PAKISTAN STUDIES

SYLLABUS OF FIRST
PROFESSIONAL PART-II M.B.B.S.

ABWA Medical College, Faisalabad

 Contents

1. Ideology of Pakistan.
 Definition and elucidation.
 Historical aspect.
 Ideology of Pakistan in the light of speeches and sayings of Allama Iqbal and
Quaide-Azam.
2. Pakistan Movement.
 Basis for the creation of Pakistan.
 Historical developments : 1857-1947
3. Political Developments in Pakistan since 1947.

4. Land and People of Pakistan.

 Geography.
 Society.
 Culture.
 Natural resources.
 Health and education with reference to characteristics trends and problems.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Ideological Orientations of Pakistan by Sharif Al Mujahid.
2. Struggle for Pakistan by I.H. Qureshi.
3. The Making of Pakistan by Richard Symond.

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 Allama Muhammad Iqbal& Ideology of Pakistan
 Iqbal compared the Western culture with Islam and reached at the conclusion that mankind’s
emancipation & welfare lay in the adoption of Islam as a way of life.
 Iqbal was a poet, teacher & thinker, to safeguard the interests of the Muslims he had come in
the arena of politics.
 Iqbal awakened the Muslim nation through his stirring verses to demand a separate homeland.
He rendered his services for this purpose.
 Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life. He advised Muslims to understand their real
position and shed away their mental confusion and narrow approach to life. He clarified the
glorious image of Muslim Ummah.
 Iqbal openly negated the concept of One-Nation in India and emphasized on seprate and distinct
image of the Muslims. Iqbal considered the establishment of Pakistan very essential for the
restoration of national and religious identity of the Muslims.
 Iqbal said Islam guides the mankind in every aspect of worldly life and therefore must be
enforced in an Islamic state as a code of life. He based the foundation of homeland on the
religion which later became the Ideology of Pakistan.
 He said, Islam strengthens the life by infusing spiritual unity. In Islam the Almighty, Universe,
the Soul and the Matter are the different parts of One Whole.
 Iqbal declared that religion and politics are not separated from each other in Islam.
 Iqbal believed in separate identity of the Muslims as a Nation.
 He said “I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimatey have to establish a
separate homeland and there would be no possibility of peace until or unless Muslim are
recognized as a separate nation as they have their own cultural values”
 In India people belonging to different languages, professing different religions, for
 them to make a constitution on the conception of homogeneous India is to lead to Civil War.
 Iqbal favored the Federal system which brings unity and solidarity to the country.
 Residuary powers must be left to the self-governing units.
 Iqbal said, I have been staunch advocate of putting an end to religious prejudices and
distinctions from the country but now I believe that the protection of separate national identity
is in the best interest of both Hindus and Muslims.
 Muslims as separate nation with their cultural values and religious trends.
 Iqbal’s poetry, writings, speeches and sayings aroused a sense of respect, self- realization and
determination in the Muslim masses.

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 Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Quaid-e-Azam’s Sayings
 Published on December 25, 2015

Outline
1 IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN AND QUAID-E-AZAM
2 ADDRESS AT SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE IN 1913
3 QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY
4 ADDRESS ON 23RD MARCH,1940-PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
5 ADDRESS ON MARCH 8 ,1944
6 QUAID-E-AZAM AND MILLAT-E-ISLAMIA
7 ADDRESS AT ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR
8 ADDRESS ON 18TH JUNE 1945
9 CONCLUSION

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 IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN AND QUAID-E-AZAM
 Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the great leader of Muslims of Sub Continent gave
practical shape to the ideology given by Allama Iqbal. He He had a strong believe in Hindu
Muslim unity and was of the opinion that both Hindus and Muslims should launch joint
efforts to get rid of British rule.
 After joining Muslim league in 1913, He continued with his efforts to bring about Hindu
Muslim unity but he was greatly disappointed to see the prejudicial attitude of the Congress
and Hindus towards the Muslims. Following are some extracts from the speeches and
statements which he delivered from time to time for explaining the ideology of Pakistan.

ADDRESS AT SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE IN 1913

 Quaid-e-Azam believed that Congress and Hindus would never recognize the rights of
Muslims. He declared while representing the Muslims in the Second Round Table
Conference in 1913: "The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcements of
any system or constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslim
interests, until you do not win their (Muslims) co-operations, any constitution you enforce
shall not last for even 24 hours."

QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY

 Quiad-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which became the ideological
basis Pakistan. He considered the Muslims as a separate nation. He said:
 “Pakistan was created the day the first Indian National entered the field of Islam".
 He defined the two nation theory as:
 “The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can
adopt any means to promote and protect their economic social, political and cultural
interests."

ADDRESS ON 23RD MARCH,1940-PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

 At the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore, he said:
 "The Mussalmans are not a minority. They are a nation by any definition. By all canons of
International law we are a nation".
 In his presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore in 1940,he
said:
 "India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of nationalities. Hindus and
Muslims being the two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belongs to two different
religions, Philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor interline
and they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas
and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history."

ADDRESS ON MARCH 8, 1944

 While addressing the students of Muslim University, he said:
 "Hindus and Muslims through living in the same town and villages, had never been blended
into one nation. They were always two separate entities."

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 QUAID-E-AZAM AND MILLAT-E-ISLAMIA
 Quaid-e-Azam emphasized on the Islamic ideology as being the basis of the struggle for
Pakistan because he believed that only Islam was the unifying force of the Muslim Millat.
He said:
 "What relationships knits the Muslims into one hole , which is the formidable rock on
which the Muslim edifice has been erected, which is the sheet anchor providing base to the
Muslim Millat, the relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran."


ADDRESS AT ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR

 In 1946, Quaid-e-Azam declared:
 "We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a Laboratory
where we could experiment on Islamic principles."

ADDRESS ON 18TH JUNE 1945

 In his message to the frontier Muslim student Federation, he said:
 "Pakistan only means freedom and independence but Muslims Ideology, which has to be
preserved which has come to us as a precious gift and treasure and which we hope, others
will share with us."

CONCLUSION
 The above sayings and statements largely prove that Quaid-e-Azam wanted establish an
Islamic system as a code of life because he believed that it was the sole objective of the
Pakistan Movement.

Introduction

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah gave practical shape to the ideology given by Allama
Iqbal.After joining Muslim League in 1913, he continued with his efforts to bring about Hindu
Muslim unity but he was greatly disappointed to see the prejudicial attitude of the Congress and
Hindus towards the Muslims. Following are some extracts from the speeches and statements which
he delivered from time to time for explaining the ideology of Pakistan.

Address At Second Round Table Conference in 1931

Quaid-e-Azam believed that Congress and Hindus would never recognize the rights of Muslims.
He declared while representing the Muslims in the second Round Table Conference in 1913:
“The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcement of any system or
constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslim interests, until you

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do not win their (Muslims) co-operations, any constitution you enforece shall not last for even
24 hours.”

Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory

Quaid-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which became the ideological basis of
Pakistan. He said:
“The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any
means to promote and protect their economic social, political and cultural interests.”
On 23rd March, 1940 at the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore, he said:
“The Mussalmans are not a minority. They are a nation by any definition. By all canons of
International law we are a nation.”
In his presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore in 1940. He said:
“India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of nationalities. Hindus and Muslims
being the two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions,
philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor inter dine and they
belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims
derive their inspiration from different sources of history.”

On March 8, 1944 while addressing the students of Muslim University, he said:

“Hindus and Muslims through living in the same town and villages had never been blended into
one nation. They were always two separate entities.”

Quaid-e-Azam and Millat-e-Islamia

He believed that only Islam was the unifying force of the Muslim Millat. He said:
“What relationships knits the Muslims into one whole, which is the formidable rock on which
the Muslim edifice has been erected, which is the sheet anchor providing base to the Muslim
Millat, the relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran.”

Address At Islamia College Peshawar

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In 1946, at Islamia College Quaid-e-Azam declared:
“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we
could experiment on Islamic principles.”

Address on 18th June 1945

‘In his message to the Frontier Muslim Students Federation, he said:
“Pakistan not only means freedom and independence but Muslim ideology, which has to be
preserved which came to us as a precious gift and treasure and which we hope, other will share
with us.”
Conclusion

The above sayings and statements largely prove that Quaid-e-Azam wanted to establish an Islamic
system as a code of life because he believed that it was the sole objective of the Pakistan
Movement.

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Pakistan Movement & explain the basis for the creation
of Pakistan

 The first brick in the foundation of Pakistan was laid in 712 A.D. when Mohammad Bin
Qasim anchored at Debal Port (now known as Karachi), freed the Muslim women and
children from the prisons of Raja Dahir and constructed the first mosque at the town.
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, acclaimed the event- "the
Pakistan Movement started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of Sindh, the
Gateway of Islam in India.“
 The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan refers to the successful historical movement
against British and Indian to have an independent Muslim state named Pakistan created
from the separation of the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.
 This movement was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, along with other prominent founding
fathers of Pakistan including Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan.
 Role of Ulema and Religious Scholars

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  1857: War of independence.
 Role of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
 1885: Formation of Indian National congress
 1906: Objectives and Formation of All India Muslim League.
 1909: Minto-Morley Reforms
 1916: Lucknow pact.
 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
 1919: Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
 1919: Khilafat movement.
 1927: Delhi Muslim Proposal.
 1928: Nehru report.
 1929: Jinnah`s 14 points.
 1930: Simon commission report.
 1930: Allama Iqbal`s Allahabad address.
 1930-32: Round table conferences.
 1932: Communal award.
 1935: Government of India act.
 1937: Elections.
 1937: The Jinnah-Sikander Pact
 1938: Pirpur report.
 1940: Lahore Resolution.
 1942: Crips Mission
 1944: Gandhi-Jinnah talks.
 1945: Simla conference.
 1946: Elections
 1947: Partition Plan 3rd June
 1947: Formation of Pakistan

10 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 1857: War of independence

 In order to oust the British from India, the Indian people fought the war of independence
but lost.
 Political - extended their control , Doctrine of Lapse, State must be handed over to British,
if they have no heir or ruler, Adoptions of child were not accepted for heir.
 The States of Satara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagpur
 Religious & Social - British thought that they were Superior , Christian monk
 Economic – British Merchants traded with India
 Military – Indians can not become an officers.
 Lack of unity – The Sikhs & Marhatas sided with British as did the Nizam of Deccan
 British Strength – Weapons, Royal Navy, Trained and skillful military
 Lack of planning and discipline among the rebels

Role of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

 The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the

Muslims. The British chose to believe that the Muslims
were responsible for the anti-British uprising
 Ali Garh Movement - After dislodging the Muslim rulers
from the throne, the British, implemented a new
educational policy with drastic changes. The policy
banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools
and made English not only the medium of instruction but
also the official language in 1835.
 Aligarh Movement was established to fulfill the following targets:-
 To build confidence between the government and the Muslims
 To persuade the Muslims to acquire Modern knowledge and English language.
 To keep away the Muslim from the politics.

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  Two Nation Theory – Urdu Hindi Controversy

Educational Services of Aligarh Movement

 Write a book Asaar-us-Sanadeed 1847.

 The causes of Indian Revolt
 Essays on Life of Muhammad
 Commentary on the Qur’an
 Establish School at Muradabad 1858
 Establish School at Ghazipur 1863
 Aligarh School May 1875
 Aligarh College 1877
 Aligarh University 1920
 All India Muhammdan Educational Conference 1886.
 Publication of Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
 Muhammadun Educational conference

Writings by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

 The Jam-I-Jam
 The Intikhab-ul-Akawain
 Asar-us-Sanadid
 Ibtal-I-Harkat-I-Zamin
 Silsilat-ul-Maluk
 Tarith Sarkashi Bajnur
 Risal-I-Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind
 Indian Musalmans
 Essay of the life of Muhammad (PBUH)

12 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Formation of Indian National Congress

 Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.

 The Indian National Congress was founded as a platform for Indians to put forward their
demands and concerns before the British Government.
 Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices and try to form national
unity.
 Discuss and solve the social problems of the country.
 To request the government, give more share to the locals in administrative affairs.

13 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Aligarh Movement
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe
that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the
subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the
Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of
1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims
forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came
directly under the British crown.

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new
educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education
in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in
1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and
western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This
tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the
spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in
their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a
very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the
realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore,
modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He
tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed’s first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next
goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology.

Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which
Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of
misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce
them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way
from the fundamentals of their faith.

14 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Keeping education and social reform as the two planks of his program, he launched the Aligarh
Movement with the following objectives:

 To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the
Muslims.
 To persuade Muslims to learn English education.
 To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation.
 To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community.

Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract into his orbit a number of sincere friends who
shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like Nawab Mohsin-ul-
Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Maulvi Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat,
and Zakaullah. Above all, his gifted son Syed Mahmud, a renowned scholar, jurist and
educationist, was a great source of help to him.

Syed Ahmad also succeeded in enlisting the services of a number of distinguished English
professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold who gave their best in building up the Aligarh
College into a first-rate institution.

A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad’s efforts is given below:

1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad. 1863:

Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.

1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. This society was involved in the translation of
English works into the native language.

1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient and modern science
of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and advanced mathematics.

1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims.

1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English
public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1913.

1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year to take stock of the
educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain
15 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 from politics. It later became the political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the
forerunner of the Muslim League.

Besides his prominent role in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad Khan’s writings
played an important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood. His essay on “The
Causes of Indian Revolt in 1858″, and other writings such as “Loyal Muhammadans of India”,
Tabyin-ul-Kalam and “A Series of Essays on the Life of Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary
Therein” helped to create cordial relations between the British Government and the Indian
Muslims. They also helped to remove misunderstandings about Islam and Christianity.

It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad Khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the
Hindu dominated Congress. He was in favor of reserved seats for Muslims and also promoted the
idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. This idea led to the Two-Nation Theory.

Syed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing about an intellectual
revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus it succeeded in achieving its major objectives, i.e.
educational progress and social reform. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title “Prophet of
Education”.

16 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Objectives and Formation of Muslim League:
 Divide and Rule Policy of British
 The Success of Simla Deputation: Minto offered fullest sympathy to the Muslim demands.
The success of Deputation compelled the Muslims to have a separate political association of
their own.
 All India Muslim League was a political party in British India for the Muslims Rights,
which also helped Muslims of India to have an independent country.
 It was founded in the years of 20th century by following:
 Sir Agha Khan III, Khawaja Salimullah, Mohammad Ali Jinnah
 To stop the reversal of Partition of Bengal
 To promote loyalty of Indian Muslims towards the British government.
 To protect the political and other rights of the Indian Muslims and to place their needs and
aspirations before the Govt.
 To overcome on the feeling of hostility among Muslims towards other communities.
Minto-Morley Reforms (1909)
 In 1906, Lord Morley, the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs, announced in the British
parliament that his government wanted to introduce new reforms for India, in which the
locals were to be given more powers in legislative affairs. With this, a series of
correspondences started between him and Lord Minto. A committee was appointed by the
Government of India to propose a scheme of reforms.
 The committee submitted its report, and after the approval of Lord Minto and Lord Morley,
the Act of 1909 was passed by the British parliament. The Act of 1909 is commonly known
as the Minto-Morley Reforms.
Lucknow Pact 1916
 The Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Indian National Congress, led by Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, and the All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The
agreement was adopted by the Congress and the League in their separate meeting in
Lucknow in December 1916. The pact asked the British to give more authority to Indians.
 Features – There shall be self-government in India.
 The India council must be abolished
 The executive should be separated from the judiciary.
 Muslims should be given 1/3 representation in Central government.
 System of weightage should be adopted.
 Term of the legislative council should be five year.
 Half of the members of imperial legislative council should be Indian.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ( 1919 )
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a holy place in India for Sikh people. At 13th of April an
attack took position there by troops of Dyer's army
( general of British India Army). Around 10,000 people were killed.
 A few days earlier, Dyers had banned these gatherings but people were not aware of that

17 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 rule so they went to the meeting and were killed.
 Mohandas Gandhi helped the British Army in WW1 by giving different types of resources,
but after this Massacre he was convinced for full independence by British Empire.
1919: Montague-Chelmsford reforms
 The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms introduced by the British colonial government in India
to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India. The reforms take their name
from Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India during the latter parts of
World War I and Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. The reforms
were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and formed the basis of
the Government of India Act 1919.
 Dyarchy, i.e., rule of two—executive councilors and popular ministers—was introduced.
The governor was to be the executive head in the province.
 Subjects were divided into two lists: “reserved” which included subjects such as law and
order, finance, land revenue, irrigation, etc., and “transferred” subjects such as education,
health, local government, industry, agriculture, excise, etc.
 The “reserved” subjects were to be administered by the governor through his executive
council of bureaucrats, and the “transferred” subjects were to be administered by ministers
nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council.
Khilafat Movement ( 1919-23 )
 The Muslims of the sub-continent launched a movement to safeguard the Holy places from
the British during the First World War.
 The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched
by Muslims in British India to influence the British government. The movement became the
reason for separation from mainland India of an Islamic Pakistan.
 During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in favour of Germany.
But Turkey and Germany lost the war.
 Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat
Movement. The aims of this movement were
(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey (b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
(c) To restore the Ottoman Empire
 The movement collapsed by late in 1923 due to some violence and non cooperative
movement.
Delhi Muslim Proposals ( 1927 )
 Tension between the Hindus and the Muslims was on the rise from 1922 onwards. The
Quaid, seeing that the Hindus had no inclination to cooperate with the Muslims, invited the
Muslims leaders of India to meet at Delhi under his presidency. This meeting was held on
the 20th of March 1927 and the result was the Delhi-Muslim proposals, which were
unanimously accepted by all the Muslim leaders.
 The proposals were as follows:
1- Sind should be separated from Bombay and made an independent province.
 2- Reforms should be introduced in Baluchistan and NWFP on the same footings as in any
other province. In that case, Muslims are prepared to accept a joint electorate in all
18 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 provinces so constituted, and are further willing to make to Hindu minorities in Sind,
Balochistan and the NWFP, the same concessions that Hindu majorities in the other
provinces are prepared to make to Muslim minorities.
Nehru Report (1928)
 The Nehru Report of 28-30 August, 1928 was a memorandum outlining which proposed
new dominion status constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All
Parties Conference, chairman Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as
secretary. There were nine other members in this committee, including two Muslims.
 Some of the important elements of the report:
 There shall be no state religion; men and women shall have equal rights as citizens.
 It included a description of the machinery of government including a proposal for the
creation of a Supreme Court and a suggestion that the provinces should be linguistically
determined.
 The language of the Commonwealth shall be Indian, which may be written either in
Devanagari, Hindi,Telugu, Kannada, Marathi,Gujarati,Bengali, Tamil or in Urdu character.
The use of the English language shall be permitted.
Muslim League reaction to Nehru Report
 With few exceptions League leaders rejected the Nehru proposals. In reaction, Mohammad
Ali Jinnah drafted his Fourteen Points in 1929 which became the core demands the Muslim
community put forward as the price of their participating in an independent united India.
Their main objections were:
 Separate electorates and weightage — the 1916 Congress- Muslim League agreement
Lucknow Pact provided these to the Muslim community whereas they were rejected by the
Nehru Report.
 Residuary powers — the Muslims realized that while they would be a majority in the
provinces of the North-East and North-West of India, and hence would control their
provincial legislatures, they would always be a minority at the Centre. Thus they demanded,
contra the Nehru Report, that residuary powers go to the provinces.
Fourteen points of Jinnah ( 1929 )
 The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah drafted by Raja
Gopalacharia as a constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in
a self-governing India. A comparison of the Nehru Report (1928) with Jinnah’s Fourteen
points had a political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus in India. Jinnah's aim was to
get more rights for Muslims. He therefore gave his 14 points. These points covered all of
the interests of the Muslims at heated time and in this Jinnah stated that it was the "parting
of ways" and that he did not want and would not have anything to do with the Indian
National Congress in the future. The League leaders motivated Jinnah to revive the Muslim
League and give it direction. As a result, these points became the demands of the Muslims
and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment
of Pakistan in 1947.
1. Federal System
2. Provincial Autonomy

