Performance Ratio
Performance Ratio
Performance Ratio
Performance ratio
Quality factor for the PV plant
Contents
The performance ratio is one of the most important variables for evaluating the efficiency of a PV plant. Specifically, the performance ratio is the ratio of the actual and theoretically possible energy outputs. It is largely independent of the orientation of a PV plant and the incident solar irradiation on the PV plant. For this reason, the performance ratio can be used to compare PV plants supplying the grid at different locations all over the world. This document explains what the performance ratio is and its function. You will also discover how to calculate the performance ratio for your PV plant and which factors have an influence on it.
Perfratio-UEN100810
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Analysis period
The optimum analysis period for calculating the performance ratio is 1 year. However, you can also select shorter time periods, e.g. if you want to compare your PV plant directly with other PV plants. That being said, you should select a minimum analysis period of 1 month to ensure that ambient conditions such as low solar elevations, low temperatures and shadows falling on the PV modules and / or measuring gage do not strongly influence the calculation.
3.1Manual calculation
If you wish to calculate the performance ratio by yourself, you can use the following simplified formula: Formula for manual calculation of the performance ratio Actual reading of plant output in kWh p.a. PR = Calculated, nominal plant output in kWh p.a. The actual plant energy production in kWh can be read at the end of the year from the grid export meter. The calculated annual nominal plant output is composed as follows: Formula for calculation of the nominal plant output Annual incident solar irradiation at the generator surface of the PV plant x relative efficiency of the PV plant modules
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The solar-irradiation value obtained by the measuring gage is measured at modular level, ideally over the whole year. Before this irradiation value can be determined, the mean value of the irradiation values measured by the measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) must be determined. The determined irradiation value per m2 is then extrapolated to the entire modular surface of the PV plant (= generator area). You can obtain the modular efficiency in the data sheet for the PV plant. Example: Calculation of the performance ratio for an analysis period of 1 year This example describes the manual calculation of the performance ratio using data from the Sunny SensorBox and the Sunny WebBox. The manual calculation should be seen as an alternative option. SMA Solar Technology AG offers automatic calculation of the performance ratio in the Sunny Portal (see Page 6). How to register your PV plant in Sunny Portal is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny WebBox. If however you prefer to calculate the performance ratio manually, proceed as follows. You will require the following information for the manual calculation: Analysis period You define the analysis period in advance. The optimum analysis period is 1 year. Generator area of the PV plant The factor of the generator area of your PV plant is known. Efficiency factor of the PV modules You can obtain the modular relative efficiency of your PV plant from the data sheet of the PV modules. Actually measured plant output You read this value from your power export meter at the end of year. Calculated, nominal plant output To calculate this value, you will need the formula for calculation of the nominal plant output (see Page 3) Incident solar irradiation measured in the analysis period To determine this value, you need the irradiation values transmitted by the Sunny SensorBox to the Sunny WebBox. The Sunny WebBox regularly requests the individual values measured by the SensorBox. The Sunny WebBox then calculates daily average values from these individual values. To determine the average solar irradiation in the analysis period, you must extrapolate the daily average values for solar radiation. To do this, proceed as follows. The Sunny WebBox saves the daily average values for incident solar irradiation at your PV plant, depending on the settings on the user interface at intervals of 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 15 minutes. The Sunny WebBox saves the daily average values for each month together with other average values for your PV plant in the corresponding directories as .csv files or .xml files.
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To calculate the irradiation value for 1 year, for example, you first have to calculate the monthly averages. To do this add the daily average values for a given month. You then divide this amount determined by the number of days in the month, which gives you the monthly average value. In this way you can calculate the monthly average values for all 12 months of the year. To calculate the annual average value, you simply add the 12 monthly averages and divide the total by the number of months, i.e. 12. You then extrapolate the average value calculated to the generator area of your PV plant. In this way, you obtain the nominal plant output for the analysis period of 1 year, which you can enter with the previously known values in the formula for calculating the performance ratio. The following specific conditions and values are given for the example: Analysis period: 1 year Measured average solar irradiation intensity in 1 year: 120 kWh/m2 Generator area of the PV plant: 10 m2 Efficiency factor of the PV modules: 15 % Electrical energy actually exported by plant to grid: 110 kWh The irradiation values measured on location yields an average solar irradiation for the entire analysis period of 120 kWh/m2. This irradiation value is extrapolated to the modular area of the PV plant as follows: Irradiation value in kWh/m2 x plant area in m2 = 120 kWh/m2 x 10 m2 = 1,200 kWh In order to subsequently calculate the nominal plant output, the irradiation value for the PV plant is multiplied by the modular efficiency: 1,200 kWh x 15 % = 1,200 kWh x 0.15 = 180 kWh An anticipated nominal plant output of 1,200 kWh is therefore obtained for the selected analysis period. This anticipated nominal plant output corresponds to a performance ratio of 100 %. However, the actual value for electrical energy exported by the PV plant to the grid is only 110 kWh. If this value and the calculated nominal plant output are fed into the formula for calculating the performance ratio, the following result is obtained: PR = 110 kWh 180 kWh = approx. 0.61 = approx. 61 %
The PR value is approx. 61 %. This means that approx. 39 % of the incident solar energy in the analysis period is not converted into usable energy due to circumstances such as conduction loss, thermal loss or, for example, defects in components. Here the performance ratio acts as an indicator and can prompt more detailed inspection of the PV plant so that, for example, soiling of the PV modules is removed or defective components can be repaired or replaced.
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3.2Automatic calculation
You can also calculate the performance ratio automatically by transmitting the corresponding data from your PV plant to Sunny Portal. In the Sunny Portal you also can see the performance ratio clear presented in graphical form. How to automatically calculate the performance ratio and display the PR values in graphic form is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny Portal on www.SunnyPortal.com. Requirements for automatic calculation in Sunny Portal The following requirements must be fulfilled before you can calculate the performance ratio in the Sunny Portal: You have a Sunny WebBox that transmits the required data to the Sunny Portal. A Sunny SensorBox is connected to your Sunny WebBox. You use the Sunny SensorBox solar irradiation sensors. The Sunny SensorBox measures a minimum incident solar irradiation of 60 W/m2 per hour at the installation location of your PV plant. How to register at the Sunny Portal via the Sunny WebBox is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny WebBox.
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4.1Environmental factors
Temperature of the PV module
Performance and efficiency of a solar cell depend, amongst others, on the temperature of the PV module. At lower temperatures, a PV module is especially efficient. For example, the PV module is cold when the sky is occluded in winter. If under these conditions, full solar irradiation is incident on the cold PV module, then it operates very efficiently. This can generate a high PR value briefly. After a certain time, the PV module heats up and the efficiency falls again.
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4.2Other factors
Measurement period
If the measurement period is too short (i.e. less than 1 month), there are insufficient measurements for reliable calculation of the performance ratio. Low solar elevations, low and high temperatures and shading influence the calculation result in this case more strongly, as these values may not completely recorded.
Conduction losses
With the transmission of energy from the inverter to the energy export meter of the grid operator, conduction losses may occur depending on the type and material of the cable used. The PR value can be reduced by the conduction losses.
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Use of different solar cell technologies in the PV modules and measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox)
There are different solar cell types for PV modules. The three following solar cell types are used most frequently: monocrystal silicon cells, polycrystalline silicon cells and thin layer cells. If the measuring gage installed in the PV plant (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) uses a different solar cell technology than your PV modules, this can result in deviations in the performance ratio.
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