Chapter 6:

Arrays
 Chapter contains

• Single dimensional array [ ]

• Multiple dimensional array [ ][ ], [ ][ ][ ]
• Pointer
 WHAT IS ARRAY?

• Symbol of array : [ ]
• Array enable a variable to store more than 1 data,e.g. x[8]
• Data can be stored as integer, character, float
• Scenario: normally we stored value as variable a,b,c. How
about if we have 1000 variables ? You can do it by a[1000]
• Array- A set of data with similar properties and which are
stored in consecutive memory location under common
variable name
 Type of array

• Array in integer: int a[10] array ‘a’ with capacity of 10,

it able to store 10 sets of integer value.
• Array in float: float sum[5]  array ‘sum’ with capacity of
5, it able to store 5 sets of float value.
• Array in char: char no[4]  array ‘no’ with capacity of 4, it
able to store 4 set of alphabet.
 Example to define array variables:
• Integer type: int x[10]
• Float type: float value[50]
• Character type: char matric[20]

x[10]

Name given to the The variable able

variable type to store 10 sets of
data in integer
Function of array: to store huge
data sets in a systematic way
HOW TO DECLARE ARRAY??
HOW TO DECLARE ARRAY?
Integer and character array
 One dimensional array

• int x[10]
• Array is declared as ordinary variable, but size of the array
must be specified within the square bracket
Exercise
By using array function, develop a program to
store 5 different value in X[5] array, next calculate
the average of total obtained values.
 Exercise

Write a program to store 5 digits below and perform

different arithmetic operation on these digits using single
array function:
4 5 11 12 9
First operation: 4/5
Second operation: 4+11/12
Third operation: 9%11
• #include<stdio.h>

• int main()
• {
• int mark[5] = {4,5,11,12,9};
• printf("first operation: %d \n",mark[0]/mark[1]);
• printf("second operation: %d\n",mark[0]+mark[2]/mark[3]);
• printf("third operation: %d \n",mark[4]%mark[2]);

• return 0;
•
• }
 TRY THIS?
DEVELOP A PROGRAM TO SHOW STUDENT’S
TEST MARK WHEN THEIR MATRIC NO IS TYPED
USING ARRAY FUCNTION. THE STUDENT AND
THEIR MARKS ARE AS BELOW:

Array MATRIC NO TEST MARK

[0] 111 10
[1] 222 20
[2] 333 30
[3] 444 40
[4] 555 50
 Subscript [i][j]

• Array also known as subscripted variable

• General form
• Name[i], number [i][j]
• i and j is subscript
• Following rules should be followed while using subscript
• A subscript may be a valid integer
• The value of subscript is zero or positive
• A subscript must not be subscripted variable
• If a variable is used to represent an array it should not be used as ordinary
variable
 Retrieving stored data

int number[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
for (int i= 0; i< 5; i=i+1)
{ printf(“ the number %d is %d”, i, number[i]);}
 Exercise

• Write a c program to store 1 into X[0],2 into X[1], 3 into

X[2], 4 into X[3] using subscript i in ‘for’ loop.
Example of one dimensional array with subscript
 Run time initialization

• Array can be initialize during execution of the program in

2 different ways
• By using assignment statement
• By using input statement
 Exercise

• Write a program to find y=∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 5𝑖𝑖2 using single array. n is

defined by user
Answer
 Exercise

Using single dimensional array, solve ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=0 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 , x and n are

both user insert value.
Answer
 Multidimensional array

• In multidimensional array the number of subscript is more than

1
• int a[i][j][k]
• The declaration is similar to one dimensional array.
• int x[3][2]
• x[0][0] x[0][1]
• x[1][0] x[1][1]
• x[2][0] x[2][1]
• The size of this array is 6
Exercise
Using 2-Dimensional array [3][3], display the
values of 1 until 9 when running the program.
*use ‘printf’ ONLY
 Exercise: design a complete code
to show all character in 2-
dimensional array

1 2 3
• 𝑢𝑢 = 4 5 6
7 8 9
Applying SUBSCRIPT to retrieve/show all
data in multi dimensional array [i][j]:

• X[2][2]= {1,2,3,4}, i , j;
for(i=0;i<2;i++) apply ‘i’ int X[i][ ]
{for(j=0;j<2;j++)  apply ‘j’ into X[ ][j]
{X[i][j]=X[i][j];
printf(“X[%d][%d] = %d”, i,j,X[i][j]);}}
APPLYING SUBSCRIPT INTO MULTIDIMENSIONAL
ARRAY [i][j]:
 Exercise
Using ‘for’ looping , write a program to create
[3][3] array, next shows all value in the created
array using subscript [i][j].
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• int main()
• { int x[2][2]={1,2,3,4}, i, j;
• printf("enter your x point: ");
• scanf("%d", &i);
• printf("enter your y point: ");
• scanf("%d", &j);
• printf("the coordinate x[]y[] is: %d", x[i][j]);
• return 0;
• }
 Exercise

Given a multi-array x[2][2] without any preset

value. Next, develop a program store value
5,10,15,20 into the array index using for loop and
subscript x[i][j].
 Transpose matrix

• The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix whose rows are

the columns of the original.
 C code for transpose matrix

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, XT[3][3];
int i,j,k;
for(i=0; i<3; ++i)
{for(j=2;j>-1;--j)
XT[i][j]=x[j][i]; }
 Exercise: Design a 2-D char array
with preset character as below

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
• u= 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
 Example:
President of United State
 Pointer

 When declaring a variable, the compiler sets aside

memory storage with a unique address to store that
variable.
 The compiler associates that address with the variable’s
name.
 When the program uses the variable name, it
automatically accesses a proper memory location.
 No need to concern which address.
 But we can manipulate the memory address by using
pointers.
 pointer* vs normal variable

• Define: int *sum vs int sum

• Address:
• pointer: 1 fixed address + 1 dynamic address
• Normal variable: 1 fixed address
To call address:
Pointer : %p / %x
Normal variable: %p / %x
 • A pointer is a variable that stores the address of
another variable. Unlike other variables that hold
values of a certain type, pointer holds the address
of a variable.

int *num int num

Store extra Dynamic add

address
Pointer outputs
 Define & call pointer
Define pointer (no value): int *p, *sum;

To call variable address (&): %p + “Address of”(&)

e.g. printf(“%p”, &x)
To call pointer address (fixed add) : e.g. printf(“%p”, &p)
To call pointer dynamic add: printf(“%p”, &*p)

To store value into pointer from other variable:

int a=100, *b;
b = &a;
printf(“%d”, *b);
 Difference address between %p and
%x
• "x" and "X" serve to output a hexadecimal number. "x"
stands for lower case letters (abcdef) while "X" for capital
letters (ABCDEF).
• "p" serves to output a pointer. It may differ depending upon
the compiler and platform.

Example:
Printf(“the address of ABC is: %p”, &abc);
Printf(“the address of ABC is: %x”, &abc);
Printf(“the address of ABC is: %X”, &abc);
Example- pointer
Example- pointer
Type of pointer (int, char, float)
 Arithmetic on pointer variable

• Arithmetic operation such as +,-,++ and – can be performed on

pointer variable under some restriction
• Depends on size of data type
• Character – 1byte
• int- 4 bytes
• float- 4 bytes
• double- 8 bytes
• if float *a and a++ the size increase by 4
Pointer arithmetic (++, -- , + -)
Decrement pointer
 Pointer and One dimensional Array

• Address of the first element of array is address of entire

array
• a[ ]  a is an integer of array, then the address of first
element either &a[0] or by simply a.
• If Pa is pointer define by int *Pa and array a defined by int
a[ ];
• E.g. a[3] = {1,2,3}, Pa=&a[2]; or a[2] = Pa=3
Array of pointer[ ] – store array
data in pointer
 use an array of pointers to
character to store a list of strings
What is the output?
 Pointer to pointer (to store pointer
dynamic address)

• A pointer to a pointer is a form of multiple indirection, or a

chain of pointers. (to store point value in other pointer)

• declares a pointer to a pointer of type int :

Example: int *num, **num1, ***num2, ****num3;
Example of pointer to pointer:
Thank you.