19 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 3. Representation of Minorities
4. Number of Muslim Representative
5. Separate Electorates
6. Muslim Majority Provinces
7. Religious Liberty
8. Three-Fourth Representation
9. Separation of Sindh
10. Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
11. Government Services
12. Protection of Muslim's culture and Language
13. One-Third Muslim Ministers
14. Constitution
Reaction At Fourteen Points
 Among the Hindus, Jinnah's points were highly disregarded. Jawaharlal Nehru referred to
them as "Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points". These demands were rejected by the Congress
Party.
 After Jinnah's points were rejected he was invited for Round Table Conference, where he
forwarded the Muslim point of view
Simon Commission Report ( 1930 )
 The Simon Commission was a group of seven British Members of Parliament that had been
dispatched to India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain's most important
colonial dependency. It was commonly referred to as the Simon Commission after its
chairman, Sir John Simon. One of its members was Clement Attlee, who subsequently
became the British Prime Minister and eventually oversaw the granting of independence to
India in 1947.
 At the time of introducing the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms the British Government
declared that a commission would be sent to India after ten years to examine the effects and
operations of the constitutional reforms and to suggest more reforms for India .
 In November 1927 the British government appointed a commission under the chairmanship
of Sir John Simon to report on India's constitutional progress for introducing constitutional
reforms as had been promised.
Allama Iqbal Address ( 1930 )
 Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims which was ultimately
realized in the form of Pakistan.
“I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier province, Sind and Baluchistan
amalgamated into a single state”.
 The principle of European democracy can not be applied to India without recognizing the
fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of Muslim India within
India is, therefore, perfectly justified.
 It is on his AllahAbad address that Allama Iqbal is known as the dreamer of Pakistan. His
address proved to be a milestone in the history of the Sub continent and the creation of the
Pakistan.
20 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Round Table Conferences (1930-32)
 The Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organized by the
British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per
the recommendation by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930.
Demands for swaraj, or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. By the
1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion
status. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British
political parties that the Conferences would not resolve.

Communal Award ( 1932 )

 The Communal Award was made by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald on 4
August 1932 granting separate electorates in British India for the Forward Caste, Lower
Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and
Untouchables (now known as the Dalit's) etc. The principle of weightage was also applied.
 The reason behind introduction of this 'Award' was that Ramsay MacDonald considered
himself as 'a friend of the Indians' and thus wanted to resolve the issues in India. The
'Communal Award' was announced after the failure of the Second of the Three Round Table
Conferences (India).
Government of India Act (1935)
 Government of India Act was passed in 1935. It was the last act till independence of India.
It had 14 Parts and 10 Schedules. This act also included all eleven Governor Province.
Indians demanded many things in this act which also were not in favor of the Muslims. By
these act their provinces were given independence and All India Federation was created.
 The Act - Gave Indian provinces more independence, It allowed the establishment of an All
India Federation. Princely states were also invited.
 For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.
 Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar and Burma was
separated from India . The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving NWFP
the status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.
21 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced in the central
government level
The Election ( 1937 )
 The election were held in British India in winter of 1936-37. These election were mandated
by Government of India Act.
 Election were held in eleven provinces:
 Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam,
NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.
 In these elections women were also allowed to vote and 4.25 million women voted.
 The Election Result
 The results went in the favor of Indian National Congress. Out of total 1,585 seats they won
707 seats which was 44.6%.
 The All India Muslim League won 106 seats which was 6.7% of total and came at second
number as a political party..

The Jinnah-Sikandar pact (1937)

 The famous Jinnah-Sikandar pact was a pact signed between Mohammad Ali Jinnah and
Sikandar Hayat Khan In Lucknow, British India in October 1937.
 Background:
 In 1937 All India Muslim League lost the election very badly so the party needed some
powerful leaders to succeed. So M.A Jinnah invited some powerful leaders to join the party.
One of them was Sikandar Hayat Khan Primer of the Punjab and head of Punjab Unionist
Party.
22 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Events of Jinnah-Sikandar Pact
 First of all the powerful Muslim leaders refused to help Jinnah except Agha Khan III was
ready to support him. At this time Sikandar Hayat Khan thought that it would be bad if I
don’t stand for rights of Muslims. He thought that was the time for unity. So he also
convinced other big leaders to join All India Muslim League. The leaders were Sir
Saadullah of Assam, Molvi A.K. Fazlul Haq of Bengal, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan of
Bhopal State and some others.
Effects of Jinnah-Sikandar Pact:
 The Jinnah-Sikandar pact was one of the important documents of Pakistan Movement and
this helped a lot to Muslims Of India to have an independent country and because of this
pact three years after this Pakistan Resolution was passed in Lahore. After seven years of
Lahore Resolution Pakistan came into being.
Pirpur Report 1938:
 On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the
presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on,
November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven
provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations,
intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people.
 i) Communal Riots ii) Bande Matram iii) Wardha Scheme iv) Vidya-Mandir Scheme v)
Ban On Slaughter Of Cow
Lahore Resolution (1940)
 The Lahore Resolution ,commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was a political
resolution, or statement drafted between 21st-22nd March 1940, by the 25-member
Committee of All India Muslim League , and then formally adopted by the Muslim League
membership on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore.

Cripps Mission 1942:

 Background: World war II cause British to face a great loss and by this time Indians were
political stable and wanted their rights so to make them satisfy British Government

23 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 appointed a delegation under the chairmanship of sir Stafford Cripps.
 The Cripps mission reached new Delhi on 23th march 1942 to hold talks with Indian
leaders but the mission could not hold talks with Indian leaders however it submitted its
own suggestion to the government in April 1942.
 Suggestions of Cripps mission
 Any province or state should be free either to adhere or not to adhere to the new
constitution
 The government of Indian act 1935 shall be remain in force until the cessation of war
 The suggestion are to be accepted or rejected as a whole
 RESULT: Congress rejected the proposals & said it (A POST-DATED CHEQUE ON A
FAILING BANK).
 The all India Muslim League rejected these proposals as no separate homeland for the
Indian Muslims was mentioned.

Gandhi-Jinnah Talk (1944):

 The Gandhi-Jinnah talks have great importance with regard to political problems of
Pakistan and India movement.
 The talk between them began because of general public’s desire for settlement of Hindu-
Muslim differences.
 M.A Jinnah was invited by Gandhi for the talk.
 The talks began in Bombay on September 19, 1944 and lasted till 24th of month.
 Gandhi’s real purpose behind these talks was to extract from Jinnah an admission that the
whole proposition of Pakistan was absurd.

24 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Wavell plan-1945:
 In June 1945 the Indian Viceroy Lord Wavell held conference at Simla and proposed
following proposals to Congress and Muslim leaders:-
 An Interim Central Govt in which all portfolios except that of War would be given to the
Indians.
 There was to be an equality of representation between the Muslims and Caste Hindus.
There was a dead lock over the Muslim Leagues demand that all five members of the
Executive Council should be the nominees of Muslim Leagues.


Simla Conference 1945:

 On 24th June 1945 lord Wavell convened conference of Indian political leaders at Simla
that lasted to July 1945.To solve the problem of representation of Muslim seats in
Executive council.
 Muslim Reaction:
 The Quaid-e-Azam took a strong stand and demanded that general elections should held in
the country to prove that WHO IS SOLE REPRESENTATIVE OF WHICH
25 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 COMMUNITY.

Elections 1945-46:
 The general elections to the provincial and legislatures were held in India in 1945-46 the
result of elections showed decisive victory for Pakistan.
 Result of the Election to the Central Legislative Assembly December 1945
 Congress 57 seats.
 Muslim League 30 seats.
 Europeans 8 seats.
 Independents 5 seats.
 Akali Sikhs 2 seats.
 Provincial Election Result
 Muslim League 446/495 Muslims seats.

26 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Partition Plan ( June 3, 1947 ):
 The Partition of India was the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines,
which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj. The
Northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the
southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India.

27 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
28 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 POLITICAL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN (1947-58)

 This decade is considered to be highly effected by Post Independence Problems.

 1947:
 Liaquat Ali khan (1st PM 1947-1951, Natural Choice as contributions to the struggle for
independence were numerous)
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1st Gov. Gen. 1947-48)
 Post Independence Problems (clothing shelter and feeding of Refugees, Indus Water,
transactions of personnel, stationery, food, industry, Treasure and war weapons
distribution, Accession of Princely States).
 Jinnah - Mountbatten Talks (Nov1,1947,3.5 hours duration, about Kashmir Issue, ended
with no result).
 1948:
 Kashmir Crisis (Full-scale war arisen between India & Pak for Accession, Matter went to
Security council, Solution came out to be a Plebiscite and demarcation of ceasefire line,
remained existed since 1949.Pak:Poonch,West Kashmir, ,India: Kashmir valley parts,
Jammu, Ladakh)
 Jinnah passed away (got TB,by the end Cancer too, 11sept, 1948,buried in KHI ).
 Khwaja Nazimuddin (2nd Gov. Gen.1948-51).
 1949:
 Objectives Resolution is passed (Mar 12,1949.Objectives:Sovereignty belongs to Allah,
Chosen representatives shall exercise power, Muslims pass lives as per Islam’s teachings,
Assurance of democracy freedom equality tolerance & justice, shall be a federation,
Availability of basic rights, Independent judiciary, Freedom to minorities).
 Basic Principles Committee (Mar 12, 1949. Nazimuddin, comprised of 24 members, to
determine basic principles of future constitution of Pakistan, created bitterness btw East &
West Pak, resulted in a deadlock towards the formation of constitution)
 LIAQUAT-NEHRU PACT
 • Between both the PM’s of Ind & Pak.
 • Apr 8, 1950 in New Delhi.
 Aim: 1. to elevate communal peace. 2. to elevate fears of minorities.
3. to create atmosphere in which both countries can resolve differences.
 Considered to be an optimistic beginning of healthy relations formation btw India & Pak.

29 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY OF
PAKISTAN

30 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 1951:
 Khawaja Nazimuddin becomes PM (after assassination of Liaquat on 16 oct, 1951.
remained in power 1951-53. Downfall causes: 1.power struggle of that time, 2. meekness
of character.
 Ghulam Muhammad becomes Gov. Gen. (to change the status quo of executive powers, he
dismissed Nazimuddin in Apr 17, 1953.)
 1953:
 Muhammad Ali Bogra becomes PM (after Nazimuddin, He worked hard for settling
Kashmir issue. Dismissed by Sikandar Mirza on Aug8,1955. Tenure 1953-55)
 Bogra-Nehru negotiations (argued Nehru to realize the desirability of settling Kashmir
dispute. Met informally in London in June 1953, & in July 1953 in Karachi. He suggested a
fair plebiscite in Kashmir, but by sept 21,1954 he realized that talks regarding Kashmir
have failed)
 Bogra Formula (Oct7,1953. bicameral legislature. = representation of all 5 provinces in
upper house. 300 seats in lower house on proportionate basis.
1955:
 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali becomes PM (Aug 11,1955. greatest achievement was framing
1956 constitution. Maulvi Tameez-ud-Din Case. He resigned himself.)
 Sikandar Mirza becomes Gov. Gen. (Aug 1955. 4th Gov. Gen. elected as 1st president)
 West Pakistan established as One Unit (Sept 30,1955.Assembly passed the bill merging
310,000 sq miles into one unit with LHR as provincial capital. Continued until Gen. yahya
dissolved it on July 1,1970 )
 1956:

31 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  The Constitution of 1956 (enforced on 23 Mar, 1956. Pakistan became Republican after
Dominion. Consisted of 234 articles, divided into 13 parts & 6 schedules. Main feature:
Islamic character. Provided unicameral legislature. Continued till Oct7, 1958.
 H.S Suhrawardy becomes PM (Sept 12,1956. resigned on Oct 10,1957. downfall causes: 1.
Appropriate electorate,2. differences over 1 unit. 3. against the two Nation theory)
 Sikandar Mirza becomes President (after 1956 constitution enforcement. Tenure 1956-58.
1. brought about cabinet changes. 2. advocated democracy. Arrested and exiled to Britain)
1957:
 I.I Chundrigar becomes PM (Oct 1957, Sikandar appointed him as PM held a weak
position)
 Malik Feroz Khan Noon becomes PM (Dec16,1957. he took prime ministry which lasted
for less than a year because of abrogation of constitution on Oct 7/8,1958).
 1958:
 Ouster of President Sikandar Mirza (Oct7,1958. Sikandar declared Martial law and Gen.
Ayub Khan became Chief Martial law administrator. Having more powers. He arrested
Sikandar on Oct 27,1958 who exiled to Britian and died later on.)
 Martial Law under field Martial Ayub Khan (1958-62).
Ayub khan entitled him as Field Martial ,under Martial law 7oct,1958:
 • Constitution abrogated. • Ministers were dismissed.
 • Assemblies were dissolved. • All political activities were banned.

32 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Ayub Khan 1958-1969:

 The Government of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and the political situation was chaotic.
People were in the situation of hopelessness.
 7th October 1958, martial law was declared by President Iskander Mirza.
 Ayub Khan removed Iskander Mirza & took on the office of president. This event was
known as the Glorious Revolution.
 Early Issues
 • Rejection of strict laws of dictatorship • Unbalance diplomatic policies • Weak economy
of country • Lack of weapons and technology • Social disparities • Crisis of sugar •
Failure of import policies • Hatred of east Pakistan
 Policies adopted by Ayub Khan
 Introduction of monetary policy (1958-1959) •Introduction of Bonus voucher scheme
 Liberal concessions from Government
 Five year plan for the economy of Pakistan(1960-1965)
 This plans gave highest priority to, agriculture, heavy industrial development and science .
This Plane gave Pakistan an increase income of 20% and the growth Rate of agriculture
increased from 1.43 to 5.1%.
 Sindh Tass treaty (1960) •Constitution of Pakistan (1962)
 Green revolution : A Green revolution was Set in force during five year plan by increasing
in irrigation and introducing mechanized farming and Fertilizers . As a result, between
1960-1965, agriculture production grew by 3.8% per annum. Between 1960 and 1964-65,
irrigation was the main cause of development.
 Achievements: Change of Capital, Industrialization , Price control list, eradication of
smuggling, Return of Black Money.
 1965 War:
 In 1964, India made serious moves to declare that Kashmir is the integral part of India.
Pakistan army started operation Gibraltar in Kashmir and in the reaction of this,
Indian army attacked Pakistan. Pakistan army won the war by giving many sacrifices.
 Tashqand treaty:
 This Treaty was Signed by Ayub khan and Indian Prime Minister .The aim of this treaty
was To Cease fire in 1965 war. Pakistan’s president Ayub Khan, ending the 17-day war
between Pakistan and India.
 Failures of Ayub Khan
 The Indian aggression in 1965 had implications for the economy, including monetary
policy Because of this 1966-67 the growth rate of economy slowed down to 3.1% the
lowest in ten-year period ending 1969-70.
 Due to the increase in prices of fertilizers, edible oil, there was a sharp increase in the
33 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 import payments.
 By introducing the system of Basic Democracy (BD), the right of adult franchise was
reduced.
 The whole of West Pakistan was made in one unit, with which the small provinces were not
happy.

General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan:

 During the war of 1965, he commanded an infantry division. He was appointed
Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army in 1966 with the rank of General.
 When, in 1969, countrywide agitation rendered the situation out of control, Ayub Khan
decided to hand over power to the Army Chief, General Yahya Khan. Immediately after
coming to power, Yahya Khan declared Martial Law in the country on March 25, 1969,
and assumed the title of Chief Martial Law Administrator.
 He terminated the Constitution and dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies. On
March 31, he also became President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
 Yahya Khan was not interested in prolonging his rule. Immediately after taking charge of
the country, he started looking for options through which he could hand over power to the
elected representatives. On March 29, 1970, through an Ordinance, he presented an interim
Constitution, the Legal Framework Order. It was actually a formula according to which the
forthcoming elections were to be organized. It goes to the credit of Yahya Khan that the
first general elections in the history of Pakistan were held during his regime in December
1970.
 The Awami League, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman, swept 160 out of
162 seats allocated to East Pakistan.
 When Bhutto and Mujib failed to reach an understanding about convening a session of the
newly elected National Assembly, the ball fell in Yahya Khan’s court.
 He handled the situation badly. He used army and paramilitary forces in East Pakistan to
crush the political agitation. This resulted in the beginning of the war between Pakistan and
India in the winter of 1971.
 This ultimately resulted in the defeat of Pakistan, dismemberment of the country and
imprisonment of more than 90,000 Pakistanis.
 Surrender of Pakistani forces without any resistance and the fall of Dhaka made Yahya
Khan the greatest villain in the country.
 Mukti Bahni Movement: was Bengali resistance force from East Pakistan, who fought
against the Pakistani Army in the Bangladesh Liberation war. It consisted of Bengali
members of Pakistan armed forces and Civilians from East Pakistan. India Provided
Economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahni.

34 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Fall of Dhaka December 16, 1971:

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Govt. 1971-1977

 20 December 1971, Bhutto become CMLA and President. All heavy industrial units except
textiles are nationalized. Educational institutions are also nationalized.
 Agriculture reforms introduced.
 1January 1974, banks and insurance companies nationalized.
 Bhutto adopts Islamic Socialism as his Doctrine
 Bhutto faces opposition in urban areas, even from the liberal sector when he declared
Sindhi to be the official language of Sindh. Riots occurred.
 Top industrialists are Detained briefly.
 Bhutto had an uneasy relationship with NAP-JUI coalitions in NWFP & Baluchistan.
 Bhutto leaned to the left, Pulled out of SEATO & CENTO, recognized North Korea, North
Vietnam and East Germany.
 Good relationships with Islamic countries
 In 1974, hosted second Islamic Summit in Lahore, Recognized Bangladesh.
 12 August 1973, promulgated constitution. Becomes PM, laid foundation of Nuclear
Program
 Scheduled elections for March 1977. the PNA (9 Parties) was formed against him,
promising
35 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 and Islamic order and vowing to lower prices.
 Bhutto alienated committed radicals and welcomed feudals into the PPP.
 In the 1977 elections, PPP won many seats but the PNA claimed that the results had been
rigged.
 Bhutto was removed by Zia-ul-Haq and tried for aiding in the murder of a political
opponent
 The Supreme Court Bench trying him was divided and the evidence was not clear.
 4 April 1979, Bhutto was executed

36 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Zia-ul-Haq regime 1977-1988:
 The PPP-PNA clash divided the nation, destabilized the state and ruined the economy.
 General Zia-ul-Haq said that his coup was staged so that the army could act as a neutral
force between the PPPand the PNA.
 He said he would hold the elections with in 90 days and retire to the barracks. He supported
Islamization.
 He imposed the Zakat and Ushr ordinance. He imposed Islamic punishments on all crimes
except murder.
 He gave a boost to religious parties and banned political activities.
 Afghan refugees flooded Pakistan after the Soviet invasion. Society was brutalized, and
Pakistan was introduced to the Kalashnikov and drug culture.
 Zia was able to get money and arms to aid him in the Afghan crisis.
 Continued the Nuclear program.
 In 1983, he crushed the Movement for democracy – MRD (Movement for the restoration of
Democracy)
 He held a referendum to give himself a 5 year term as President.

