Part 1-5: Introduction

1. Introduction
2. Inverse
3. Characteristics
4. Application – solve 2nd order
 Has been introduced by a French mathematician, Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749 –
1827 M).
 Neat method – change the initial value problem to the algebraic problems.
𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑦 0 =1 𝑓 𝑡 =
2 − 𝑡, 𝑡 ≥ 1
 The use of Laplace table simplifies the steps of solving in getting the particular
solution.
 Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a defined function 0, ∞ . Integration
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
 Laplace transform is symbol as ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) , with ℒ translated as the operator
Find the laplace transform of each function.

1. 𝑓 𝑡 =2
∞
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

∞ ∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝑒
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2
0 0 −𝑠 0

𝑒 −𝑠∞ 𝑒 −𝑠0 1 2
=2 − = 2 0, =
−𝑠 −𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
If ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹 𝑠 so ℒ −1 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑓(𝑡)
ℒ −1 is known as the operation of inverse Laplace transform
1
Note: ℒ −1 ≠
ℒ
Example:
𝑠 𝑠
ℒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 = 2 =
𝑠 + 42 𝑠 2 + 16

−1 𝑠
ℒ = cos 4𝑡
𝑠 2 + 16
Example
3𝑠 + 1
ℒ −1
𝑠2 − 𝑠 − 6
3𝑠+1
1. Write in form if its partial fraction
𝑠2 −𝑠−6
2. Refer to Laplace table to get the answer

3𝑠 + 1 3𝑠 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑠2 − 𝑠 − 6 (𝑆 + 2)(𝑠 − 3) 𝑠 + 2 𝑠 − 3

𝐴 𝐵
3𝑆 + 1 = 𝑆+2 𝑆−3 + 𝑆−3 𝑆+2
𝑠+2 𝑠−3
3𝑆 + 1 = 𝐴 𝑆 − 3 + 𝐵 𝑆 + 2
If 𝑆 = −2 3 −2 + 1 = 𝐴 −2 − 3 + 𝐵(−2 + 2)
1 2
−5 = −5𝐴; 𝐴 = 1; 𝐵 = 2 ℒ −1 𝑠+2
+ 𝑠−3
= 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 3𝑡 refer table
The denominator Partial Fraction
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝐴
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
2 𝐴 𝐴1
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) +
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 )2 𝐴1𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐵2
+
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
Theorem 1: Linearity
ℒ 𝛼𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑓2 (𝑡) Example Inverse
= 𝛼ℒ 𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝑓2 (𝑡)
3𝑠 + 8
𝛼 and 𝛽 are constant ℒ −1
𝑠2 + 4
Example Transform
𝑠 2
= 3ℒ −1 + 4ℒ −1
𝑠 2 + 22 𝑠 2 + 22
ℒ 5𝑡 3 + 7𝑡 = 5ℒ 𝑡 3 + 7ℒ 𝑡
= 3 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡
3! 1 30 7
=5 4 +7 2 = 4+ 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Theorem 2: First shift
ℒ 𝑒𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) Example Inverse

3𝑠 3[ 𝑠 − 1 + 1] 3 𝑠−1 +3
Example Transform ℒ −1 = =
(𝑠 − 1)4 (𝑠 − 1)4 (𝑠 − 1)4
ℒ 2𝑒2𝑡 =?
2
𝑓 𝑡 = 2; ℒ 2 =
𝑠 3(𝑠 − 1) 3
= ℒ −1 + ℒ −1
Change s to (s-a) (𝑠 − 1)3 (𝑠 − 1)4
2 2
=
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−2 3 3
= 𝑒 𝑡 ℒ −1 + 𝑒 𝑡 −1
ℒ
𝑠3 𝑠4

3 2 1 6
= 𝑒𝑡 ℒ −1 × 3 + 𝑒𝑡 ℒ−1 × 4
2 𝑠 2 𝑠

3 𝑡 2 1 𝑡 3
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
2 2
Theorem 3: Multiply with 𝑡 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 𝑑
ℒ 𝑡 𝑛𝑓(𝑡) = (−1)𝑛 𝑛 ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = −1 𝑛
𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑛
Example

ℒ 𝑡 2𝑒 2𝑡
𝑛=2 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡
1
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ 𝑒 2𝑡 =
𝑠−2
2
2 2𝑡 2𝑑 1
ℒ 𝑡 𝑒 = (−1) 2 ℒ
𝑑𝑠 𝑠−2
Differentiate 2 times because 𝑛 = 2
𝑑2 1 𝑑 1 2
= − =
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠−2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠−2 2 (𝑠−3)3
not include in scope for this
subject
Theorem 4: Integration of a transform

∞
𝑓(𝑡)
ℒ = 𝐹 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
Theorem 5: Laplace Transform of an Integral

𝑡
𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
0 𝑠
 
L { f (t )}   f (t )e  st dt  F ( s)
0

f (t ) F (s ) f (t ) F (s )

a
H (t  a) e  as
a
s s
n! 2nd
t n , n  1, 2, 3,  f (t  a) H (t  a) e  as F (s )
s n 1 shift
proper
1
eat  (t  a) e  as ty
sa
a
sin at f (t ) (t  a) e  as f (a)
s a
2 2
Convol
s t
Transform cos at
s2  a2 
0
f (u )g (t  u )du F ( s).G( s) ution
theore
Part 1 m
a
sinh at y (t ) Y (s )
s a
2 2

s Applicati
cosh at y (t ) sY ( s)  y(0)
s a
2 2 on

1st shift property e at f (t ) F (s  a) y(t ) s 2Y ( s)  sy (0)  y (0)

d n F (s)
t f (t ) , n  1, 2, 3, 
n
(1) n
Multiply with 𝑡^𝑛 ds n
 Theorem F(s)
Find the Laplace Transform Theorem 1: Linearity ℒ 𝛼𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑓2 (𝑡)
1. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 + 4 = 𝛼ℒ 𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝑓2(𝑡)
2𝑡 2 Theorem 2: First shift ℒ 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
2. 𝑓 𝑡 = (2𝑡 − 𝑒 )
Theorem 3: Multiply with 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑛 𝑛
ℒ 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = (−1) ℒ 𝑓(𝑡)
Find the inverse Laplace Transform ^𝑛 𝑑𝑠 𝑛
8 3
1. ℒ −1 +
3𝑠2 +12 𝑠2 +25
15𝑠+50 15 𝑠+1 +35
2. ℒ −1 2 = ℒ −1
𝑠 +2𝑠+10 (𝑠+1)2+32