MATH 101 Practice Exam 2

Part 2 of 2
Duration: Complete Part 1 and Part 2 within 2.5 hours

Part 2 will be graded by the instructional team.

You will either (but not both)
• write on your own and upload to Canvas, OR
• write in-person (and do not upload to Canvas).
If you submit to Canvas your submission must be exactly 8 pages.
Qs 11a and 11b must appear on page 1. Q11c must appear on page
2, and so on to Qs 14c 14d and 14e which must appear on page 8.

If you submit to Canvas, please do not create a title page (this is a

change from PE1). That is, do not submit this page.
 Z 2
1
11. Let f (x) = √ dt.
x 1 + t3

(a) [3 marks] Calculate f (2).

Z 2
1
f (2) = √ dt = 0.
2 1 + t3
Answer:

(b) [3 marks] Calculate f ′ (0).

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

Z 2 Z x
′ d 1 d 1 1
f (x) = √ dt = − √ dt = − √ .
dx x 1+t3 dx 2 1+t 3 1 + x3
Thus f ′ (0) = −1.

Answer:

1
 Z 2
(c) [6 marks] Calculate xf (x) dx.
0
Integrate by parts, setting u = f (x) and dv = x dx. Thus du = f ′ (x) =
1 1
−√ dx, v = x2 , and
1 + x3 2
Z 2 2
1 2 x2
Z
1 2
xf (x) dx = x f (x) + √ dx.
0 2 0 2 0 1 + x3
The first term is equal to zero. The second term can be evaluated by substitution,
for example (setting u = 1 + x3 ), and is equal to 32 . Thus
Z 2
2
xf (x) dx = .
0 3

Answer:

2
 Z
π 1 √
12. (a) [4 marks] Explain carefully why . 1 − t2 dt =
0 4
A simple explanation is that the integral describes the area of the top right quad-
rant of the unit circle.
Alternately, using trigonometric substitution, let t = sin(θ) to get
Z 1 √ Z π/2 q Z π/2
1− t2 dt = 2
1 − sin (θ) cos(θ)dθ = cos2 (θ)dθ.
0 0 0

1
Then use the trigonometric identity cos2 (θ) = (cos(2θ) + 1) to get the result.
2

(b) [2 marks] Let a > b be positive numbers. Draw a large sketch of the ellipse
x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1 below, indicating the intercepts clearly.
a2 b
Here is the ellipse with a = 4 and b = 2.

3
(c) [4 marks] Let a > b be positive numbers. Use integration to calculate the area
x2 y 2
of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
We calculate the area of the top right quadrant of the ellipse:
Z as   x 2  Z a s  x 2 
b2 1 − dx = b 1− dx
0 a 0 a

The same choices are available here as in part (a). The simplest option: set t = xa ,
whence dx = a dt and
Z a s  x 2  Z 1√
πab
b 1− dx = ab 1 − t2 dt = ,
0 a 0 4

(where the result from (a) was used). The area of the ellipse is therefore πab.
It is also possible to do this on the entire ellipse; at one point using evenness of
the integrand to again recover the integral in (a).

Answer:

4
13. Let a ≥ 0.

(a) [2 marks] For this part of the question only, select a specific a ≥ 0, and draw
a large sketch of the curve y = xa on the domain [0, 1] below, indicating your
particular choice of a clearly.
Here is the graph with a = 12 .

(b) [4 marks] Let A be the area under the curve y = xa from x = 0 to x = 1. Find,
as a function of a, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating A about the x-axis.
The volume is given by
Z 1 1
π π
π (xa )2 dx = x2a+1 = .
0 2a + 1 0 2a + 1

5
(c) [4 marks] Again, let A be the area under the curve y = xa from x = 0 to x = 1.
Find, as a function of a, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating A about the
y-axis.
Using a bunch of cylindrical shells leads to the volume being given by
Z 1 1
a 2π a+2 2π
2πx (x ) dx = x = .
0 a+2 0 a+2

Alternatively, one might use flat annular regions (“washers”) stacked up, each
with outer radius r = 1 and inner radius r = x, and vertical thickness ∆y
Z 1 Z 1
2 2
π(1) − π(x) dy = π(1)2 − π(y 1/a )2 dy
0 0
2
!1
y a +1
=π−π 2
a
+1
0
 
2+a a 2π
1=π − =
2+a 2+a a+2

which gives the same answer.

(d) [3 marks] Find the constant a ≥ 0 such that the solids described in parts (b)
and (c) have the same volume. Explain, without using calculus, why that choice
of constant yields two shapes of the same volume.
Setting the two volumes to be equal yields a = 0 — that is, y = 1. The shapes in
part (b) and (c) are identical cylinders of radius 1 and height 1 (although different
orientations!).

6
14. Consider the following model for population growth with constant harvesting
dy
= y(1 − y) − H
dt
where y(t) is the population in hundreds, t is time in months, and H is the harvesting
1
term. For the entirety of this problem take H = .
4
1
(a) [2 marks] Suppose that y(0) = . What is the rate of change of the population
2
at time t = 0? Explain in a sentence what this implies about the population for
all time.
If y(0) = 12 then dy
dt
= 12 ( 12 ) − 14 = 0. Since there is no change in y we have that
1
y = 2 for all time (the population will always be 50 individuals).
(b) [5 marks] Demonstrate that
1 1
y(t) = +
t+C 2
1
is a solution to our differential equation with H = .
4
We can verify this is a solution directly. Substituting we see
dy 1
=−
dt (t + C)2
 2
1 1 1
= − −
4 (t + C) 4
  
1 1 1 1 1
= + − −
t+C 2 2 t+C 4
1
= y(1 − y) − .
4
Alternatively, we can solve via separation of variables
Z Z
dy
= dt
y(1 − y) − 14
Z
dy
− =t+C
y − y + 14
2
Z
dy
−
2 = t + C
y − 12
1
=t+C
y − 12
1 1
y= + .
t+C 2

7
(c) [3 marks] Suppose that the initial population is y(0) = 1. Describe the long
term behaviour of the population.
First, let’s find C using our initial condition. We have that 1 = y(0) = C1 + 12
1
and so C = 2. Our solution now reads y = t+2 + 12 . We can find the long in
time behaviour by taking the limit limt→∞ y(t) = 12 . So, after a long time, the
population will be close to y = 21 (or 50 individuals).

1
(d) [3 marks] Now take y(0) = . Will the population ever hit 0? If so, when?
4
We use the initial condition to find C. That is 14 = y(0) = C1 + 21 so C = −4.
1
Together we have y(t) = t−4 + 12 . The population will hit zero. To see this, solve
0 = y(t) which yields t = 2 (or after two months).

(e) [2 marks] Explain the difference in the fate of the population in parts (c) and
(d) above. Why would we expect this difference from the start?
In (c) the population will exist forever and come to rest around a particular
population. In (d) the population dies out. In (c) we started with a larger
population that can handle the level of harvesting we set. In (d) the initial
population is too small and the harvesting drives us to zero before the population
has time to grow.