37 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  In February 1985, he held elections.
 A non party parliament was inaugurated with Junejo as Prime Minister.
 He made the passing of the 8th amendment essential for the restoration of Parliament,
which gave constitutional cover to martial Law and allowed the President to dismiss PM.
 31 December 1985, Martial Law was lifted, but Zia remained President and COAS.
 Junejo acted in an independent manner and displayed an admirable character.
 In April 1988, the Ojhri Munitions Camp blew up, and Junejo launched an inquiry.
 On 29 May 1988, Zia dismissed PM Junejo and dissolved the Assembly.
 On 17 August 1988, Zia was killed in an air crash. The Chairman of the Senate, Ghulam
Ishaq Khan become President.

The Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Govt. 1988-1999:

 11 years Pakistan saw the tenure of dictatorship, during this period there was also an
increase in ethnic and sectarian conflicts.
 Muhajir ethnic feeling was aroused due to legislation regarding employment and education
quotas. The MQM emerged as a result.
 November 1988 elections – PPP had the largest members of seats. President Ishaq Khan
reluctantly named Benazir Bhutto as PM.
 Benazir Bhutto became the Muslim's World first woman PM, and a world celebrity due to
her brave struggle against despotism (Dictatorship of Zia).
 In the elections of 1988 PPP got 94 seats and with the coalition of 8 seats of MQM and 13
seats of FATA Benazir became the President of Pakistan.
 Lifted up the ban on students and trade unions
 Secret deal with Ghulam Ishaq Khan that she would be PM and GI Khan would be
President of country.

38 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  MQM broke the alliance with PPP, ANP also opposing the Govt. of PPP.
 Less than 2 years later, on August 6, 1990, her govt. was accused of corruption and
dismissed by President.
 In the next general elections Islamic Jamhori Itehad (IJI) won the majority and Mian
Nawaz Sharif became PM. During the election campaign, he had promised to enforce
Shariah. Therefore, he got the enforcement of Shariah Law passed from the National
Assembly, Senate and signature of President it was enforced on May 16,1991.
 Even the parties forming I.J.I were not satidfied with this Shariah Law. The powers of
court have not been clearly defined and the number of matters exempted from the purview
of Shariah.
 In April 1993, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National Asembly. But the
Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the President’s order as ultra vires and reinstated the
government of Nawaz Sharif. On July18,1993, Main Nawaz Sharif himself dissolved the
Assembly.
 After the general elections of October 1993, PPP formed the govt. Benazir Bhutto was not
interested in the process of Islamization. Restoration of Democracy became main slogan of
her government.
 Benazir government remained in power till 5th of November 1996. PPP leaders and
specially Asif Ali Zardari were charged with corruption and the economy deteriorated that
the country faced the danger of bankruptcy.
 President Farooq Leghari dissolved the National Assembly & Malik Meraj Khalid took
over as caretaker PM.
 General elections were held in February 1997. Nawaz Sharif gained clear majority. He
curtailed the powers of the President and snatched his powers to dissolve the assembly.
 He brought “Shariat Bill” which was passed by National Assembly but could’t gain the
support of the majority in Senate. Purpose of this bill was nothing new and was meant only
to increase the powers of Prime Minister.
 In December 1997, PM Sharif announced that Pakistan would sign the Comprehensive
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) only if India would sign as well. Pakistan successfully
carried out its first nuclear test on May 28 1998, followed by a second on May 30.
 In 1999, as the situation in Kargil escalated, Nawaz’s relationship with military turned
sour. PM Sharif maintained that he had not been informed of the planned attacks in Kargil
and that Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf acted alone. Musharraf replied in
his autobiography “In the Line of fire”
 Breach of Lahore Declaration signed on 21 February 1999
 The situation worsened, when in October 1999 PM Sharif attempted to remove the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf.
 General Musharraf’s plane was denied landing at Karachi airport after PM Sharif ordered it
shut, fearing a coup

39 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
General Musharraf Era 1999-2008:

 Musharraf assumed the position of ‘Chief Executive’ upon

taking over power. On 20 June 2001, he appointed himself
as President of Pakistan. This move was challenged in the
courts.
 The Pakistan Supreme Court ordered Musharraf to hold
national elections by 12 October 2002.
 A referendum was arranged by the government for 30 April
2002 to seek approval from the people to extend his rule to five years after the October
elections.
 The Situation on 12th October 1999, when Mr. Musharraf took over was that Pakistan
faced:
1) Economic bankruptcy.
2) International isolation.
3) The Country was referred to as a “failed state”.
4) Political instability and chequered political history of previous governments.
Opposition never allowed an elected government to complete term and derailed the process
/ institutions
 Achievements Summary:

1) Empowerment of people through devolution at grass roots level.

2) Empowerment of Women at all tiers of government / legislature.
3) Legislation against honour killings. Women Protection Bill.
4) Empowerment of minorities through joint electorate as well as reserved seats.
5) Empowerment of younger generation by reducing voter age from 21 to 18 years.
6) Empowerment of media by allowing total freedom to press and print media and
7) flow of information.
8) Empowerment of economy through wide ranging economic reforms
 Government’s efforts have resulted in reduction of poverty from 34.4% in 2001 to 23.9%
in 2005.
 In this way one crore 27 lac (12.7 million) people came out of poverty.
 Reservation of quota for women in Government jobs including Central Superior Services.
 Enactment of Women Protection Act, 2006 which provides a just and secure environment
for women to work as equal partners for the development of Pakistan.
 Mega Projects
 Work on 102 mega projects was initiated in various sectors from 2000.
 Such projects included Makran Coastal Highway, Lowari Tunnel, Pindi Bhattian –
40 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Faisalabad Motorway (M-3), Mirani Dam, Gomal Zam Dam, Sabakzai Dam, Satpara Dam,
Kachhi Canal, Rainee Canal, Greater Thal Canal, Gwadar Port.
 DEMERRITS
  Murder of Akbar Bugti  Disappearance of people and conspiracies in
Baluchistan
  Killings in Lal-masjid  Attacks on judiciary
 In the fall of 2007 Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto who had also been living in exile,
were permitted to return to Pakistan, and each began campaigning for upcoming
parliamentary elections scheduled for early January 2008. At the end of December,
however, Bhutto was assassinated at a political rally in Rawalpindi, and set off riots in
different parts of the country. Musharraf, having only just lifted the state of emergency, had
to again place the armed forces on special alert, and he was forced to postpone the election
until mid-February.

Pakistan Peoples Party Govt. 2008-2013

 General elections were held in
Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after
being postponed from 8 January 2008.
Due to the death of Benazir Bhutto on
December 27, 2007, Rawalpindi.
 Yousaf Raza Gilani was nominated
PM with the support of coalition partners.
 Pervez Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008 after remaining in power nine years
 presidential election was held on 6 September 2008 in Pakistan.The Electoral College of
Pakistan – a joint sitting of the Senate , National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies –
elected a new President after the resignation of President Pervez Musharraf.
 Asif Ali Zardari on September 9, 2008 took oath of his office as Pakistan’s 12th head of
state
 Achievements:
 Constitutional reforms, including restoration of 1973 constitutions in its original form,
enactment of the 18th, 19th and 20th amendments which provided provincial autonomy.
 Self autonomy granted to the Election Commission of Pakistan  Military operation in
tribal areas.
 Economic revival through a number of important projects e.g., the Pak-Iran agreement on
the gas pipeline, agreement with China on Gwadar Port, increase in export from $18 billion
in 2008 to $29 billion in 2012, boost in stock market from 5,220 points in 2008 to 18,185
points in 2013.
 The PPP-led government added 3,600MW of electricity to the system besides initiating
additional work on Mangla and Tarbela dams for increase of 4,500MW in the system. The
41 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 PPP government also got $3.5 billion for Basha Dam, initiated Neelum-Jhelum, Gomal and
Satpara dams and Thar Coal project to get electricity from coal besides Jamphar project to
get electricity out of air.
 Asif Ali Zardari signed the Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Bill,
2010, aimed at providing a safe working environment to women.
 Finance ministers of the four provinces and the federal government signed the Seventh
National Finance Commission Award. The agreement was hailed as the first step towards
the provinces’ financial autonomy and financial resources.
 A number of steps were taken by the PPP government for welfare of the masses e.g Benazir
Income Support Programe, increase rural economy from 50 billion in 2008 to 800 billion
rupees in 2013.
 Development projects, eg, the Faisalabad-Multan Motorway and construction of thousands
of kilometres of roads

Problems facing by PPP government

 Terrorism:
Pakistan has lost 49,000 lives since the attacks on World Trade Center. Pakistan suffers
$123.1 bn losses in terror war.
 Energy crisis:
Electricity Shortfall, Industries failure
 Youth Unemployment:
 Poverty:
 Inflation:
 In 2012, Transparency International (TI) calculated that Pakistan had lost more than Rs 8.5
trillion (US$ 94 bn.) in corruption, tax evasion and bad governance in the PPP-led coalition
government from 2008 to 2013.

42 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Pakistan Muslim League (N) Govt. 2013-2018
 Sharif executed a remarkable political comeback in 2013, securing a third term as prime
minister when the PML-N won a resounding victory in the May legislative elections.
 The rival PTI, led by Imran Khan, denounced the elections as rigged and held protests
in Islamabad for several months.
 At the forefront of the agenda for the incoming administration were three issues identified
as “the three E’s”—economy, energy, and extremism.
 The Sharif government backed a Pakistan Rangers led operation in Karachi, aimed at
rooting out crime and terrorism from the metropolitan city.
 Under Sharif the economy improved substantially, with higher growth rates, a stable rupee,
and lower inflation. Energy and extremism, though, proved more challenging. Electricity
demand continued to outpace supply, resulting in frequent and widespread shortages that
were often worsened by the overall instability of Pakistan’s power infrastructure.
 In terms of foreign policy, Sharif improved relations with India, promising not to meddle
in Afghanistan after the 2014 withdrawal of NATO troops , and seeking a settlement with
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), an Islamist insurgency based in Pakistan and unaffiliated
with the Taliban in Afghanistan.
 After a visit by Chinese Premiere Li Keqiang in July, it was announced that China would
invest $31.5 billion in Pakistan.
 In November 2013, PM Sharif ceremonially broke ground on a $9.59 billion nuclear power
complex to be built in Karachi.
 In late 2014, Nawaz faced mounting pressure from opposition parties regarding claims of
rigging in the 2013 general elections.
 On April 4 2016, after the leak of the Panama Papers, Nawaz’s daughter, Maryam Nawaz,
was identified as the beneficial owner of two offshore companies.
 The so-called Panama papers are released, documenting how Sharif and his children own
foreign companies and properties.
 In October of that year the Panama Papers case was taken up by the Supreme Court of
Pakistan to investigate claims of money laundering and tax evasion by the Sharif family.
 Apex court bench analyzed its report and reserved its ruling on the Panama Papers case. On
July 28, 2017, the bench disqualified Nawaz Sharif from holding public office.
 The Supreme Court said the ECP should de-seat the PM for not disclosing his role in the
Dubai-based Capital FZE - Free Zone Establishment (tax free industrial zone in UAE)
company in his nomination papers, saying that this meant he was not 'honest' and 'truthful'.
 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi who served as the 21st Prime Minister of Pakistan from August
2017 to May 2018
 On July 6, 2018 Nawaz Sharif is sentenced to 11 years in prison by an accountability court
in the Avenfield corruption case while his daughter Maryam Nawaz is handed down an
eight-year sentence. The father-daughter duo is also fined 8m pounds and 2m pounds,
respectively.
43 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  On Dec 24, 2018 Accountability court sentences Nawaz to seven years in jail in and
slapped a fine of $25 million in Al Azizia corruption case. However, the former premier
was acquitted in Flagship Investment reference.

44 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Silent features/Topography of Pakistan
Topography is the study and description of the physical features of an area,
for example its hills, valleys, or rivers, or the representation of these features on maps.

Topography is the study and description of the surface features of land, which includes both natural
and artificial features.
Land Area: 796,096 sq kilometer
Geographical Location: 24-37 Northern Latitude, 61-75.5 Eastern Longitude

Borders:
Pakistan-China
The border between Pakistan and China is nearly 523 kilometers long and is situated in the
northeast of Pakistan. Sino-Pakistan Agreement was passed in 1963 between Pakistan and China,
according to which both countries agreed on the border between them.

Pakistan-India
The Radcliffe Line became the official border between Pakistan and India on August 17, 1947. As
the border was established by Sir Cyril Radcliffe — the chairman of the Indo-Pakistan Boundary
Commission — therefore it was named after him. The Pakistan-India border is almost 2,912 Km
long.

Pakistan-Afghanistan
The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called as the Durand Line and is 2,430 kilometers
long. The border came into existence in November 1893 after an agreement between Afghanistan
and the British Empire.

Pakistan-Iran
The border between Pakistan and Iran is also called the Pakistan-Iran Barrier and is 909 kilometers
long.

The Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is located south of Pakistan with a coastline of 1,046-kilometres.
45 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
FATA:
The Federally Administered Tribal Areas in Pakistan are areas of Pakistan outside the four
provinces, comprising a region of some 27,220 km². Miran Shah is the tribal capital. There are
seven areas known as Agencies and six areas known as Frontier Regions.

 Bajaur Agency
 Khyber Agency
 Kurram Agency
 Mohmand Agency
 Orakzai Agency
 North Waziristan Agency
 South Waziristan Agency

Frontier Regions:

 Frontier Region Bannu

 Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan
 Frontier Region Kohat
 Frontier Region LakkiMarwat
 Frontier Region Peshawar
 Frontier Region Tank (Jandola)

Pakistan can be divided into six major natural topographical areas.

1. The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains

2. The Western Mountains
3. The Baluchistan Plateau
4. Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
5. The Indus plain
6. Desert Areas

1-The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains:

To the North, North-East and North-West of Pakistan there lie three ranges of mountains.
Amongst these ranges are the great Himalyas which the people of central and South Asia
consider to be the roof of the world.
The Himalyas stretches continuously for about 2500Km from East to Wesst. They are bordered
to the North-West by the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush and to the North by the
46 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Karakoram. Northern Mountains comprise of three main mountain ranges: The Karakoram, the
Himalyas and the Hindu Kush.
a) The Karakoram Range
b) The Himalyas
i) The Siwaliks
ii) The lesser or outer Himalyas
iii) Central Himalyas
c) The Hindu Kush
a) The Karakoram Range:(Average height about 6000m)
The Karakoram means “Black Gravel” and “Crumbling Rock” is a mass of rock and ice,
extending for more than 400 km from Hunza to Shyok River. The wetern end of this range lies
in Pakistan. The range runs east-west, has deep narrow valleys and sharp peaks thus forming a
very rugged landscape. Average height of the mountains is about 6000 meters. K-2 the second
highest peak in the world (8610 meters) is located here.

The severe climate makes the Karakoram extremely inhospitable so this region has a low
population density. The mountain passes are open only for half of the year during summer. A
nomadic and Semi-nomadic way of life is common. Agriculture is common in those areas
where water is plentiful. Apples, barley and millet are the main products. Cattle breeding is also
common. However, the Karakoram have always attracted scientists and mountaineers from all
over the world because if their challenging geography and scenic beauty. Construction of
Karakoram highway to China has opened a new era in the cultural and economic progress of
the region.

b) The Himalyas: Average height 4000 m

The Himalyas are to the South of the Karakoram range. They run east to West. They comprise
the Siwaliks, the Lesser or Lower Himalyas and the central Himalyas. The Siwaliks are the low
altitude (600-1200 meters) hills located near Attock. The lesser, or Lower Himalyas are of
medium altiturde (1800-4500) meters and represented by the PirPanjalrange.They are of special
interest to Tourists, with some popular hill stations e.g: Murree, NathiaGalliandGhoraGalli
located there. Moving North, the height of the mountains increases. The mountain range which
47 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 is located between the PirPanjal rangeand the Karakoram Range, is called “The Central
Himalyas”. This part of the Himalyas mostly lies in Kashmir. The natural topography of this
area is characterized by snow-capped, steep-sided peaks, with huge glaciers. The highest peak
of this range is Nanga Parbat with the height of 8126 meters lies in the Northern Areas.

c) The Hindu Kush: Average height 5000 m

The Hindu Kush Range lies where the borders of Afghanistan and China meet on Pakistan’s
north and North-West border. The range runs in a north-south direction. With mountains like
Tirch Mir (7690m) and large glaciers it resembles the Karakoram range. Swat valley is the part
of Hindu Kush. It has high, Steep valleys and the fast flowing rivers. Through the centuries, the
passes across the Hindu Kush have been of immense historic and military significance. Many
invaders, e.g. Alexaner the Great, Mahmud Ghaznavi, the Ghauris, Timurlane and the Mughal
King Babar, crossed the Hindu Kush through these passes. Passes are still important today. The
Shandur pass connects Gilgit and Chitral, the Shangla Pass connects the Swat valley to the
Upper part of the Indus valley and the Lawari Pass connects to Chitral to the Swat valley and
the vale of Peshawar. Rice is cultivated on terraced fields of the Hindu Kush Mountains in
areas of Swat, Chitral and Dir.

The Western Mountains:

The western mountains consist of many parallel ranges and are not so high as the northern
Mountains.
SafedKoh Ranges:
The Safedkoh ranges are located in an East-West direction South of Kabul River. They are
called SafedKoh (White Mountains) because their peaks are often covered with snow River
Kurram flows to the south of this range and the Kurram Pass provides a route into Afghanistan.
Wheat, rice and Sugar-cane are cultivated there.
Another valley in this region is the vale of Peshawar drained by the Rivers Kabul and Swat. It
is fertile, alluvial plain irrigated by canals originating from the Warsak Dam on the River
Kabul.

48 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Waziristan Hills:
The Waziristan Hills are located between the Kurram and the Gomal rivers. They lie in a
highly, minirealised (rich in minerals) zone. Along with the SafedKoh ranges, these hills form a
rampart (boundary-wall) between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The Bannu valley is located to the east of the Waziristan Hills. Bannu near the Tochi Pass, and
Dera Ismail Khan, near the Gomal Pass, are important towns and military centers. The Kurram
Dam on the Kurramriver is the main source of irrigation water.

