Outcomes • Advanced • Word lists • French • Unit 3

3 CULTURE AND IDENTITY

Student’s Book Pages 24–25 mickey /ˈmɪki/ Noun singular
if you take the mickey out of someone, you try and make fun
conform /kənˈfɔː(r)m/ Verb of them by copying them or teasing them about something
if you conform, you behave in the way that people expect
you to behave Collocates: take the mickey out of someone

Collocates: conform to something stop taking the mickey! | he was worried that they’d take the
mickey out of him because of his new haircut
she doesn’t conform to any stereotype | he came under a lot of
pressure to conform when he was at school | they conformed • se ficher de quelqu’un 
exactly to the caring image of nurses that people hold
Noun: conformity mobility /məʊˈbɪləti/ Noun uncount
mobility is the ability to move around independently. Social
the rigid conformity of life in an office
mobility is the possibility for people to improve their living
• se conformer conditions and move from one social class to a higher social
class through education and getting a good job
dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/ Verb Collocates: social mobility | upward/downward mobility
to dominate a situation means to be the most noticeable, such jobs offer little hope of upward mobility | free university
important, or powerful person or thing there education must be good for social mobility
several skyscrapers dominate the skyline | city boardrooms are Adjective: mobile
still dominated by men | sports broadcasting is dominated by
just two TV channels Collocates: socially mobile | upwardly/downwardly mobile

Noun: domination | Noun: dominance | they worked hard to get their children educated and socially
Adjective: dominant mobile

Golf has a long history of male domination | how do the • mobilité

politically dominant powers manage to maintain
their dominance? outlook /ˈaʊtˌlʊk/ Noun
your outlook is what you think about your present situation
• dominer and how it is likely to develop in the future

hospitality /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/ Noun uncount Collocates: an outlook on life | a positive/negative outlook

hospitality is friendly and welcoming behaviour people here have a very positive outlook | how would you
towards visitors describe your general outlook on life?
the people are incredibly welcoming because hospitality is
• perspective
central to their culture | thanks for your warm and generous
hospitality relate /rɪˈleɪt/ Verb
Adjective: hospitable | Adverb: hospitably || Opposite – if you relate to someone, you are able to understand how
Adjective: inhospitable they think and can communicate with them
our hosts were very hospitable and friendly | my aunt Julia was Collocates: relate to someone
a most inhospitable woman – I never even saw inside her front humour is a key part of how people relate to each other | it’s
door difficult to relate to my uncle because he’s always talking
about politics
• hospitalité
Noun: relationship
level /ˈlev(ə)l/ Noun Collocates: a good relationship (with someone)
a particular level is a position on a scale of size, importance, I have a good relationship with my boss
or quality
you can only relate to them on a superficial level | this course • rapprocher
will help you take your language skills to the next level

