using high-strength,
small-diameter steel casing and/or threaded bars or steel sections.
Micropiles are smaller in diameter (about 90–300 mm) compared
with piles and are installed closer together than the conventional pile
foundations. The installation method for micropiles is depicted in Fig
Combination of micropile and soil
nailing
Micropile provided at bottom of excavation
Opp. to CiLumbini garden,
Bangalore (2011)
Bharathiya city, Thanisandra
Bangalore

Micropiles with velar beam + soil nailing (grouted nails)-Depth of

excavation 12.00m
Bharathiya city, Thanisandra
Bangalore
RMZ, Ecoworld 19, Belandur, Bangalore
RMZ, Ecoworld 19, Bangalore
Micropile with driven nailing (14m depth)
RMZ, Ecoworld 19, Bangalore
driven nailing (14m depth)
THANK YOU