Suleman and Kirthar Range:

Suleman range is located towards the west of the river Indus. It rises to an average height of
1500 meters. Takht-i-Sulman, at 3383 meters is the highest peak in the Suleman range.
Limestone and Sandstone are the main minerals in this area. Further South it meets the Kirthar
range, which his backed by the Pab range.

Baluchistan Plateau:

Baluchistan Plateau is located in the South-West of Pakistan. The average height in this area is
between 600 to 900 meters. Baluchistan Plateau is the dryest region in Pakistan, people living
in this area have to face a lot of dry weather and due to less water availability, they have to
travel miles to get water to their homes and to save them.
This place doesn’t grow much grass but only bushes which have more stinky leaves.

Baluchistan Plateau is a vast area. It is considered to be the most dry area of Pakistan. Rainfall
takes place. Generally most of the water gets evaporated. The average rainfall of the area is
between 150 mm. to 200 mm. The scarcity of water is the chief cause of its backwardness.

The Salt Range and Potohar Plateau:

The Potohar Plateau and the salt range are located to the South of Islamabad between the river
Indus and River Jhelum. Its height varies from 300 to 600 meters above the sea level. The area
in Pakistan that is covered up with salt mines are the Salt Range Area and Potohar Plateau of

49 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Pakistan.

The land is not wide, and the area is near Rawalpindi. This area has the biggest salt mines in
Pakistan. Mines like khewra mine and few others are the famous mines around the world, and
also one of the most visited places in Pakistan. Soan River is the most dominant feature of this
region. The Potohar Plateau is rich in minerals like rock salt, gypsum, limestone, coal and oil.
Salt range covers Jhelum, Chakwal, Kalabagh and Mianwali districts. Sakesar Peak is highest
peak of Salt range. Some lakes like KallarKahar, and Khabeki add to the scenic beauty of this
area.

The Indus Plain

South of the Salt Range and east of the Suleiman and Kirther mountains lies a vast plain that
extends up to the Arabian Sea. This area is generally irrigated by the Indus River and its
tributaries (Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum rivers). The rivers meet the Indus
at MithanKot and up to this area from down south is the Lower Indus Plain, whereas area above
is called the Upper Indus Plain.

Upper Indus Plain:

The area north of MithanKot forms the Upper Indus Plain and is very fertile because of the soil
brought in by the Indus River. A number of canals criss-cross the area, adding to the fertility of
the land and producing cash crops. Thal desert west of Jhelum, once arid and lifeless is now
being turned into a settled area, mainly because of the Jinnah Barrage and canals emanating
from it. There are some small hills around Chiniot, Sargodha and Sangla which are being fast
depleting for use in construction.

Lower Indus Plain:

The Lower Indus Plain, thus includes most of the Sind province. The soil is very productive
and wherever water is available, the crops blossom. However, the Thardesert in its eastern
portion is a classic example of how lack of water turns green fields into treeless desert. As the
Indus approaches the Arabian Sea, it spreads out some 556,000 acres to form a delta, which is

50 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 mostly marshy and swampy and includes mangrove forests. To the west of the delta is the
seaport of Karachi; to the east the delta fans into the salt marshes of the Rann of Kutch.

Deosai Plains:

Spread over an area of almost 3,000 square kilometers, the Deosai Plateau is considered to be
the highest plateau in the world. Deosai Plains are a backwoods country at about 30 kilometres
from Skardu. It is a beautiful summer pasture with greenery and countless species. The Deosai
Plains is interlaced with streams and multitude of golden marmots. This plateau is the habitat of
the greatly threatened Himalayan Brown Bear and many other wild animals. At an average
elevation of 3,500 metres, Deosai officially is a National Park and protected area for
wildlife.The undulating meadows here have no trees or shrubs and the area is snow covered for
most parts of the year.

Deserts:

There is no plentiful water, crops and trees. The ratio of rainfall is very low in this region and
deserts have mostly dry, hot and warm climate.

1. Thal Desert

The areas of Mianwali, Sargodha, MuzaffarGarhand Dera Ghazi Khan districts in the province
of Punjab are called Thaldesert. Here rainfall is very low and large number of sand dunes
are found. Although a large area has been irrigated by canals but still many parts of the
desert are barren.

2. Cholistan Desert

The south border of our Bahawalpur division is known as Cholistan. In fact, it is a part of
Rajhistan desert situated in India, due to shortage of rainfall these areas have become dry
barren lands. This area is known for it’s rich desert culture of husk huts, camels, festivals
and the Rajasthani dresses!

3. Nara and Tharparker Deserts

The southern border areas of Khairpur districts in Sindh is known as Nara desert and border
areas of MirpurKhas and Sanghar districts are called Thar deserts. These are the driest parts
of our country. Here rainfall is lowest except for the barren land with huge sand dunes and
some scattered, stunted, thorny bushes, nothing can be seen.

4. Thar Desert

The Thar Desert covers large areas of Pakistan and India. It is the seventh largest desert on
the planet and the third largest in Asia. It has also spread into India. The Thar Desert, also
known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the
Indian subcontinent that forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. About 85%
51 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 of the Thar Desert is in India, and the remaining 15% is in Pakistan. In Pakistan, it spreads
over Punjab and Sindh starting from the Tharparkar District in the east.

5. Kharan Desert:

The Kharan Desert is located in Northwest Balochistan. The Kharan Desert is a sand desert
in Balochistan. It is distinct from the rest of the province's landscape due to its sandy nature
and more even terrain. The desert was used for nuclear testing by the Pakistan military,
making it the most famous of the five deserts. It is in the center of a large empty basin.

Glaciers:
Many highest glaciers of the World lie in Pakistan. A glacier is a tongue shaped mass of ice
moving slowly down a valley.
Some of the important glaciers are:
1- Baltoro: 58 km long, in the Karakoram Range.
2- Batura: 58 km long, in the Hunza valley in the Karakoram Range.
3- Siachen: 78 km long, located in the Karakoram Range.

The Mountain Valleys:

Pakistan has many Mountain valleys that attracts the Domestic and Foreigners tourists. The
larger, more popular ones are:
1- Swat – Hindu Kush
2- Chitral – Hindu Kush
3- Dir - Hindu Kush
4- Gilgit – Karakoram
5- Hunza–Karakoram
6- Baltistan – Karakoram
7- Murree and Gallies – Himalyas
8- Kaghan – Himalyas

Rivers:

 INDUS
 CHENAB
52 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  JHELUM
 RAVI
 BEAS
 SUTLEJ

As per Indus Waters Treaty in 1960.

 The three top rivers in map below - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were awarded to
PAKISTAN.

 The three Bottom Rivers - Sutlej, Beas and Ravi were completely awarded to INDIA.

KPK Rivers:Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo,
Gomal, and Zhob.

Baluchistan Rivers: Dasht – Hub – Zhob- Hingol – Mula – Bolan – Nari

Sindh Rivers:Indus- Hub- Malir- Lyari

Ports:
Pakistan has three big sea ports named as Karachi Port, Muhammad Bin Qasim port,
and Gwadar port. Port of Muhammad Bin Qasim is the oldest port while the Karachi port is
the busiest one. The Port of Gwadar is newly developed deep sea port and one of the deepest
ports across the globe with a depth that can handle 16-meter deep cargo ship. There are several
ports which are Port Ormara, Port Pasni, PortJiwani.

Barrages:

An artificial barrier across a river to prevent flooding, provide assistance in irrigation or

navigation, or to generate electricity by tidal power is called Barrage.

BallokiHeadworks, Chashma Barrage, Jinnah Barrage, KhankiHeadworks, MaralaHeadworks,

Panjnad Barrage, QadirabadHeadworks, Rasul Barrage, SidhnaiHeadworks,
SulemankiHeadworks, Taunsa BarrageTrimmu BarrageGhazi Brotha Barrage. Guddu Barrage,
Kotri Barrage, Sukkur Barrage.

Industry

Main Industries in Pakistan

Following are the main industries of our country

53 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Textile Industry
 Sports Industry
 Sugar Industry
 Cement Industry
 Fertilizer Industry

Land

About 28% of Pakistan’s total land area is under cultivation. Pakistan boasts one of the largest
irrigation systems in the world. According to Wikipedia, “the most important crops are cotton,
wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits and vegetables,
which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.” The fertile lands of
Punjab are ready to feed a population twice that of current Pakistan.

Mining

Pakistan has large gold/copper ore deposits at Saindak. There are large deposits of rock salt in the
Pothohar Plateau. Pakistan’s mineral resources include reserves of gypsum, limestone, chromites,
iron ore, rock salt, silver, precious stones, gems, marbles, tiles, sulfur, fire clay, and silica sand.

Mountain Passes:
Shandur Pass: connect Chitral with Ghizer valley, Gilgit
BabuSar Pass: connects Abbotabad with Gilgit
Khunjerab Pass: China with Pakistan
Lowari Pass: connects Peshawar with Chitral
Dargai Pass: connects Mardan with Malakand
Khojak Pass: Connects Qilla Abdullah with Chaman
Gondogoro la pass: Connects Hushe Valley with K-2

54 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
55 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Ethnic & Cultural Distribution of Pakistan

Concept & Definition of Ethnicity:

 Ethnic: Concerns to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (social group) sharing a
common and distinctive culture, religion, language.
 The Terms Ethnicity and Ethnic groups are derived from the Greek word ethnos, normally
translated as “Nation”.
 The Terms refer currently to people thought to have common ancestry who share a
distinctive culture.
 Ethnicity deals with common (heritage, customs, characteristics, language, common history
and National heritage).
Concept & Definition of Culture:
 The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a
particular group of people at a particular time
 Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing
language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, musical instruments, sports and arts.
 Culture is the habits, traditions, and behaviors of people and groups in a state or country.

Ethnic Groups In Pakistan:

Punjabi Pashtun
Sindhi Balochi
Saraiki Kashmiris
Muhajirs Shina
Burusho Balti
Kalasha

56 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Punjab:
 Land of five rivers Has 56% of the total population of the country Has a
total of 36 districts Vast cultural diversity
 Cultural Heritage:
 The ruins of Harappa show a culture that flourished over 8000 years ago.
 Taxila is an historic landmark, it shows the achievements in arts and crafts of
the area.
 Potohari – Hindko - Jhangvi – Shahpuri – Pahari – Majhi – Saraiki

Punjabi Culture:
 Punjabi Cuisine: Are widely seen in weddings, birthday parties, and family reunions etc.
 Dishes: Biryani, qourma, makai ki rotti, sarson da saag,
Drinks include lassi, lemonade, doodh soda, sugarcane juice, and tea.
 Punjabi Dresses:
 Men wear dhoti, shalwar kameez, kurta and khusa some wear a turban.
 Women wear shalwar kameez and duppata.
 Sports:
 Kabaddi - Wrestling – Gulli Danda. Some major sports include cricket, football, boxing,
horse racing, and hockey.
 Punjabi Music:
 Classical music forms are major part of the punjabi culture.
 Most common instruments used are: Tabla - Sitar – Bansuri - Harmonium – Dhol
 Punjabi Literature:
 Waris shah, known as the Shakespeare of Punjabi language. He is best-known for his work
in Heer Ranjha.
 Bulleh shah was a well known Sufi poet and a philosopher.
 Folklore of Punajb: Heer Ranjha - Mirza Sahiba - Sassi Punnu - Sohni Mahiwal.

57 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Festivals of the Punjab: Fairs are held on days of religious significance.
 “Urs” are held at various shrines of Sufi saints.  Basant is celebrated with enthusiasm.
 Arts & crafts: Lahore is the center of handmade carpets.
 Hand woven clothes, Multan is famous for hand woven bed covers.
 Basketry, embroidery, handmade stools, Sialkot is well known for its sports goods.

Pashtuns:
 Second largest ethnic group in Pakistan
 Dominated areas are KPK, FATA, and northern Baluchistan
 35 million population is Pashtun in 21st century
 One important aspect of traditional Pashtun culture is the code of Pashtunwali,
which sets out standards for individual and communal behavior. This code
may date back to at least the second century BC. Some of the principles of
Pashtunwali include hospitality, justice, courage, loyalty and honoring women.
 Southern part of Afghanistan, largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, Helmand,
Herat, Ghazni, Qandhar, Kabul, Jalalabad and Nuristan

58 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Pashtun Culture:

 Language: Pashtu, Pashtu is written in the Perso-Arabic script.

 A Pashtun tribal council is called a jirga.
 Religion: Islam
 Clothing: Men wear Partug kamees (shalwar Kameez) Turban - Kakul hat -
Peshawari Chappal - Women wears Partug Kamees with long Dupatta
 Dishes: Chappli Kabab - Dam Pukht - Kawa (tea) - Kabli Pulao – Saag - Lobia
(beans)
 Famous Poets: Amir Kror Surti - Rehman Baba - Khushal Khan Khattak
 Music & Dance: - Attan dance - Khattak Dance - Mahsud Dance - Waziri
Dance
 Rubab, Sitar, Flute, Tabla etc
 Festivals:
 Eid-ul-Fitr - Eid-ul-Azha – Buzkashi – Nouroz (new year celebrations)
 Games: Buzkashi – Polo – Kabadi – Naiza Bazi – Gulli Danda

Sindhi:
 The Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi
language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sindhi Muslim
culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines. 35 million people speak Sindhi
in the province of Sindh.
 Muslim 94.81% The majority of Muslims are Sunni Hanafi and Shias.
 Sindhi language is logistically considered to be the sister language of Sanskrit
 The non-Muslim communities includes Hindus, Christians etc. 5.19%
 The province of Sindh has been named after the famous River Indus
59 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Sindhi Culture:
 Family system in Sindh:
 In rural areas of Sindh the system of family is joint family. But in Urban areas
there are very less joint families.
 Sindhi Dresses:
 Sindhi Topi is regarded as an essential part of Sindhi culture and symbol of
Sindhi nationalism. Ajrak of Sindh is symbol of the Sindhi civilization.
 In Sindhi culture Men usually wear the shalwar and Kameez along with the
Sindhi Topi and Ajrak.
 In Marriage it is compulsory for the groom to wear Ajrak and topi. Ajrak is
given to bride when she is leaving her parent house at the time of marriage.
 Sindhi Foods:
 Sai bhaji, Dal, Kadhi,
Majoun, Sindhi Biryani

 Sindhi Cultural Day (Ekta Day):

 Celebrated every year on the first Sunday of December. Sindhi musical
programs are held, “Jeay Sindh, Jeay Sindh wara jean”.
 Sindhi Musical instruments: Yaktaro – Tanpura - Alghoza - Narr Dhol –
Pungi
 Sufi music is performed at Shrines,other simple music is performed at studios
& gathering.
 Sindhi Dance:
 Ho Jamalo  All sindhi makes the circle and dance together. Dhamal &
Sindhi jhumar
 Sindhi Sports: “Malakhiro” is one the famous sports of Sindh. It is traditional
sindhi wrestling competition.

60 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Balochi:
 A number of tribes constitute to make people of Balochistan. Three major
tribes are Baloch, Brahvi and Pashtoon. The Balochi speaking tribes include
Rind, Lashar, Marri, Ahmedzai, Bugti Domki, Magsi, Khosa, Dashti, Umrani,
Gichki, Sanjarani, Meerwani. Each tribe is further sub-divided into various
branches. The tribal chief is called Sardar while head of sub-tribe is known as
Malik or Mir. Sardars and Maliks are members of district and other local
Jirgas according to their status. The Baloch, believed to have originally come
from Arabia, can be divided in to two branches: the Sulemani and Mekrani.
Among the 18 major Baloch tribes, Bugtis and Marris are the principal ones.
 13.16 million population
Baluchi Culture:
 Dress:
 Turban is the common headwear of the men. The men’s Shalwar Qameez
consists of a very baggy shalwar which uses large length of cloth. Qameez is
also loose. The female Balochi suit consists of the head scarf and long dress.
 Food:
 Sajji, Kaak, a rock-hard prepared bread.
 Dampukht is also a Balochi dish which is prepared with meat and it is cooked
in fats.

61 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Khaddi Kabab is a dish in which a whole lamb or goat is cooked over a fire.

Balochi Marriages:
 Life partners are commonly selected within the family or tribe. The bride’s
parents are only supposed to gift clothes and gold to their daughter according
to their financial status. All expenses of wedding (of both families) are also
paid by the groom’s family.
 Some of the marriage ceremonies are:
 Bijjar (The aid from relatives taken by the groom’s family)
 Jol Bandi (Preparing the bride for the wedding ceremony)
 Hinna Band-Female (Mehndi) - Hinna Band-Male (Mehndi)
 Nikah - Grand Feast - Nadinag (Groom leaves her home with the bride)
 Balochi Festivals:
 Sibi Festival: The festival lasts for almost a week in mid-February. Folk music
performances, cultural dances, handicrafts stalls, and cattle shows are present
at this festival.
 Buzkashi: It is a sport played on horse-back by two teams that use their skills
to snatch a goat from each other.
 Hospitality: Brahvi, Balochi and Pashtoon tribes are known for their
hospitality. Guest is granted in high esteem and considered a blessing from
God. Better off people even slaughter sheep or goat for their guest.
 Baluchi Music: Folk Songs
 Musical Instruments: Suroz – Flutes – Dhol – Tambur – Baglama

Famous Poets: Gul Khan Nasir - Baba Jawansal Bugti

Famous Singers: Akhtar Channal Zehri - Zarina Baloch
 Religion:
62 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  The Baluchi are Muslim, mostly Sunni, but also including members of the
Zikri sect. Zikris (pronounced "ZIG-ris" in Baluchi) are estimated to number
over 750,000. They live mostly in southern Pakistan. They are followers of

a fifteenth-century mahdi, an Islamic messiah, called Nur Pak (Pure Light).