• niveau

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc 1

revolve around /rɪˈvɒlv əˌraʊnd/ Phrasal verb break down /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ Phrasal verb
if something revolves around something else, the second to break down a barrier or something else that is stopping
thing is very important and is the focus of attention for the people from living and working together means to remove
first thing it
most people’s social life revolves around their extended family it’s the women who are pushing the government to do more to
| the plot revolves around a young boy who prefers ballet to break down barriers | we need to do more to break down the
boxing | for 12 weeks my life revolved around revising for my prejudices that still exist in society
exams
• briser
• tourner autour
grasp /ɡrɑːsp/ Verb
secular /ˈsekjʊlə(r)/ Adjective if you grasp something that is difficult to understand,
a secular society or tradition is one which does not involve you finally understand it after making an effort
any religion and is not controlled by any church Collocates: grasp the meaning of something | grasp the
Collocates: a secular society significance of something
there are separate secular and religious courts | you can choose sorry – I hadn’t grasped all that | he didn’t grasp my meaning
a secular or a religious school for your children | France is a to start with | after grasping the basics of counting to ten,
secular state (the state does not have an official religion) children are ready to move on to simple addition
Verb: secularise | Noun: secularisation Noun: grasp
universities have been secularised | the complete secularisation it requires a firm grasp of legal language
of Belgian society
• saisir
• séculaire
harsh /hɑː(r)ʃ/ Adjective
superficial /ˌsuːpə(r)ˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ Adjective something that is harsh is unkind and cruel
something that is superficial is not very detailed and relies it’s a bit harsh to say he’s lazy. I think he’s just very tired | the
on the simplest and most obvious aspects of a situation. If speech drew harsh criticism in the local newspaper | they
a person or their behaviour is superficial, they do not think argued over his harsh treatment of her mother
very hard about things and are not very sincere
Adverb: harshly
people are polite to him, but he feels they’re just a bit
he was harshly critical of the proposal
superficial | their relationship was rather superficial at first,
but they later became firm friends | it had a superficial
• dur
resemblance to a painting by Picasso
Adverb: superficially | Noun: superficiality hypocrite /ˈhɪpəkrɪt/ Noun
he smiled superficially, then turned his back and left the room a hypocrite is someone who pretends to have certain beliefs
| he disliked the superficiality and materialism of the modern and principles that they do not really have
world she accused the prime minister of being a hypocrite | we all
know he was a hypocrite and a liar
• superficiel Adjective: hypocritical | Adverb: hypocritically |
Noun: hypocrisy
Student’s Book Pages 26–27 that’s a rather hypocritical statement, given what he said
before the election | he voted against the pay rise, then
benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ Noun
hypocritically accepted it | the sheer hypocrisy of the president
a benefit is something that is good or useful that you get
is unbelievable
from something. In some countries, benefits are payments
of money made to people who are unemployed or too ill to
• hypocrite
work
Collocates: be/live on benefits misinterpret /ˌmɪsɪnˈtɜː(r)prɪt/ Verb
he thinks people on benefits are just lazy | one of the benefits if you misinterpret what someone has said, you don’t
of working from home is that you don’t waste time travelling understand them properly and think they meant something
twice a day very different
Verb: benefit | Adjective: beneficial have you ever misinterpreted something? | you’ve completely
misinterpreted the text | he was accused of deliberately
we believe the new policy will benefit everyone, not just the
misinterpreting the evidence
rich | regular exercise is beneficial to health
Noun: misinterpretation
• allocation it was a serious misinterpretation of my words

• mal comprendre

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 Outcomes • Advanced • Word lists • French • Unit 3

root /ruːt/ Noun appliance /əˈplaɪəns/ Noun

the roots of a plant are the long parts that go under the an appliance is a piece of equipment, usually electrical, that
ground and that help transport food from the ground into you use in your home, such as a washing machine, hair
the plant. People’s roots are the places and communities dryer, cooker, etc.
where they originally came from Collocates: domestic/household appliances | a modern
what concerns me is that people lose touch with their roots | appliance
I took my mother back to Croatia to rediscover her childhood the kitchen was well-equipped with modern appliances | a
roots shop selling domestic appliances

• racine • appareil
short- /ʃɔː(r)t/ Prefix bizarre /bɪˈzɑː(r)/ Adjective
short- is sometimes used at the beginning of words to mean something that is bizarre is very strange and unusual
that not enough of something is present or provided. For
by a bizarre coincidence, Prokofiev and Stalin died on the same
example, if a company is short-staffed, it does not have
day | the idea of eating a chocolate ant sounds bizarre | she
enough workers. If someone feels short-changed, they
was wearing a bizarre dress made out of towels
believe that they have not been given everything that they
had been promised or that they had paid for Adverb: bizarrely
it wasn’t as if they were short-staffed | the island trip lasted even more bizarrely, my father danced with my maths teacher
only two hours, leaving most of the tourists feeling short-
changed • bizarre

