Scribd
Upload
7 views12 pages

Chapter1 Part4

Uploaded by

akml dniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views12 pages

Chapter1 Part4

Uploaded by

akml dniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

CHAPTER 2

Applications in Mechanical Motions


CONTENT

• Free
• Damped

• Forced oscillations
Free (Un-damped) oscillations

A simple harmonic motions without any resistant involved (no external


influences) will given a simple harmonic motion with the same frequency
along that line, with constant amplitude and period.
Newton's second law of motion -
relationship between an object's
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑥 ′′ mass and the amount of force
Hooke's law - force F needed 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 needed to accelerate it.
to extend or compress a spring 𝑚𝑥 ′′ = −𝑘𝑥
by some distance X is
proportional to that distance 𝑚𝑥 ′′ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
Damped oscillations
Simple harmonic motion but with a decreasing amplitude and varying period due
to external or internal damping forces.

𝑚𝑥 ′′ = −𝑏𝑥 ′ − 𝑘𝑥

𝑚𝑥 ′′ + 𝒃𝒙′ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0

Damping / resistive force: 𝐹 = 𝑏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑥 ′


Example 1
A 32 lb force object stretches a spring 8 ft. If the resistive force due to damping is 5.
Determine the displacement function if the object is released from 1 ft below the
equilibrium position with upward velocity.

Weight = 32; Damping force = 5; Spring constant = 8


𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥; 32 = 8𝑘 𝑘=4
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 32 = 𝑚(32) 𝑚=1
𝑥 0 =1 𝑥 ′ 0 = −1
Example 1
Substitute 𝑘 = 4, 𝑏 = 5 and 𝑚 = 1 into 𝑚𝑥 ′′ + 𝑏𝑥 ′ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0

𝑥 ′′ + 5𝑥 ′ + 4𝑥 = 0
Solve it using Homogeneous second order linear differential equations
Roots m1 and m2 General solutions
Real and distinct, m1  m2 y  Aem1x  Bem2 x
Real equal roots, m1  m2 y  ( A  Bx)emx
Complex conjugate roots, m     i y  e x ( A cos  x  B sin  x)

Answer: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡
Forced oscillations
• When the system is forced to oscillate at a frequency other than it’s natural
frequency. It is called a forced oscillations.
• A simple example of forced vibrations is a child's swing: as you push it the
amplitude increases and if the driving frequency is the same as the natural
frequency of the swing resonance occurs.
• A loudspeaker is also an example of forced oscillations; it is made to vibrate by
the force on the magnet on the current in the coil fixed the speaker cone.

𝑚𝑥 ′′ + 𝑏𝑣 + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑡
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
• The simplest driving force is one that itself oscillates as a sine or a cosine function.
• Suppose such as external force F(t) is applied to an oscillator that moves along x-
axis such as a block connected to a spring.

𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐹cos ω𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Example 2
An object with mass m is placed upon the lower end of a spring suspended
from the ceiling. The object comes to rest in its equilibrium position.
Beginning at 𝑡 = 0, an external forces given by 𝐹 𝑡 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 is applied to
the system.
Determine the resulting motion if the damping forces in pounds is
numerically equal to 2, 𝑚 = 1 (lb) and the spring constant is 10 lb/ft.
Example 2
𝑚𝑦′′ + 𝑏𝑦′ + 𝑘𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑡)
𝑦′′ + 2𝑦′ + 10𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

𝑦 0 =0 𝑦′ 0 = 0
Solve it using Laplace Transform
Answer
1 −𝑡
35
𝑦 𝑡 = 16𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 10𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 1/26 𝑒 (15𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
26 3
ASSIGNMENT 1-4
• A mass weighing 64 pounds stretches a spring 5.12 feet.

• Assuming a damping force that is 10 times the velocity of the mass,


determine the equation of the motion, if the mass is initially released from
a point 1 foot below the equilibrium position with a upward velocity of 5
ft/s.
• Develop the 2nd order equation and solve it

You might also like