Saraiki:
 The Saraikis also known as Multanis, are an ethno linguistic group in central
and southern Punjab. Their language is Saraiki. Saraiki people did not see
themselves as a distinct ethnic group until the 1960s.
 The Saraiki region formed part of the Indus Valley civilization more than
40,000 years ago. This region has been conquered a number of times by
people from West including the Aryans and the Greeks. Persian influence
remained strong for many centuries with the Saraikis as well as Persian art,
poetry & architecture still form a part of their culture.
 Among the different ethnic groups in Pakistan 8.38% are Saraiki.
 19,900,000 in Pakistan (2017 census)
 The word SARAIKI originated from the word SAUVIRA the kingdom name
of ancient also mentioned in the Sanskrit MAHABHARATA

63 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Saraiki Culture:

 Religion:
 Nearly 99% population in these regions are Muslims and majority are Sunnis
whereas Shia sect is also there. This region is mainly home to Sufism and has
the shrines of Hazrat Baha ud Din Zakariya and Hazrat Shah Rukn e Alam.
 Saraiki People:
 Most of the saraiki people is divided into two group JUTT/RAJPUT. Most
saraiki tribes either claim Arab ancestry. A number of saraiki speaking people
also exist in India.
 Language:
 Saraiki Language has emerged from a number of dialects. Saraiki (Perso-
Arabic script) is a standardized language of Pakistan belonging to Indo-Aryan
languages.
 Saraiki Dress:
 Traditional male dress LUNGI with chola (kameez). Women also used to wear
ghagra. Men put RUMAL or shaal on shoulder, women wear bochanrr and
men wear Patka on the head.
 Famous Poets: Khuwaja Ghulam Fareed & Sachal Sarmast
 Sports: Pithu Garam – Kabbadi – Bander Killa – Gulli Danda
 Famous Saraiki Singers:
 Abida parvenu - Allah Ditta loney wala - Atta ullah esa khelvi – Saeen Zahoor
 Arts and Music: Jhummar is the traditional folk dance. The word
“JHUMMAR’’ comes from Jhum/Jhoom which means swaying.
 Famous Food: Gachakk – Gurrr – Sohan Halwa – Sohanjna

64 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Muhajirs:
 The Mohajirs (Urdu-speakers) of Pakistan are largely settled in the Sindh
province. In Karachi, the Mohajirs have for long been a majority. Mohajirs
are not ‘people of the soil’, Migrated from North Indian regions.
 Mohajirs were dominated on politics, bureaucracy and also on business after
the partition.
 During the Ayub Khan regime, Mohajirs had begun to lose their influence in
the ruling elite
 This is one reason why the Mohajirs’ began to agitate against the Ayub
dictatorship from the early 1960s onwards.
 Right wing movement against Z.A.Bhutto & raised the voice against the
Nationalization.
 Zia-ul-Haq imposed the Islamization throughout the country and again they
effected.
 This galvanised the formation of the All Pakistan Mohajir Students
Organization (in 1978) and then the Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in
1984.
Muhajirs Culture:
 Muhajirs of sindh basically have no culture of their own it is mixture of the
two cultures. Pre-partition and Post-Partition. Before Partition they belonged
to Delhi, Utter Pardesh and Bihar these were rich in their culture they adopted
some norms, values and customs from these Indian areas and after partition
they adopted some Sindhi culture and mix together these two cultures.
 Language: Urdu
 Poetry: Mir Taqi Mir, Khawaja Mir Dard, Jigar Muradabad
65 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  Music: Nazia Hassan, Mehdi Hassan, Munni Begum, and ,Zoheb Hassan
 Art of Painting: Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi, most famous painter of the
world
 Sports: Javed Miandad, Saeed Anwar, Moin Khan, Sarfaraz Ahmed
 Cuisine: Nihari – Boti Kabab - Thali with naan sultani dal raita and shahi
paneer.
 Dress: Shalwar Qameez worn by both women and men. Shalwar are
loose pajama-like trousers. The Qameez is a long shirt.

Burusho People:
 The Burusho people live in the Hunza, Nagar valley and valleys of Gilgit–
Baltistan. They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, Burushaski, has
not been shown to be related to any other.
 Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza
Valley
 The Burusho claim to be descendants of the soldiers who came to the region
with Alexander the Great’s army in the 4th century BC.
 Hunza people are predominantly Shia Muslims of the Nizari Ismaili tradition.
 Hunza region have relatively high literacy rate.
 The main clans of the Burusho live in the town of Baltit Fort, population is
228,000

66 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Burusho Culture:
 Religion: They are Muslims but considered that Agha Khan is currently
Imam.
 Language: They speak Burushaski.
 Life Style: The Burusho work in agriculture. They breed animals for food.
The average life in Hunza is 90 to 115 years.
 Cultural Dance: Sword Dance – Overcoat Dance
 Hunza Fruits: production of Apricot, Cherries, Apple, Peaches, Mulberry
 Hunza Musical Singers: Natasha Baig – Shahid Akhtar Qalandar – Junaid
Alam
 Musical Instruments: Rabab - Dadang - Damaal - Surnai - Tutek/Gabi
 Hunza Famous Cuisine: Mantu – Chapshuro – walnut cake

Kalash Ethnic Group:

 Kalasha are indigenous people of the Hindu Kush mountain range along with
the border of Afghanistan.
 There are 3 theories about the origin of the Kalash. Some historians believe
that Kalash are descendants of the soldiers of Alexander the Great, second
group believes that they are indigenous to Asia and came from what is now the
Nuristan area of Afghanistan, and according to the third school of thought; the

67 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Kalash ancestors migrated to Afghanistan from a distant place in South Asia,
which they call “Tsiyam” in their folk songs and epics. However, it is
established that the Kalash migrated to Chitral from Afghanistan in the 2nd
century B.C. 3000 Kalash people living in Pakistan
 Region called Kafirstan, Black Magic and wears Black Robes.
Kalash Culture:
 Language: Kalasha Language. They also understands Urdu and Pashto
language.
 Religion: Kalasha people worship the 12 gods of the ancient Greeks
 Deities and goddesses: Yama – Dezauhe – Indra – Munjim Malik – Sajigor –
Balumain - Destak, Dezalik.
 Festivals: Chilam Joshi – Uchau – Caumus
 Dresses: Their women usually wear long black robes, often embroidered with
cowrie shells. For this reason, they are known in Chitral as “The Black Kafirs.
Men wears Shalwar Qameez.
 Marriage Ceremony: take place on Chilam Joshi festival, male and female
choose to each other.
 Funeral Rituals: Funeral Rituals Kalash people leave their dead on a wooden
coffin.
 Kalash Singers: Ariana and Amrina introduced in “Pareek” song of Coke
Studio

68 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Shina:
 The Shina, also known as the Shin, In Pakistan, the Shina people are found
in Shinkari (the part of the Indus Valley below Gor near Ghorband),
Gor, Chilas, Tangir, the Indus Valley below Sazin, and the upper part of
the Gilgit Valley above Ponyal.
 Shina people have also migrated to Karachi and Islamabad for employment,
carrying out business, and education purposes
 The Shina people originally practiced Hinduism and Buddhism. In Gilgit, the
Hindu Shina formerly practiced sati, which ceased in 1877. Many castes of the
Shina people, such as the Açar'îta, converted to Islam in the 19th century and
this faith is now observed by the majority of the ethnic group.
Shina Culture:
 Language: Shina and Brokskat
 Religion: Muslims , Shi'a Islam (majority) - Sunni Islam (minority)
 Dresses: Men usually wear White Shalwar Qameez with Gilgiti cap. Women
usually wears loose Shalwar Qameez , cap with silver touch and jewelry of
antique stones.
 Festivals: Chili marks commencement of wheat sowing. Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-
Udha, Eid Milad-un-Nabi
 Types of Music: Alghani – Ajoli – Souse – Dani
 Musical instruments: Rabab - Dadang - Damaal - Surnai – Gabi
 Sports: Shandur Polo festival – Babusar Polo Festival – Jashn-e-Baharaan

69 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Balti:
 Bordering Xinjiang Region of China
 Total Population: 300,000
 Tibetan King Control in 7th Century
 Islam Was First Introduced in 16th Century
 became part of Pakistan of their own free will in 1948 and region is called
Baltistan
 Baltistan is a region of massive mountains - Baltistan is often called “little
Tibet”.
 Sakardu is the capital of Baltistan
 High touristic value. Baltoro glacier lies in Northern Part, Gondogoro la pass

Balti Culture
 Culture of Baltistan is influenced by Central Asian, Tibetan and Indian
civilizations.
 Language: Balti
 Old Man Dance:
This dance is performed by more than one man wear some old style dresses
and wear local hat and dance
 Sword Dance:
 This unique dance is performed by men taking one sword in right and Shield
in left. One to six participants as pair can dance. Markhor dance is also the part
of their culture.
 Religion: Muslims and Baltis are 60% Shi'a, 30% Sufia Imamia
Nurbakhshia,10% Sunni
 Population: 922,745 (2017)
 Dress: Same as the region of Gilgit
 Musical Instruments: Dholki – Suna - Daang
 Balti Singers:
Sherine Fatima Balti - Sadiq Hussain Balti
 RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS:
Eid – ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-azha is celebrated by all inhabitants of Baltistan.
 Shia and Noor Bakhshis celebrate Eid-e-Ghadir and other relegious events.
 Wedding Ceremonay:
 The marriage ceremony is very simple. Dowery is totally absent in the
tradition of their marriage.
70 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
  The idea behind the absence of dowry is that girl are must educated by their
parents and almost 60% of girls are well educated in recent years

Kashmiri:
 The region has been violently disputed by India and Pakistan since their 1947
partition.
 Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of
Buddhism; later in the 9th century, Shaivism arose. Islamization in Kashmir
took place during 13th to 15th century and led to the eventual decline of the
Shaivism in Kashmir.
 In 1339, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, For the next five
centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir. Afghan Durrani Empire, which
ruled from 1747 until 1819. Then Ranjit Singh annexed Kashmir.
 British defeated the Sikhs and Ghulab Singh Dogra became the ruler in 1857.
 Population of Kashmiris are 4.45 million
Kashmir Culture:
 Language: Kashmiri language is major language but other languages are Urdu,
Pahari, Ladakhi and Pashto
 Religion: Islam – Hinduism – Sikhism – Christianity and Buddhism.
 Dress:
For many years Kashmiri men and women have worn the same style of dress.
The Pheran consist of two gowns, one over the other. The traditional pheran
extends to the feet.
 Cuisine: Dal Chawal – Dam Aloo – Kashmiri Tea
 Music & Dance: Dandaras Dance – Ruf Dance – Dhamal Dance
 Arts & Crafts: carpet and shawl making and embroidery on clothes.
71 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Describe the Provinces and resources available in
Pakistan

What are Resources?

• A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials or other assets that are transformed to produce benefits.
From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the
environment to satisfy human needs and wants.
• There are some major resources in Pakistan:
• MINERAL RESOURCES
• WATER RESOURCES
• IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
• POWER RESOURCES
• FOREST RESOURCES
Pakistan Natural Resources…
• Natural Resources play an Important role in the development of the Economy
• Pakistan is one of resource rich countries in the world having a large amount
of coal, gas, gemstones, copper, minerals and gold reserves. Other resources
also included oil, iron, titanium and aluminum which are a necessity for any
growing economy.

72 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
73 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 1-Iron Ore:
• Iron ores is present in large deposits in Punjab. The major deposits are in
Kalabagh (Muslim Bagh) Mianwali district. Iron ore is very important for the
progress of a country. In Pakistan, iron is not of good quality so it is imported
to meet our needs. Our iron fulfills only 16% of our needs.
• USES OF IRON ORE: About 98% of iron ore is used to make steel. A very
small amount of the consumption – used in magnets, metallurgy products, auto
parts, tracer element in biochemical research, printing inks, fertilizer
ingredient etc.

74 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 2-Coal:
• We have not yet discovered coal which can be used in engines. It is mostly
used in manufacturing Calcium Carbonate and bricks. Some coal is also used
in homes. We have got coal from various spots places but it is not of good
quality. It fulfils 10% of our needs.
• Coal extracting Areas: Choa Saidan Shah,The biggest mines of coal is Salt
Ranges in Kohistan in the region of Makarwal in Punjab.

75 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 3-Mineral Oil:
• The oil reserves are situated in Dhullian, Attock, Chakwal, Dhodhak, and
Potwar Plateau.
• Minerals oil is very important in modern age. It is used in factories, industries
and transport. Motorcars, tractors, train truck etc depending upon this oil. It is
also used in homes. Average production of oil in Pakistan cannot meet its
needs. We are getting 10% oil for our needs and the rest of the oil is imported
on which we spend a large amount of foreign exchange.

76 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 4- Rock Salt:
• Pakistan has vast reserves of salt. It is used in various eatables, removing the
snow on highways and food industry, the biggest is Khewra Mine. It is
producing high quality of salt. Estimates of the reserves of salt in the mine
vary from 82 million tons to 600 million tons.
• Salt from Khewra, also known as Himalayan salt, is red, pink, off-white or
transparent. We also get salt from mines of Kala Bagh.

5- Gypsum:
• It is a bright stone of white color. It is an important wealth of our country. It is
used in manufacturing cement, chemical fertilizer and plaster of Paris,
bleaching powder, Sulphuric Acid and Ammonium Sulphate. It is also used in
small industries. The annual production of Gypsum is 358.5 thousand tons
approx.
• Gypsum reserves are situated at Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan and salt range.
•

77 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 6-Chromite:
• It’s a white metal which is used to make iron. It is also used in manufacturing
certain instruments, aero planes and colors. It is also used in the art of
photography. It is exported to get large amount of foreign exchange.
• Its reservoirs are the biggest of the world is found in Pakistan. Theses
reservoirs are found in Muslim Bagh.

7- Crops: Food Crops & Cash Crops

Rabi crops: They are generally planted in November and harvested in April.
Wheat, Barley, Pea and Grams
Kharif Crops: They are generally planted in June and harvested in October.
Rice, Maize, Cotton and ground Nuts.
• Agriculture plays a very vital role for economy of Pakistan. 48% of labour
force is engaged directly with agriculture. 70% of population is relates to
agriculture directly or indirectly. Its contribution towards GDP is about 25%
which is higher than contribution of any other sector.

78 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 8- Forests:
• According to U.N. FAO, 2.2% or about 4.55 Million hectares of Pakistan
land (according to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) is under forests.
• In Agriculture the %age share of forestry is approximately 2.09%, while in
GDP of Paksitan forestry have the share of 0.39%. It increases as compared to
recent years because of positive growth rate of forestry is 7.17%
Changa Manga: It is located in the south of Lahore, the planting
and irrigation of it took place in the 19th century in the era of the British due
to the need for timber for the Indian railway network. Today, it is the source
of significant revenue for the state resources.
Lal Sohanra:
• Planted forest by the British for their locomotive needs, located in the east of
Bahawalpur.

79 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 9-Rivers & Barrages:
• The river system of Pakistan originates from the snow-covered Himalayan and
the Karakoram Range. Five rivers that pass mostly through the Punjab
province; therefore the name 'Punjab' — 'panj' meaning five and 'aab' meaning
water.
Jehlum:
• 774 kilometres long and is the tributary of River Chenab. Jhelum originates
from the south-eastern part of Kashmir valley and flows through Srinagar
before entering Pakistan
• Joined with Neelum river near Muzaffarabad, Mangla Dam constructed on it
in 1967.
• Rasul Barrage is also built on Jhelum River as well as Trimmu Barrage.
Sutlej:
• Sutlej flows through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India
and Pakistan, 550km long.
• Sulemanki Headworks near Okara and Islam Barrage in Hasilpur constructed
on it.

• Chenab: The Chandra and Bhaga rivers in the upper Himalayas join to form
the Chenab River. Chenab flows through Jammu and Kashmir. It is then
joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu, 960km long. Marala Headworks
(Sialkot), Khanki Headworks (Gujranwala) and Qadirabad Headworks (Mandi
Bahaudin) constructed on it.
• River Ravi: It originates from Himalayas. River Ravi is nearly 720 km long.
Balloki Headworks (South-West of Lahore) & Sidhnai Headworks (Abdul
Hakeem, Pirmahal) are constructed on it.

80 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 • Indus:
Longest river in Pakistan, Total length is 3,180 km, it is also Pakistan's
lifeline. Indus River originates from the Tibetan plateau near Lake Mansarovar
in China. The Indus River fulfils the water requirements of Pakistan and is the
main support for agriculture. Taunsa, Guddu and Chashma barrages on Indus
River in Punjab.

10- Dams of Punjab:

• Kala Bagh Dam: construction of Kalabagh Dam is the biggest controversy in

Pakistan right now. Dhok Talian Dam (Chakwal) - Jawa Dam (Rawalpindi) -
Shahpur Dam (Attock)
11- Ports of Punjab:
• Dry ports can improve the movement of imports and exports.
• Faisalabad Dry Port  Lahore Dry Port  Multan Dry Port  Rawalpindi Dry
Port  Sialkot Dry Port
12- Atomic Power Plants:
• Chashma Nuclear Power Plant near Mianwali, (CHASHNUPP-I,
CHASHNUPP-II, CHASHNUPP-III and CHASHNUPP-IV) built these power
plants with the assistance of China. Kahuta Nuclear Power Plant.

81 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 13- Industrial Units:
• Industries are found in Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Multan and
Gujranwala.
• Sialkot is famous for Sports goods, Gujranwala is famous are electric
appliances and cutlery, Faisalabad is famous for Textile, Sheikhupura is
famous for rice, Multan is famous for carpets, arts and crafts.
14- Tourist Resorts:
• Lahore Fort, Badshahi Mosque, Katas Raj Temple, Darawar Fort, Noor Mahal,
Khewra Salt Mines, Rohtas Fort, Shalimar Garden, Murree, Taxila Museum,
Kallar Kahar, Soon Sakesar valley etc.

82 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 15- Deserts:
• Cholistan Desert
• Cholistan Desert covers the areas of Bahawalpur, Bhawalnagar and Rahimyar
Khan.
• Thal Desert:
The Thal Desert is located in Mianwali region of Pakistan between the Indus
and Jhelum rivers.

83 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Resources available in Sindh:
1-Coal:
 The Thar coalfield is located in Thar Desert, Tharparkar District of
Sindh province in Pakistan. The deposits - 16th-largest coal reserves in
the world, were discovered in 1991 by Geological Survey of Pakistan
(GSP) and the United States Agency for International Development
 Coal recoverable reserves in Sindh are 1.45 thousand Million Tonnes of
Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)  Coal production 2.33 (Mtoe) per year
 Use for electricity production, power generation. Steel and Iron
industries use for smelting.
 Other industries use coal for: Brick, Paper, Lime stone and cement.
2-Petroleum:
 Petroleum is crude form of oil which is the mixture of petrol, Diesel,
Mobil oil, Furnace Oil, and many other things when it is converted into
fraction.
 Extracting areas of Sindh:  Mirpur, Badin and Sanghar

84 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 3-Gypsum:
 Gypsum is a white coloured shining stone used in the production of
chemical fertilisers, cement, bleaching powder and plaster of
Paris. Extracting from Rohri, Jamshoro,Sanghar, Tharparkar.
4-Natural Gas:
 Oil and Gas Development Company Limited OGDCL's first success
was the small gas discovery at Sari Singh (Sindh, 1965), gas at Hundi
(Sindh, 1970), Rodho and Kothar (Sindh, 1973).
 Kandhkot Gas Field was discovered in 1959. Gas reserves also
discovered in Sujawal District, Sindh.
5-Calcium Carbonate:
 It is used in manufacturing cement, sugar and certain other materials. It
is also used for the preparation of white wash stone by burning it. Its
vast reservoirs are Dandot, Daudkhail, Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi.
6-Lime Stone:
 Limestone is very useful raw material for cement industry. Large
deposits are found in Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi. The annual
production of limestone is 9.9 thousand tons.
7-Deserts:
 Thar Desert spans an area of 175000 sq. km and covers large areas of
both Pakistan and India. It is the seventh largest desert on the planet and
the third largest in Asia.

8-Crops:
 Sindh produce cash crops, food crops as well as staple foods.
 Staple food that can be stored easily and eaten throughout the year.
Wheat and rice are the most usual examples, but bread is not a staple
food because it is a manufactured food.
 Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar
cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops.