chore /tʃɔː(r)/ Noun

• court
chores are the things people have to do regularly around
understate /ˌʌndə(r)ˈsteɪt/ Verb the house, like cleaning, cooking, and washing clothes.
if you understate something, you talk about it as if it is less Some people refer to a task that they have to do but that
important than it really is. Something that is understated is they do not enjoy as a chore
not very obvious Collocates: household chores | do the chores
he was actually understating things when he said there was we do the chores on Saturday mornings | changing the battery
a disagreement – it was a fierce argument | while we don’t in my phone is a real chore
want to understate the importance of exams, we don’t want to
overstate it either | the figures understate the true cost of the • corvée
health service
clamp /klæmp/ Noun
Adjective: understated | Noun: understatement || Opposite
a clamp is a piece of equipment that you use to hold
– Verb: overstate
something very steady while you are working on it, or to
a few simple, understated pieces of jewellery | to say he likes hold two things together very firmly
food is a serious understatement
hold the two pieces together with a clamp until the glue dries | I
used a clamp to hold the wood while I was cutting it
• minimiser
Verb: clamp
then another frame is clamped tightly to the first frame
Student’s Book Pages 28–29
absence /ˈæbs(ə)ns/ Noun • pince
the absence of something or someone is the fact that they
are not present somewhere cosy /ˈkəʊzi/ Adjective
if a place is cosy, it is warm, comfortable, and relaxing
Collocates: the absence of someone or something | in the
absence of something or someone it was warm and cosy by the fire | make yourself cosy and I’ll
bring you a cup of tea | if you want to create a cosy atmosphere
during my absence, they bought a new desk for my office | in
in a small room, go for darker colours
the absence of rain, most of the plants faded and died
Adverb: cosily | Noun: cosiness
Adjective: absent | Noun: absentee
we sat cosily round the fire | the thick curtains provided
Collocates: an absent parent/father/mother | absent from
additional cosiness and privacy
somewhere
Walter was noticeably absent from the meeting | an absentee • douillet
voter (someone who sends their vote in by post instead of
coming to vote in person)

• absence

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc 3

disgust /dɪsˈɡʌst/ Noun plug /plʌɡ/ Noun
disgust is a feeling of strong dislike for something very a plug is an object that you use to block the pipe in a sink or
unpleasant bath and keep the water in. When you take the plug out, the
Collocates: express disgust | in disgust | to someone’s water can flow away
disgust she pulled the plug out and watched the water drain away | a
she reacted with a mixture of confusion and disgust | bath plug
he expressed his disgust at the idea of drinking
nake’s blood • bouchon / bonde
Verb: disgust | Adjective: disgusted | Adverb: disgustedly | puzzled /ˈpʌz(ə)ld/ Adjective
Adjective: disgusting | Adverb: disgustingly if you are puzzled, you are slightly confused because you do
Collocates: be thoroughly disgusted | utterly disgusting not properly understand something and you wonder what
it disgusts me to think he got out of prison so soon | Lewis had the actual truth is
become thoroughly disgusted with his neighbours’ behaviour | Collocates: a puzzled look/expression/voice
the food was utterly disgusting people were puzzled when I said I lived in a basement flat | she
sounded rather puzzled | we were all puzzled about the ending
• dégoût of the film
draughty /ˈdrɑːfti/ Adjective Verb: puzzle | Adjective: puzzling
if an indoor place is draughty, there is cold air that blows the mystery has puzzled scientists for centuries | I got a rather
through gaps in doors and windows puzzling email from my brother
a lot of the houses are cold and draughty | it’s too draughty in
here – I’m going upstairs to bed • perplexe
Noun: draught rinse /rɪns/ Verb
I could feel a draught around my feet if you rinse something, you run clean water over it to get rid
of soap or dirt from it
• plein de courants d’air make sure you rinse the glasses to get the soap off | wash the
tools with soapy water, then rinse
flush /flʌʃ/ Verb
to flush a toilet means to pull the handle that sends water Noun: rinse
down into the pan to carry away all the waste give the plates a rinse
he’s only five and sometimes forgets to flush the toilet | I could
hear the sound of the toilet flushing upstairs • rincer