85 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 9-Forests: Forestry in Sindh is well organized.
• Riverine forests are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh. These forests are
located along both the banks of River Indus in Thatta, Hyderabad, Dadu,
Larkana, Nawabshah, Khairpur, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Ghotki and Jacobabad
Districts.
• Mangrove forests grow near the mouths of large rivers where river deltas
provide lots of sediment (sand and mud). Roots are dipped in water and step is
outside the water. Lies on coastal areas.
• Rangelands forests are pasture lands to produce better cattle and dairy
products. Shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores.
• Irrigated Plantation are man-made forests and are in the shape of blocks of
tree plantations in the canal irrigated area.

86 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 10-Rivers and Barrages:
• Indus is main source of water for Sindh and Hub- Malir- Lyari Rivers are its
tributaries.
• Sukkur Barrage is the largest barrage of Pakistan, and constructed on Indus
river in 1923.
• Guddu barrage was completed in 1962, on Indus river.
• Kotri barrage was completed in 1955 on Indus river.
• Barrages control the water flow and floods.
11-Dams:
• Sindh becomes only province to have 50 functional small dams
• Darawat Dam (Jamshoro District), Chotiari Dam (Sanghar District), Nai Gaj
Dam (Kirthar Mountains) are three largest dams of Sindh.
12-Ports:
• Karachi Port and Muhammad Bin Qasim Port are the two famous ports of
Sindh.
13-Atomic Power Plants:
• Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) Unit 1
• KANUPP is Pakistan's first nuclear power plant, inaugurated on November 28,
1972 by Z.A. Bhutto, with a total gross capacity of 137 MW.
• Two new nuclear power plants, KANUPP-2 and KANUPP-3, are also under
construction at the site.
14-Industrial Units:
• Shipyard, Karachi Steel Mill, chemical industries, Pharmaceutical companies
(Abbot) and Automotive (Al-Ghazi Tractors, Honda – Toyota – Suzuki –
Nissan Motors).
15-Tourist Resorts & Lakes:
• Important tourist resorts are:
Gorakh Hill Station – Kot Diji Fort – Mohenjo Daro – Frere Hall – Keenjhar
Lake – Manchar Lake – Karoonjhar Mountain – Chotiari Dam – Faiz Mahal –
Mazar-e-Qu
16-Historical Monuments & Archaeological Site:
• Mohenjo Daro was one of the largest city of Indus valley civilization lasted
from 2600 to 1700 BC
• The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad (khairpur), about 25
miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan Desert.
• Makli Necropolis is one of the largest funerary sites in the world, near the city
of Thatta. Makli Necropolis features several large funerary monuments
belonging to royalty, Sufi saints, and esteemed scholars. The site was
inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981 as an "outstanding
87 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 testament" to Sindhi civilization between the 14th and 18th century
• Ranikot Fort is a historical fort near Jamshoro District. It is also known as
The Great Wall of Sindh and is believed to be the world's largest fort with a
circumference of approximately 32 kilometres. The fort's walls have been
compared to the Great Wall of China.

1- Coal:
• Iran ore is very important for the progress of a country. We have set up a steel
mill in Karachi with the cooperation of Russia. In Pakistan, iron is not of good
quality so it is imported to meet our needs. Iron obtained from Chitral, Karak,
Hangu and Nokundi is of good quality. Our iron fulfills only 16% of our
needs.
2-Gemstones:
• Pakistan has largest reserves of mineral ores and gemstones. In 1979,
Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan was established to develop the gemstones
sector in Pakistan.
• Pakistan's western and northern areas are home to three mountain ranges;
Hindukush, Himalaya, and Karakorum which are home to all the minerals
found in Pakistan. Some of the major mining areas along with their main
gemstone yields are mentioned below:
• Swat is famous for Emerald and Quartz. Dir and Mansehra is famous for the
production of Corundum and smoky quartz. Katlang Topaz extract from
Mardan. Kaghan and Naran valley hosted the huge resources of Ruby and
88 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Saphire.
3- Marble:
• It is a very beautiful stone of white or black colour. It is used in the floores or
walls of building to make them attractive and beautiful. A large quantity of
white and black marble is found in Swat and Noshera. 30 kinds of marble were
found in the KPK. Pakistan has approximately 300 billion tons of marble
reserve in KPK. Around 98 percent of these reserves are believed to be in
NWFP.
4- Gypsum:
• It is a bright stone of white colour. It is an important wealth of our country. It
is used in manufacturing cement, chemical fertilizer and plaster of Paris,
Sulphuric Acid and Ammonium Sulphate. Abundant of resources are found in
Kohat.
5-Chromite:
• chromite ores are being produced from Malakand and Kohistan areas of KPK.
It is a white metal which is used to make iron. It is also used in manufacturing
certain instruments, aero planes and colours. It is exported to get large amount
of foreign exchange.
6- Granite:
• PAKISTAN is estimated to have around 297bn tonnes of granite reserves,
mainly in the remote areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
7- Lime Stone:
• This is used for making cement and is also used in paper, soap and glass
industries. Limestone deposits are found in D.I. Khan, Nowshera, Abbottabad,
Mardan, Malkand, Charsadda, Kohat, Haripur, Lakki Marwat, Karak.
8- Crude Oil:
• Khyber Pakhtun-khwa Oil and Gas Company Limited (KPOGCL) with a joint
venture with National Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL)
have made a huge discovery of oil and gas in Kohat district. In Kohat, Baratai
Well has become a success with the discovery of massive Oil & Gas reserves.
The well was tested 700 barrel of crude oil.
9- Fruits & Crops: Terrace farming is usually to seen there.
• Kharif Season Fruits:
Water Melon – Apricot – Banana – Apple – Pear – Peaches – Walnut –
Almond – Grapes
• Rabi Season Fruits:
Citrus – Loquat – Banana – Mulbery
• Kharif Season Crops:
Cotton – Rice – Maize – Bajra - cereals
89 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 • Rabi Season crops:
Wheat – Tomato- Tobacco – Potato – Garlic - onion and Gram
10- Iron Ore:
• Iron ore is used for the manufacturing of steel and iron. The largest deposits of
iron ore are found in Kala Bagh. They are also found at Hazara district and
Chitral.
11- Forests:
• Alpine Forests (4000m to Snow line) found in Chitral, Dir, Shangla and
Kohistan. Due to the very cold climate above a height of 4000 metres, trees do
not grow properly. They are used as fuel wood only. Ushu Jungle, Swat.
• Coniferous Forests (1000-4000m) found in Abbotabad, Mansehra, Malakand,
and Dir & Chitral. They are conical in shape and have sloping branches which
prevent from snow accumulation, good breeding and conserving centers for
birds and wild life.
12- Rivers:
• Kabul, Swat, Kunar, Panjkora, Kurram, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob. All these
are the tributaries of Indus River.
13- Dams:
• Tarbela Dam is the largest Dam of KPK and Pakistan. Tarbela is constructed
on Indus River in 1976 while Warsak is constructed on Kabul river in 1960.
• Tarbela & Warsak dams were constructed for the purpose of generating
electricity & irrigated agricultural land. Other small dams are Khan Pur Dam,
Gomal Zam Dam, and Tanda dam
14- Moumtain & Lakes:
• Saif-ul-Maluk – Lulu Sar – Dudi Sar – Ansoo Lake – Katora Lake –
Mahodand Lake – Paye Lake – Payal Lake – Siiri Lake are the famous lakes
of Khyber Pakhtunkhawah.
• Hindu Kush mountain series is in Kpk. Mountain peaks are Tirch Mir, Malika
Parbat, Musa ka Mussala, Mullah ki Basti, Mushkpuri Top.
15- Tourist Resorts:
• Nathiya Galli – Malam Jabba – Swat valley – Kalash Valley – Kaghan valley
and Naran
16- Industrial Units:

90 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Textile – Paint - Chemical industries – Marble Industries – Cement Industries
and Fertilizers

1-Coal:
• Coal in Balochistan is found in 5 coal namely; (i) Mach (ii) Hamai, (iii)
Degari, (iv) Dukki (v) Ziarat –Chamalong. Total estimated reserves of all the
coal fields are 217 million tons.
• The 60 km-long Chamalang coal mines contain huge deposits of coal. “Nearly
200-250 trucks of coal leave daily for different parts of the country from
Chamalang mines.
2-Gold and Silver:
• Saindak gold mine is near a town called saindak in District Chaghi. Gold and
Silver deposits were discovered at saindak with the collaboration of a Chinese
engineering firm in 1970s. In 1995 production at saindak gold and silver mine
started with the funding of Government of Pakistan. In initial trial months,
monthly production rate was 6000 ounces of gold and 12000 ounces of silver.
• Some other surveys say that Reko Diq may have as much as nine million
ounce of gold. This gold mine of Baluchistan can produce 300,000 ounces of
gold per year.
3-Ports:
• Gawadar Port:
• Historically, it was purchased by the Pakistan in 1958 from Omani Sultanate at

91 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 the cost of US $3 million.
• Gawadar acts as an international trade hub for Pakistan. Gawadar port would
connect three regions, i.e. Central Asia, South Asia and Middle East.
• Asia, being the largest region has many landlocked countries and their access
to sea via their own land route is very costly. Such countries look out for
shortest routes for the purpose of international trade. China is an example
whose western part is thousand kilometers away from its Eastern seaports.
Through Pakistan-China Economic Corridor (CPEC), China would benefit
from the nearest Gwadar port. Kashgar is 4500 Km while Gwadar is 2800 km
from the Port of Shangai. The port would provide China an access to
Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics (CARs).
• Total CPEC projects cost has gone up to $62 billion
• Jiwani – Pasni and Ormara are the other one ports of Balochistan.
4-Dams & Lakes
• Major operational dams are Hub Dam on Hub river, Mirani Dam on Dasht
river, Sabakzai Dam on Zhob river.
5-Natural Gas
• Natural gas is an important discovery. We meet 35% of our need of energy
from this gas. This gas is brought in Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala,
Sialkot, Peshawar and other cities by means of pipelines. This gas is used in
Industries and also in our homes as fuel. Fine type of fertilizer is prepared in
Multan by using this gas. This gas is also used in manufacturing Rayon thread
and Chemical materials.
• Places
• Reservoirs of natural gas are in Sui, Uch, Zin, Kherpur, Muzrani, Hindi,
Kundkot, Sarung, Dhodak, Peerkoh and Dhullian.
6-Sulphur
• Sulphur deposits are available at Koh-e-Sultan in District Chaghi. Three main
deposits are clustered around the Koh-e-Sultan. The Chief use of Sulphur is
the manufacturing of Sulphuric acid etc.
7-Forests
• Junipur forest is spread around mountainous area of Ziarat and Mount
Zarghoon. In 1977, UNESCO declared it biosphere reserve. The age of old
trees is 5000 to 7000 years for which they are called living fossils. This forest
is also a world heritage site. Trees of this forest are also included in oldest
living trees on the earth. Many endangered species like
suleiman markhor, urial, black bear and wolf, as well as migratory birds and
animals are also found here.  Besides this, Mangrove and coniferous forests
are also found in Balochistan.
92 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 8-Historical Passes: Three main passes of Baluchistan are
• Bolan Pass: It connects Sibi with Quetta both by road and railway.
• Gomal Pass: connects Pakistan with Afghanistan through South Waziristan.
• Khojak Pass: connects Qila Abdullah with Chaman in the province of
Baluchistan
9-Copper:
• Copper is needed for the manufacturing of electrical goods especially electric
wires. In past it was only used in making coins and utensils Rich reserves of
copper are found in Saindak and Chaghi district in Baluchistan.
10-Chromite:
• It is a white metal which is used to make iron. It is also used in manufacturing
certain instruments, aero planes and colours. It is also used in the art of
photography. It is exported to get large amount of foreign exchange.
• In Balochistan also found Chromites, used as alloying elements in variety
stainless steels which are also suitable for surgical . Reservoirs are found in
Chaghi and Kharan.
11-Crops & Fruits:
• Balochistan called Fruit-Basket of Pakistan.
• Baluchistan produces nearly one million tons of fruits annually with 90 per
cent of grapes,cherry, almonds; peach, pomegranate, apricot; apples,
and dates.
• Food crops, wheat, rice, bajra, barley jowar and maize are the major crops of
Baluchistan.
12-Industrial Units:
• Stone Crushing Units – Cement Industry - Fiber Boat Manufacturing Unit -
Sea Food Processing Plants - Tin/Can Manufacturing Units - Vehicle Auto
Parts Unit

93 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 13-Iron ore
• Several deposits of iron ore have been found in Chagai district of Balochistan.
Most of these are fairly rich in iron but small in size. Notable deposits of iron
ore occur at Pachin Koh, Chigendik and Chilgazi in Chagai district and
Dilband area of Kalat district. Total estimated iron ore reserves are about 273
million tons.
14-Marble
• It is a very beautiful stone of white or black colour. It is used in the floores or
walls of building to make them attractive and beautiful.
• In district Chaghi found Large Marble deposits. Some deposits are located
namely Siah-Chang, Maskichah, Patkok,, Jhulli, Zeh, and Buttak close to Pak-
Afghan border areas. Good quality of Marble is found in chaghi, Lasbela ,
Khuzdar and Bolan districts.
The annual production of marble is 586.6 thousand tonnes.

94 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 15-Rivers
• Dasht – Hub – Zhob- Hingol – Mula – Bolan – Nari are the famous rivers of
Balochistan.
16-Tourist Resorts:
• Pir Ghayb (Invisible Saint) waterfall, Bolan Balochistan
• Moola Chotok, Khuzdar
• Quaid-e-Azam residency, Ziarat
• Hannah Jheel, Quetta
• Waadi-e-Bolan
• Hingol National Park
• Kund Malir Beach
• Astola Island
• Jhal Magsi Desert

95 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
96 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
97 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
98 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Health Care System in Pakistan
Definitions & Concepts:
• The World Health Organization defines a health system as “all the activities whose primary
purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health.
• A health system consists of all the organizations, institutions, resources and people whose
primary purpose is to improve the health.
• Pakistani health care system is in progress and since last year, Pakistan has tried to make
much improvement in its health care delivery system and has brought out many reforms.
• Healthcare system of Pakistan consists of private and public sector. The private sector
serves nearly 70% of population and 30% by public sector.
• As per Pakistan constitution provision of health is responsibility of provincial governments
except in federally administered areas.
• Under 18th amendment Ministry of Health was devolved to the provinces by Federal
Government on June 30, 2011. Although re-installed again in April 2013, but most of the
programs and responsibilities of Health Ministry are transferred to provincial health
departments.
• There is little strength in health care delivery system in Pakistan like making health
policies, participating in Millennium Development Goals program, initiating vertical
programs and introducing Public Private Partnership, improving human resource
development and infrastructure by making Basic Health Unit and Rural Health Centers.
However, these all programs are very limited in its scope and that is the reason that
Pakistan’s healthcare system is still not very efficient.
• There are numerous weaknesses like poor governance, lack of access and unequal
resources, poor quality of Health Information Management System, corruption in health
system, lack of monitoring in health policy and health planning and lack of trained staff.

99 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Components of Health Care System

 Leadership and Governance

 Health Information systems
 Health Financing
 Logistics and
Technology
 Human Resource for Health
 Service delivery

Composition of Health Care System

• Health care system is primarily the responsibility of provincial government
• Each provincial government has department of health, which also regulate
private health care providers
• Survey 2005-06 indicates that 67.4% households in Pakistan consult health
providers in private sector when they have health problem
• Other providers are: hakim, homeopathics, pharmaceutical, Tabibs
• Government sector is low cost. Outpatient department have no consultant fee
but patient has to pay for medicine.

100 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
101 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Healthcare system of Pakistan

• 1- Primary Healthcare 2- Secondary Healthcare 3- Tertiary Healthcare

102 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 1- Primary Healthcare

 This is first level of Healthcare, where patients have their initial interaction with
system and it provides curative and preventive Healthcare Services.

 1.1 Basic Health Units & Rural Health Centers:

 Basic Health Units (BHUs) are located at Union Council level and serves catchment
population of up to 25,000.

 Basic Health Units:

 It is the first level of health care considered to be necessary to maintain

adequate health and protection from disease. Typically, each Union Council has a
BHU which has 2 beds and serves a catchment population of about 10,000 to 25,000.

2- Basic Health Units (BHU)

103 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 • Preventive curative and referral services are provided. Maternal and child
health (MCH) services are also part of services packages provided at Basic
Health Units. Maternal and child health services are the foremost priorities of
community health programs.

3- Goals of Maternal and Child Health (MCH):

• To ensure the birth of a healthy infant to every expectant mother.

• To promote the healthy Growth and Development of children.

• To identify health problems in mother and children.

• To prevent malnutrition in mothers and children.

104 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Maternal and Child Health Centers

• BHUs also provide clinical, logistical and managerial support to Lady Health
Workers.

• THE LADY HEALTH WORKER PROGRAMME:

• In 1994, Pakistan’s MOH implemented the Lady Health Worker Program

(LHWP) as part of a national strategy to reduce poverty and improve health by
bringing health services to the doorsteps of underserved communities.

• LHWs are each responsible for approximately 1,000 people within a

catchment area of 200 houses. They work directly out of their homes, which
are commonly called “health houses.”

105 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 LADY HEALTH WORKERS PROGRAMS

106 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 • LHWs visit households to increase awareness on reproductive health and
nutrition, facilitate registration of Births and Deaths, distribute medication for
family planning and immunize children according to the National Schedule.

• Rural Health Centers (RHCs):

• Rural Health Centers (RHCs) have 10-20 inpatient beds and serves catchment
population of up to 100,000 people. Here provided promotive, preventive,
curative, diagnostics and referrals along with inpatient services. Also provide
clinical, logistical and managerial support to BHUs, LHWs and MCH Centers
and Dispensaries that fall within its geographical limits.

• RHC also provides basic surgical, dental and ambulance services.

107 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Rural Health Centers

108 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
2. Secondary Healthcare
• It is an intermediate level of Healthcare that is concerned with
provision of technical, therapeutic and diagnostic services. It is first
referral level serving at district and tehsil. Specialist consultation and
hospital admissions fall into this category.

Tehsil Head Quarters & District Head Quarters:

• Tehsil Head Quarters (THQs) serve a population of 0.5 to 1 Million
peoples. Most of THQs have 40-60 beds. THQs are supposed to
provide basic and comprehensive Emergency, Obstetrics and
newborn care. Provide referral care to those referred by RHCs, BHU
and Lady Health Workers.

109 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 • District Head Quarters (DHQs) are located at district level and serves 1-3
million population. DHQs provide promotive, preventive, curative,
diagnostics, inpatient and referral services. All DHQs provide referral care to
patients referred by BHUs, RHCs and Tehsil Head Quarters.

• Secondary care includes treatment for a short period of time for a brief but
serious illness, injury or other health condition, such as in a hospital
emergency department. It also includes childbirth, intensive care, and medical
imaging services.

• District Health system and County Health system is the category for this.

• (a) District Health system : This system focus on child health and
maternity care, emergency services, neonatal care, and
comprehensive emergency obstetric etc and is remain open for 24
hours every day.

• (b) County Health system: Into this system, hospitals receive

referrals from the District & community health systems. County
hospital provides gynecologic services, general medicine, obstetrics,
general surgery etc and is remain open for 24 hours every day.

110 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
111 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Pakistan: an overview Health Indices
• Maternal Mortality rate: 170/100,000 live births
• Neonatal mortality rate: 42/1000 live births
• Infant Mortality rate: 62/1000 live births

3. Tertiary Healthcare
• Tertiary Healthcare hospitals are for more specialized inpatient care.
Specialized Healthcare services usually for inpatients and on
referrals from primary or secondary health professionals.
• Tertiary care is specialized consultative health care, usually
for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health
professional, in a facility that has personnel and facilities for
advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary
referral hospital.
• Examples of tertiary care services
are cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, plastic
surgery, treatment for severe burns, advanced neonatology services,
and other complex medical and surgical interventions.
• some problems which fall in tertiary care are
• Head and neck oncology
• Perinatology (high-risk pregnancies)
• Neonatology (high-risk newborn care)
• PET scans (Positron emission tomography)
• Organ transplantation
• Trauma surgery
• High-dose chemotherapy for cancer cases
• Growth and puberty disorders
• Neurology and neurosurgery

112 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
113 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
114 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
115 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
116 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Weaknesses in Health Policies of Pakistan

• Health Policies mainly focus on curative Healthcare such as

increasing number of health facilities, laboratories, ambulances and
modern equipment’s without assessment of how health professionals
will use them, who are not trained for modern technology.
• While formulating the policies, insight is taken from success stories
of developed countries without considering ground realities,
religious, cultural values, social dimension and paying less attention
to economic differences.
• All vertical programs are implemented at primary Healthcare
facilities but are administered and run by Federal Government. This
creates disharmony at BHU and district level because they are not
117 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 involved in planning of programs.
• Monitoring and evaluation is another gap in health policies.
• Because of poor infrastructure of the BHU’s and RHC’s, majority of
people are not willing to access healthcare services provided by the
public health system and as a result of this, rural people are diverted
to the tertiary care hospitals.
Recommendations

• It would be highly beneficial, if policy making is decentralized and

delegated to districts, because they can adopt better and realistic
approach for the problems they encounter on daily basis.
• Improve the utilization of health facilities.
• Better monitoring and evaluation tools should be constructed to get
valuable and unbiased feedback to policy makers and implementers.
• Improve the nutrition status of mothers and children.
• Achieve public - private sector partnership for the provision of
health care to masses.
• Other key measures can be taken to improve Healthcare sector of
Pakistan; control population growth, increase literacy rate, increase
health budget, control corruption in public health projects,
regionalization of Healthcare services, and promote health
education, proper check on quackery and exchange of human
resource and knowledge with developed countries.

118 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
Education System of Pakistan: Issues, Problems and Solutions

Introduction:

It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all
children between the ages of 5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional
amendment the concurrent list which comprised of 47 subjects was abolished and these subjects,
including education, were transferred to federating units as a move towards provincial autonomy.

The year 2015 is important in the context that it marks the deadline for the participants of Dakar
declaration (Education For All [EFA] commitment) including Pakistan. Education related statistics
coupled with Pakistan’s progress regarding education targets set in Vision 2030 and Pakistan’s
lagging behind in achieving EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for
education call for an analysis of the education system of Pakistan and to look into the issues and
problems it is facing so that workable solutions could be recommended.

What is Education System?

The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in delivering formal education
(public and private, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties,
students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules. In a broader definition the system also
includes the institutions that are directly involved in financing, managing, operating or regulating
such institutions (like government ministries and regulatory bodies, central testing organizations,
textbook boards and accreditation boards). The rules and regulations that guide the individual and
institutional interactions within the set up are also part of the education system.

Education system of Pakistan:

The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions and is facilitating

41,018,384 students with the help of 1,535,461 teachers. The system includes 180,846 public
institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Hence 31% educational institutes are run by private
sector while 69% are public institutes.

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Analysis of education system in Pakistan:

Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promote education and literacy in the country by
education policies at domestic level and getting involved into international commitments on
education. In this regard national education policies are the visions which suggest strategies to
increase literacy rate, capacity building, and enhance facilities in the schools and educational
institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of Pakistan for the promotion of
literacy.

A review of the education system of Pakistan suggests that there has been little change in
Pakistan’s schools since 2010, when the 18th Amendment enshrined education as a fundamental
human right in the constitution. Problems of access, quality, infrastructure and inequality of
opportunity, remain endemic.

Issues:

A) MDGs and Pakistan

Due to the problems in education system of Pakistan, the country is lagging behind in achieving its
MDGs of education. The MDGs have laid down two goals for education sector:

Goal 2: The goal 2 of MDGs is to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) and by 2015,
children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling. By the year 2014 the enrolment statistics show an increase in the enrolment of students
of the age of 3-16 year while dropout rate decreased. But the need for increasing enrolment of
students remains high to achieve MDGs target. Punjab is leading province wise in net primary
enrolment rate with 62% enrolment. The enrolment rate in Sindh province is 52%, in Khyber
Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) 54% and primary enrolment rate in Balochistan is 45%.

Goal 3: The goal 3 of MDGs is Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment. It is aimed
at eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels of
education not later than 2015. There is a stark disparity between male and female literacy rates.
The national literacy rate of male was 71% while that of female was 48% in 2012-13. Provinces
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reported the same gender disparity. Punjab literacy rate in male was 71% and for females it was
54%. In Sindh literacy rate in male was 72% and female 47%, in KPK male 70% and females 35%,
while in Balochistan male 62% and female 23%.

B) Education for All (EFA) Commitment

The EFA goals focus on early childhood care and education including pre-schooling, universal
primary education and secondary education to youth, adult literacy with gender parity and quality
of education as crosscutting thematic and programme priorities.

EFA Review Report October 2014 outlines that despite repeated policy commitments, primary
education in Pakistan is lagging behind in achieving its target of universal primary education.
Currently the primary gross enrolment rate stands at 85.9% while Pakistan requires increasing it up
to 100% by 2015-16 to fulfil EFA goals. Of the estimated total primary school going 21.4 million
children of ages 5-9 years, 68.5% are enrolled in schools, of which 8.2 million or 56% are boys and
6.5 million or 44% are girls. Economic Survey of Pakistan confirms that during the year 2013-14
literacy remained much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and higher among males.

C) Vision 2030

Vision 2030 of Planning Commission of Pakistan looks for an academic environment which
promotes the thinking mind. The goal under Vision 2030 is one curriculum and one national
examination system under state responsibility. The strategies charted out to achieve the goal
included:

(i) Increasing public expenditure on education and skills generation from 2.7% of GDP
to 5% by 2010 and 7% by 2015.

(ii) Re-introduce the technical and vocational stream in the last two years of secondary
schools.

(iii) Gradually increase vocational and technical education numbers to 25-30% of all
secondary enrolment by 2015 and 50 per cent by 2030.

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(iv) Enhance the scale and quality of education in general and the scale and quality of
scientific/technical education in Pakistan in particular.

Problems: The issues lead to the comprehension of the problems which are faced in the
development of education system and promotion of literacy. The study outlines seven major
problems such as:

1) Lack of Proper Planning: Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA goals. However it
seems that it will not be able to achieve these international commitments because of financial
management issues and constraints to achieve the MDGs and EFA goals.

2) Social constraints: It is important to realize that the problems which hinder the provision of
education are not just due to issues of management by government but some of them are deeply
rooted in the social and cultural orientation of the people. Overcoming the latter is difficult and
would require a change in attitude of the people, until then universal primary education is difficult
to achieve.

3) Gender gap: Major factors that hinder enrolment rates of girls include poverty, cultural
constraints, illiteracy of parents and parental concerns about safety and mobility of their daughters.
Society’s emphasis on girl’s modesty, protection and early marriages may limit family’s
willingness to send them to school. Enrolment of rural girls is 45% lower than that of urban girls;
while for boys the difference is 10% only, showing that gender gap is an important factor.

4) Cost of education: The economic cost is higher in private schools, but these are located in
richer settlements only. The paradox is that private schools are better but not everywhere and
government schools ensure equitable access but do not provide quality education.

5) War on Terror: Pakistan’s engagement in war against terrorism also affected the promotion
of literacy campaign. The militants targeted schools and students; several educational institutions
were blown up, teachers and students were killed in Balochistan, KPK and FATA. This may have
to contribute not as much as other factors, but this remains an important factor.

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6) Funds for Education: Pakistan spends 2.4% GDP on education. At national level, 89%
education expenditure comprises of current expenses such as teachers’ salaries, while only 11%
comprises of development expenditure which is not sufficient to raise quality of education.

7) Technical Education: Sufficient attention has not been paid to the technical and vocational
education in Pakistan. The number of technical and vocational training institutes is not sufficient
and many are deprived of infrastructure, teachers and tools for training. The population of a state is
one of the main elements of its national power. It can become an asset once it is skilled. Unskilled
population means more jobless people in the country, which affects the national development
negatively. Therefore, technical education needs priority handling by the government.

Poverty, law and order situation, natural disasters, budgetary constraints, lack of access, poor
quality, equity, and governance have also contributed in less enrolments.

An analysis of the issues and problems suggest that:

The official data shows the allocation of funds for educational projects but there is no mechanism
which ensures the proper expenditure of those funds on education.

 The existing infrastructure is not being properly utilized in several parts of the country.
 There are various challenges that include expertise, institutional and capacity issues, forging
national cohesion, uniform standards for textbook development, and quality assurance.
 The faculty hiring process is historically known to be politicized. It is because of this that the
quality of teaching suffers and even more so when low investments are made in teachers’
training. As a result teachers are not regular and their time at school is not as productive as it
would be with a well-trained teacher.
 Inside schools there are challenges which include shortage of teachers, teacher absenteeism,
missing basic facilities and lack of friendly environment.
 Out of school challenges include shortage of schools, distance – especially for females,
insecurity, poverty, cultural norms, parents are reluctant or parents lack awareness.

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Solutions:

There is a need for implementation of national education policy and vision 2030 education
goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level there are several admirable
ideas, but practically there are some shortcomings also.

It may not be possible for the government at the moment to implement uniform education system
in the country, but a uniform curriculum can be introduced in educational institutes of the country.
This will provide equal opportunity to the students of rural areas to compete with students of urban
areas in the job market.

Since majority of Pakistani population resides in rural areas and the access to education is a major
problem for them, it seems feasible that a balanced approach for formal and informal education be
adopted. Government as well as non-government sector should work together to promote education
in rural areas.

The government should take measures to get school buildings vacated which are occupied by
feudal lords of Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab. Efforts should be made to ensure that proper
education is provided in those schools.

The federal government is paying attention to the vocational and technical training, but it is
important to make the already existing vocational and technical training centres more efficient so
that skilled youth could be produced.

Recommendations

 Technical education should be made a part of secondary education. Classes for carpentry,
electrical, and other technical education must be included in the curriculum.
 Providing economic incentives to the students may encourage the parents to send their children
to school and may help in reducing the dropout ratio.
 Local government system is helpful in promoting education and literacy in the country. In local
government system the funds for education would be spent on a need basis by the locality.

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 Corruption in education departments is one of the factors for the poor literacy in the country. An
effective monitoring system is needed in education departments.
 For any system to work it is imperative that relevant structures are developed. Legislation and
structure should be framed to plan for the promotion of education in the country. After the
18th amendment the education has become a provincial subject, therefore, the provinces should
form legislations and design educational policies which ensure quality education.
 Unemployment of educated men and women is a major concern for Pakistan. There should be
career counselling of the pupils in schools so that they have an understanding of job market and
they can develop their skills accordingly.
 Counselling of parents is required, so that they can choose a career for their child which is
market friendly.

Conclusion:

The reforms required in the education system of Pakistan cannot be done by the government alone,
public-private participation and a mix of formal as well as non-formal education can pull out
majority of country’s population from illiteracy. Similarly, to make the youth of the country an
asset, attention should also be paid to vocational and technical training.

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 Current Problems faced by Pakistan
 Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established in 1947, a country of 170 million people,
full of natural resources and more than 60 years of independence but still not respected
in the world community. In less than 30 years of independence, it’s one wing gets
separated (Bangladesh). Remaining part till today is living on IMF, World Bank and
foreign donations. Majority of the population is living in rural areas without basic
necessities of life. It is a country where financial gap between rich and poor is
widening day by day. From the last 10 years, extremism is increasing.
 Almost every kind of problem exists in Pakistan, including electricity load-shedding,
bad economy, less educational facilities, less hospitals, inflation and no pure water in
many parts. These problems exist in Pakistan right from its independence. Despite it
being rich on raw resources thus far Pakistan is a developing country with limited
development in every era due to the problems it faces. In the following text we will
shed some light on some of the major problems faced by Pakistan today.

Current Problems of Pakistan

 Poverty
 Illiteracy
 Energy Crisis
 Corruption & Political Instability
 Refugees
 Terrorism
 Health Issues
 Education
 Population Explosion
 Food Security
 Diseases Outbreak
 Natural Disasters
 Nuclear War Threats
 Weak Foreign Policy
 Child Labour , Forced Labour, Bounded Labour
 Smuggling

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 Poverty
 Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial
resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.
 The World Bank's poverty definition says, "A person is considered poor if his or her
income level fall below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs.” It
sets this minimum level, or international poverty line, as living on less than $1.90 a
day.
 2 TYPES OF POVERTY:
 Absolute Poverty: Lack of Basic Human needs, Like clean water, nutrition, health,
care, education, clothing and shelter.
 Relative Poverty: The condition of having fewer resources or lesser income as
compared to others, within a society or a country, or as compared to worldwide
averages.
 Report Of UNDP:
According to a UNDP report, 65.5 percent population of Pakistan earns less than 2$
per day.
 SPDC (Social Policy Development Centre) Report:
According to the SPDC, 88 percent of Baluchistan’s population, 51 percent of KPK,
21 percent of Sindh and 25 percent of Punjab’s population is prey to poverty and
deprivation.
 Asian Development Bank Report: According to the ADB report, poverty is
spreading in Pakistan due to the rising population, Pakistan’s internal situation,
agriculture backwardness, unequal income distribution, defiance expenditure, and
increase in utility charges.
 Causes of Poverty in Pakistan: Government Policies, Education, overpopulation,
unemployment, Poor Governance, Corruption, Large scale Import, Law and Order,
Fluctuated Foreign Investment, Privatization, Political Instability.
 What is Poverty Line?
 Poverty line is the level of income to meet the minimum living conditions. Poverty
line is the amount of money needed for a person to meet his basic needs.
 Any person who earns below the 2 US Dollar (exchange the ratio in rupees) in
Pakistan is called below the poverty line.
 60 million Pakistanis are living below the poverty line, posing a challenge for the
ruling party. New poverty line makes a third of Pakistanis is poor.

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ILLITERACY
 Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.
According to this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate.
This education rate is the least in South Asia. Which means half of its population is
illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this rate
is expected to increase in future.
 Causes of Illiteracy:
 Poor Education System  Learning Disabilities  Lack of schools in Rural Areas 
Poor Education System  Corruption  Non-Seriousness of the Govt. towards
Education  Low Budget of Education  Wadera System.
 The government has to take bold step to improve the literacy rate especially in
Balochistan that has been neglected by the previous governments.

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Energy Crises:
 Energy Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenge the country is facing today.
Electricity, gas, water , fuel is essential part of our daily life and its outage has
severely affected the economy and overall living of people. Energy has become an
important requirement for the economic development of a country. It plays a pivotal
role in the socio-economic development of any country.
 Pakistan is facing power shortage, natural crisis and oil crisis. In a report it is
claimed that Pakistan has faced 1000 to 2000 MW shortage of power. And it will
likely face 3000MW next year. Pakistan is facing 80 millions tons of oil shortage
according to it's need. And is lacking behind the needs of natural gas at about 27
million ton of energy in current year and this ratio will rise in upcoming years.
 For years, the matter of balancing Pakistan’s supply against the demand for
electricity has remained a largely unresolved matter.

Corruption and Political Instability:

 Political Instability is used to describe political disorder or disturbance with in a
certain country. Political Instability hinders economic growth within a country.
 Corruption and political instability is the major problem of Pakistan today. It is
interesting to note that due to the international interfering and skill full manner the
very same people that we label as corrupt just some time ago, responsibility and
blame, come back to govern us after a couple of years again and people welcome
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 them with open arms. This is possibly also the main reason why the political process
in Pakistan is not let to flourish physically.
 Political Instability in Pakistan:
 System of conflicts since Independence  American Influence  Role of
Opposition
 Role of Media  Bureaucracy’s role in bringing democracy to its Knees
 The National Anti Corruption Strategy (NACS) has defined corruption as:
“A behavior on the part of office holders in the public or private sector whereby they
improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or convince others to do so, by
misusing the position in which they are placed”.
 Pakistan is the 117 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2018
Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International.
 Most Effected Sectors by Corruption:
 Police and Law enforcement  Judiciary and legal profession  Power Sector
 Tax and Customs  Health and Education  Land
Administration

Refugees:
 A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of
persecution, war or violence. Refugees are people who have fled war,
violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find
safety in another country.
 Pakistan continues to host 1.4 million registered Afghan refugees, who are holding
Proof of Registration (PoR) cards, according to the UN High Commission for
Refugees (UNHCR). Around 4.4 million Afghan refugees have returned to
Afghanistan under the UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation program since
2002.

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  The PoR card allows Afghan refugees the right to temporary legal stay in Pakistan.
 Pakistan has extended the stay of the refugees until June this year.
 As the year 2019 marks the 40 years of the Afghan displacement, they consider as a
burden on the national economy. world is not ready to share its burden.
 “While voluntary repatriation is a preferred solution for the majority of Afghan
refugees, it needs to be well-informed, voluntary, safe and dignified,” said UNHCR
Representative in Pakistan Ruvendrini Menikdiwela.

Terrorism
 Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in
recent years. The whole world looks at Pakistan, as a land of terrorists. Main reason
being an exploitation through the religious leaders and reaction of the military
operations both internally as well as externally.
 The post-9/11 War on Terrorism in Pakistan has had two principal elements: the
government’s battle with jihad groups banned after the attacks in New York, and the
U.S. pursuit of Al-Qaeda, usually (but not always) in co-operation with Pakistani
forces.
 In 2004, the Pakistani army launched a pursuit of Al-Qaeda members in the
mountainous area of Waziristan on the Afghan border, although skeptics question
the sincerity of this pursuit. Clashes there erupted into a low-level conflict with
Islamic militants and local tribesmen, sparking the Waziristan War. A short-lived
truce known as the Waziristan accord was brokered in September 2006, which
indicated Pakistan’s reluctance to fight Islamic militia. Terrorist attacks staged in
Pakistan have killed over 35,000 people, 5,000 of which are law enforcement
personnel, and caused material damage to the Pakistani economy totalling $67
billion.

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 Health Issues

 Pakistan is facing a health crisis with rising rates of heart disease, diabetes, obesity,
and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affect poor
families, with possible side effects of disability and premature death, and worsening
poverty as people pay for medical treatment out of their own pockets.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 4 million cases of diarrhea,
pneumonia, malaria, and skin conditions that had largely resulted from the flood
conditions. Cholera outbreaks have also been reported from flood-affected areas.
From Oct. 15 to 22, WHO reported about 258,000 consultations for pneumonia,
diarrhea, and suspected malaria. Furthermore, dreaded diseases such as dengue and
Crimean Congo fevers have been reported from the field, along with measles and
tetanus.

Education
 Although urban areas have higher student enrollment and better learning outcomes,
close to 10 percent of all children in Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar remain out
of school.
 Like healthcare, better education in cities is explained by the private sector. From
2001 to 2014, the share of primary enrollment in urban private schools rose
from 25 percent to 40 percent.
 Moreover, there seems to be an inverse relationship between public schooling and
city size. In small cities, approximately 35 percent of all children aged five to nine
are enrolled in government schools.
 Continued preference for private schools reflects the low quality of government
schools in urban centers. While all private schools have basic facilities (drinkable
water and toilets), they are missing in around 12 percent of government schools in
Lahore.
 The absence of educational and health facilities in smaller cities pushes people
towards big cities, where service delivery becomes increasingly tense as the urban
population grows.


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Population Explosion
 “RISING POPULATION TRIGGERS MANY OTHER CRISES, INCLUDING
FOOD SHORTAGES, ENERGY AND RESOURCES CRISES, AND DISEASE
OUTBREAKS.”
 An average Pakistani woman gives birth to five children, thanks to a preference for
large families and a particular desire for sons. Because of high birthrates and
increasing life expectancy, Pakistan has one of the highest population growth rates in
the world and is expected to become the fourth-most-populous country by 2050.
Rising population triggers many other crises, including food shortages, energy and
resources crises, and disease outbreaks.

Food Security
 Nearly 75% of Pakistan’s population resides in rural areas, where agriculture is the
way of life. Unfortunately, Pakistan has not developed its food security policy at the
national level. The agricultural sector has slowed by 2.7% from 2000 to 2010, and
the country now struggles to provide its people with a sufficient amount of food.
Due to an inadequate food supply, many Pakistanis face the problem of malnutrition.
Unmanaged slaughtering of animals, unregulated livestock smuggling to
neighboring countries, and a shortage of livestock feed make it impossible for the
poor population to access beef and other meat. Approximately 17,000 acres are
deforested every year, causing the lessening of wild resources from the forest.
 The main factors involved in decreased food production are overpopulation, water
shortage, energy deficiency, poor soil, and natural disasters. Most of the soil in
Pakistan is deficient in macro- and micronutrients. Salinity and waterlogging add to
the problem.
 More than 70% of Pakistan is arid and semiarid regions, where rainfall is insufficient
for irrigation of crops; most rainwater is lost due to rapid evaporation and surface
runoff, while floods and droughts cause further damage. Rapid urbanization also
contributes to food shortages, as fewer people are now available to work on farms in
rural areas. Meanwhile, with almost no technology inputs in many parts of the
country, traditional farming cannot meet the increasing demand for food.

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Disease Outbreaks
 Pakistan’s rapid urbanization is creating numerous problems, the most threatening of
which is disease outbreaks. Water sources in and near big cities are at risk due to
waste water mismanagement. In Pakistan, wastewater use in agriculture carries a
wide risk of diseases. Food-borne diseases are also a concern, and natural calamities
such as frequent floods add more severity to the outbreaks. One study of southern
Punjab, Pakistan’s most populous province, found that diarrhea related diseases were
common among farmers working in farms fed by wastewater. Other diseases run
widespread: Several types of hepatitis are very common. Due to political propaganda
and misinformation, the fight against polio is much tougher.
 HIV is on the rise. And typhoid, malaria, and tuberculosis are still uncontrolled.
Currently, the most serious disease outbreaks are dengue fever and Crimean-Congo
fever.
 Dengue fever is mostly found in the eastern part of the country, while Crimean
Congo fever is mostly found in the west. From 2005 to 2006, more than 3,640
patients were found to have Dengue fever symptoms.

Natural Disasters
 Mother Nature seems unhappy with Pakistan, which faces severe crises with
continued floods, earthquakes, drought, and global warming. Despite heavy
investment in irrigation, Pakistan is vulnerable to continuous floods. Due to climate
change, the intensity of floods in the Himalayan rivers has increased in the past 20 to
30 years. Human intervention in Pakistan has worsened scenarios by building
unnecessary embankments and improperly using land. The Indus flood of 2010 was
one of the greatest disasters in the history of mankind, affecting more than 14
million people and killing nearly 2,000, with approximately US$9.5 million worth of
losses to business, agriculture, and other parts
of the economy. According to the UN, the humanitarian crisis caused by the flood
was even greater than Japan’s 2011 tsunami and the disastrous Earthquakes.

Nuclear War Threats

 Pakistan is of great geostrategic importance. India and Pakistan have fought three
major wars and many small military conflicts. The warrior minds are visible as both
sides spread the hate and push for war at all times. It may be that they simply do not
fully understand the consequences of a war between two countries. The outcomes
will not be regional; they will bring global suffering.

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  India is a big country with superiority in conventional weapons and instruments of
war. However, Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal compensates for this disparity. Each
country has more than 100 nuclear warheads at its disposal. A nuclear war between
the two countries could kill more than 20 million people in the region, while a
nuclear winter caused by the generation of smoke could cripple agriculture of the
whole world.

Weak Foreign Policy

 In recent months Pakistan’s foreign policy has been in confusion and disarray,
resulting in the deterioration of relations with its immediate neighbors — India,
Afghanistan, and Iran — as well as the United States. This is all due to a lack of
consensus between the civilian leadership and security establishment over the nature
of Pakistan’s relations with the external world, and consequently the absence of
well-thought out and robust foreign policy choices.
 Government, Opposition and Military are not on a same page. They have
controversies.
 Take the example of the divergent opinions hold by the two camps on forging
relations with arch-rival India. The civilians, who are assumed to be proponents of
peace, advocate for greater cooperation with Delhi.
 They have called for giving India rail and road access to Afghanistan and Central
Asia through the city of Lahore, in addition to cooperating with India on regional
projects like the Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC). Such moves, they believe, will bridge the trust and ease tensions between
the two neighbors, thus paving the way for peace and prosperity in the South Asian
region.
 On the contrary, military are of the view that Delhi is conspiring a grand strategy to
undermine Pakistan and establish hegemony in the region. Delhi’s offers to Kabul
and Tehran, like the development of Iran’s Chabahar port and India’s strategic
partnership with Afghanistan. Therefore, military leaders assume, it is necessary to
keep India at bay if Pakistan’s sovereignty and strategic interests are to be protected.

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Child Labour, Forced Labour, Bonded
Labour
 Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and
that is harmful to physical and mental development.
 The full-time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age. In
Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million. Poverty is the greatest cause
behind it.
 It is due to psychologically, socially and materialistic pressure in the rural areas of
Pakistan.
 It usually have a great affect on the health of a child and his personal development.
 Forced Labour:
 Forced labour is any work or service which people are forced to do against their will,
under threat of punishment. Almost all slavery practices contain some element
of forced labour.
 Causes:
 30% of our country’s total population is leading life below the poverty-line, in which
the people are deprived from the basic necessities of life like clothing, shelter, food
education and medication, the children of these people will be forced to become
Labourers' or workers in order to survive.
 A large family size

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Smuggling
 To import or export without paying lawful customs charges or duties. Smuggling
severely harms the economy of Pakistan in multidimensional ways.
The border with Afghanistan besides the traditional routes, also provides more than
700 passages, which can even be crossed by vehicles. To tackle the matter of the
smuggling, Pakistan should strengthen all anti-smuggling agencies of all routes
including the land route, seaports, airports and all entry points.
 According to a rough estimate, goods ranging from Rs 60 billion to Rs 100 billion
are smuggled into Pakistan from India while the worth of smuggled goods from
China to Pakistan had been estimated to be around Rs 3 trillion. Due to this
persistent inflow of smuggled goods, the national industry is reeling under pressure.
The smuggled goods including netware, electronics, computers, stationary, sanitary,
auto-parts, motor-cycles, artificial flowers, crockery, furniture, blankets, clocks,
textile products, hosiery, telecommunication instruments and artificial leather.

137 | P a k i s t a n S t u d y N o t e s
 Social, economic and Health problems of the
Rural population of Pakistan
 As per Population Census 2017, Pakistan approximately 68% of population lives in
rural areas. Deprived of basic necessities of life, people of rural areas are forced to
live a very difficult life.
 The most common problems of rural areas are as under.

Social Problems
1. Shortage of Water
• When the men head out to earn a living, the women and children specially girls of
rural areas are forced to fetch water from far flung areas all on their own.
• According to a recent report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan
ranks third in the world among countries facing acute water shortage. Reports by the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Pakistan Council of
Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) also warn the authorities that the South
Asian country will reach absolute water scarcity by 2025.
• Backward areas of Southern Baluchistan, sees low rainfall and is facing severe
drought and famine. The provincial capital, Quetta, is facing a catastrophic situation
where the shortage of 20 million gallons of water daily, according to Quetta Water
and Sanitation Authority. “Half of Baluchistan is gripped by a drought which has
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 affected people, land, water resources and wildlife,”
• In 2016, PCRWR reported that Pakistan touched the "water stress line" in 1990 and
crossed the "water scarcity line" in 2025.
• No clean water to drink and not sufficient water for saturation of crops and fields.
• Pakistan have limited Dams, water reserves, and Canals.
2. Poverty in Rural Areas

• Pakistan's urban-rural gap widens as poverty rises: World Bank

• According to a UNDP report, 65.5 percent population of Pakistan earns less than 2$
per day.
• Balochistan has the highest rural poverty rate, with over 62 percent of its rural
population living below the poverty line. Gap between rural and urban poverty is the
widest in Sindh at almost 30 percent. While urban-rural gap in Punjab and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa was 13 and 15 percentage points, respectively.
• Rural areas comprising 60 percent of Pakistan are the most neglected parts of the
country. Governments normally focus on main cities for development especially
metro cities. Most governments in Pakistan have focused on provincial capitals.
• Lahore is an example of this focus as Punjab's 58 percent budget is spent on Lahore
while the rest of 51% budget is divided over 107 cities. When you compare a city
like Rajanpur and Layyah in South Punjab to Lahore, it is like comparing the third
world to the first world. The infrastructure development that you see in Lahore and
Islamabad is nowhere to be seen in most of the cities.

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3. ILLITERACY
• Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.
According to this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate.
• In rural areas, masses remain illiterate due to the hand-to-mouth livelihood pattern,
that is what is being earned is spent to cover for the daily expenses of food and basic
utilities.
• Due to population expansion, feudal lords and wadera system, low allocation of
budget, male dominated society and lack of school in rural areas.
• According to UNICEF, 17.6% children work and support their families. Now in
these sorts of conditions, role and support of government becomes unavoidable.
• Statistics show that there are great inequality in the country on the basis of gender,
Women’s education is not considered important as that of men’s.
• Feudal lords and waderas enjoy political power as well as they deprive people from
getting education.

4. Health Issues
• In rural areas, accessibility to proper medical services is difficult. People either live
far away from the clinics/hospitals or they don’t have any such institutes in their
areas.
• Due to the shortage of nurses and doctors for rural areas, every year thousands of
children die during birth or if they survive, they suffer from one or two diseases.
• The mortality rate of women is also high because they are treated by midwives with
no professional knowledge.
• BHU are located at Union council level, contains only 2 beds and serves catchment
population of up to 25,000.

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5. Agricultural Issues

• The agriculture sector continues to play a central role in Pakistan’s economy, being
the second largest sector, accounting for over 25% of GDP. It remains by far the
largest employer, absorbing 45% of the country’s total labor force. However, this
sector is facing many challenges such as
• lack of optimal use of water resources, no new large dams built recently
• low per acre yield due to lack of adoption of modern farming techniques
• increase in water logging and salinity as well as soil erosion
• division of land due to population explosion

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6. Education
• Pakistan’s education woes are commonly known. According to the 2016 United
Nations Global Education Monitoring Report, Pakistan is more than 50 years behind
in its primary education targets.
• Pakistan is far behind its South Asian neighbors (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Sri
Lanka and Nepal).
• With the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution in 2010 education was
made a provincial subject. Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan states “The
State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to
16 years in such manner as may be determined by law.”
• Lack of education is the worst problem which we can found in rural areas. Actually
Agricultural works demands men power so instead of sending offsprings to schools
or colleges parents want then working in fields side by side with them. The grass
root problem of low education standards then gives rise to another major issue of
over population.

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 Economic Problems
Load shedding problem:
• Energy plays a role of backbone in the industry of any economy. Because of load
shedding the industries in Pakistan are shifting to other main cities or countries.
• Mobilization of businesses from Pakistan to other countries, government revenue
decreases in the form of tax collections.
• As the quantity of businesses decrease, so unemployment increases and government
has to pay more in the form of unemployment compensations. Due to load shedding
government spending also increases in the form of energy development plants.
Agricultural Problems of Rural Areas:
• Agricultural sector is the backbone of our economy.
• Various Plant Diseases:
Various agricultural crops like cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat and rice often
come under attack of pests and insects. Pests and plant diseases reduce the annual
productivity of agriculture.
• Scarcity of HYV Seeds:
Our poor farmers have to use lower quality seeds due to non-availability of High
Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds. On the other hand, if seed is available they cannot be
purchased due to low income. Agricultural production is badly affected because of
inferior quality of seeds.
• Instability in Market Prices:
• The price market of agricultural goods generally remains unstable in the country.
Cobweb theorem is very popular in case of market prices; it means that a price of
one commodity is much high in this year and much low in the next year and vice
versa. The farmers, do not get due reward from the sale of their productions. So, they
remain unsatisfied.
• Low Per Hectare Yield:
• The most important problem of agriculture is its low yield per hectare for almost
every major crop. 45% of labour force is engaged in this sector in Pakistan while it is
less than 5% in developed countries. But, other countries of world are getting higher
yield per hectare due to use of modern technology and trained labour.

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Health Problems:
• The increasing rate of health issues in Pakistan is alarming.
• Pakistan is currently ranking 122 out of 190 countries in terms of health care
according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite significant
improvements over the past decades, Pakistan has third highest rate in the world
when it comes to infant mortality.
• Health facilities for rural poor in our country in the present state are in total
disarray.The private sector does not find it financially viable to set up medical
facilities in villages. The Basic Health Units and Rural dispensaries, set up by the
provincial and district governments in some villages, mostly have no doctors and the
patients are left to the mercy of dispenses or quacks.
• The young doctors do not want to work in these locations because of lack of proper
residential and other infrastructure. Buildings of many of these facilities are in a
dilapidated state. These state run institutions do not even have minimum medical
equipment like X -ray machines or other equipment prescribed in their own policies.
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 They do not have ambulance facilities to take patients requiring emergency
treatment to a hospital.
• One of the main causes of illness in the rural areas of Pakistan is poor water and
sanitation systems.
• Cumulative health expenditures of federal and the provinces are estimated at Rs
384.57 billion for fiscal year 2017-18.
• There are 127,859 doctors and 12,804 health facilities in the country to cater for over
200 million people. In 2007 there were 85 physicians for every 100,000 persons in
Pakistan, or in other words, one doctor for 1,225 people.
• There are only over 62,000 nurses all over Pakistan who are supplemented with a
strong force of 96,000 Lady Health Workers (primary health care providers).
• There were 13,937 health institutions in the country including 945 hospitals (with a
total of 103,285 hospital beds), 4,755 dispensaries, 5,349 Basic Health Units (mostly
in rural areas), 903 Mother and Child Care Centers, 562 rural health centers and 290
TB centers.
• On the other hand, people living in rural communities are not aware of their disease
due to which they are not able to get proper treatment on time. There are a number
of diseases that are widespread in Pakistan and poor people are mostly suffering
from them. The main reason is lack of awareness and finance. Following is the list of
top health issues in Pakistan:
• 1 – Malaria
• Majority of people living far from cities or in slums suffer
from Malaria. This disease is caused when mosquitoes breed
on unclean water and unsanitary conditions which is very
common in rural areas. Malaria can cause death too if left
untreated. It is one of the top health issues in Rural areas.
• 2 – Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis is another major disease affecting a large number of people in Pakistan.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan ranks in one of top 5
countries that are highly prone to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused
by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the
lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. This disease spreads
through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat, sneezing, talks or
coughing and can become deadly if not treated on time.
• 3 – Dengue Fever:
Dengue fever has been affecting people since 2010. In Pakistan, it has taken
thousands of lives of people living in rural areas. Dengue is a viral infection which is
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 caused by a specific mosquito type. It causes fever, severe headache and weakness in
the patient. Even after many years, dengue is still prevailing across the country.
• 4 – Cancer:
Cancer is another deadly disease that is one of the leading causes of deaths in
Pakistan. The two major cancer types that are widespread in Pakistan are breast
cancer and lung cancer. More than 40,000 women in Pakistan die every year because
of breast cancer. There is lack of awareness and proper health care facilities due to
which cancer is rising at an alarming rate in Pakistan. On the other hand, lung cancer
is caused mainly because of smoking as Pakistan is the largest consumer of tobacco
in South Asia.
• 5 – Diarrhoea
More than 300,000 children die because of diarrhoea every year in Pakistan.
Children in rural areas mostly suffers from this disease because of unhealthy diet and
unhygienic living conditions. Due to limited finance, the families of these children
are unable to provide them medical treatment. These conditions result in deaths of
thousands of children suffering from diarrhoea in rural areas. Diarrhoea is one of the
leading health issues in Pakistan.
6 – Maternal and Child Health
• Mother and child health is a serious issue which is widespread in rural areas than
that in cities. Due to lack of proper food, awareness and treatment, women in rural
areas suffer during their pregnancy resulting in poor health of their babies. In many
cases, babies are born dead or they suffer from minor to major birth defects.
Maternal and child health is one of the serious health issues in Pakistan which needs
immediate action.
7 – HIV/AIDS
• According to the UNAIDS, it is estimated that there are around 100,000 HIV
positive cases in Pakistan. The major cause of this disease in Pakistan is the use of
infected syringes among the drug addicts. Sindh has the highest rate of HIV with
more than 50,000 patients. Government needs to take serious action to prevent the
HIV AIDS in Pakistan as the number of patients with this disease are growing at an
alarming rate with each passing year.

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 8 – Hepatitis
• Hepatitis A and E are formed through the consumption of unhealthy food and
drinking unclean water. Since the hygiene conditions are far from satisfactory in the
rural and slum areas of Pakistan, hepatitis is increasing with each passing day. The
symptoms of such hepatitis include diarrhea, jaundice and fever. Hepatitis E also
affect the urinary tract in the body. On the other hand, hepatitis B and C are also
very common all over Pakistan. Hepatitis B and C are formed because of blood
transfusions and sharing equipments such as razors, toothbrushes, and other
household articles.

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