rip /rɪp/ Verb

• tirer la chasse d’eau
if you rip something made of cloth or paper, you tear it so
normality /nɔː(r)ˈmæləti/ Noun uncount that it becomes damaged
normality is a situation when everything happens in the he ripped his trousers on the door handle | she ripped the
usual and expected way envelope open | the nail ripped a hole in my sleeve
definitions of normality vary across time and across different Adjective: ripped
countries | things returned to normality after the holidays ripped jeans are still fashionable
ended
Adjective: normal • déchirer
it’s quite normal to be nervous before an exam
scope /skəʊp/ Noun uncount
the scope of something is its range and the limits that are
• normalité
placed on it
pad /pæd/ Noun Collocates: limit/narrow/reduce the scope of something |
a pad is a piece of thick, soft material that you use to protect widen/broaden the scope of something | outside/beyond
something the scope of something
a knee pad | I wear shin pads when I play football (to protect I didn’t have an oven, which somewhat reduced the scope of
the part of my legs below the knees) my cooking | they widened the scope of
Adjective: padded the investigation
a bag with a padded shoulder strap
• portée
• protection

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 Outcomes • Advanced • Word lists • French • Unit 3

scrub /skrʌb/ Verb utility /juːˈtɪləti/ Noun uncount

to scrub something means to clean it by rubbing hard, utility is the quality of being useful. Utilities are services such
usually with water and a brush as gas and electricity that come into people’s homes. In a
your clothes can be washed and scrubbed in here | I had to house or flat, the utility room or utility area is where people
scrub the pan for ages to get it clean | I swept and scrubbed have a washing machine, dryer, and other household
and cleaned the windows equipment
Noun: scrub there’s a sink and a washing machine in the utility area | the
utility room is just off the kitchen
give your hands a good scrub to get the dirt off
• service
• frotter
wring /rɪŋ/ Verb
stick /stɪk/ Verb
if you wring out a wet piece of cloth, you squeeze it very
if you stick something somewhere, you put it there. Stick is
hard with your hands in order to force out as much water as
an informal word in this meaning
you can
I’m just going to stick the pie in the oven | she stuck the note in
he wrung out his wet socks and put them on the radiator |
her handbag and dashed out of the house | just stick the books
wring it out and wipe the table carefully
on that shelf over there
• essorer
• mettre

sweep /swiːp/ Verb Student’s Book Pages 30–31

if you sweep a surface such as a floor, you use a brush to
push the dirt and dust together in order to clean it assumption /əˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/ Noun
an assumption is a belief that something is true, although
I need to sweep the floor before the visitors arrive | sweep the
the belief is not based on any evidence
broken glass onto this bit of newspaper | let me sweep the dust
up before you wash the floor Collocates: make an assumption
you should read the report before making false assumptions |
• balayer we took the decision to stay at home on the assumption that it
would rain all weekend
take for granted /ˌteɪk fə(r) ˈɡrɑːntɪd/ Phrase
Verb: assume | Conjunction: assuming
if you take something for granted, you assume that it is true
or that it will happen or continue without thinking about she didn’t answer the door, so I assumed she was out |
it very much. If you take someone for granted, you expect assuming your estimate is right, we should set off before 6 in
them to do things for you but you do not ask or thank them the morning
properly
• supposition
we often take it for granted that our way of life is obviously
sensible and normal | I’ve offered to help, but I don’t want to be autonomy /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/ Noun
taken for granted autonomy is the power to make your own decisions without
getting permission from a more important authority
• considérer comme acquis
local councils were given greater autonomy in planning
thread /θred/ Verb matters | they support the idea of regional autonomy
thread is long, thin pieces of cotton, silk or wool, used to Adjective: autonomous | Adverb: autonomously
make cloth or sew pieces of cloth together. If you thread a the port has its own autonomous administration | it is very
needle, you put the thread through the small hole at one difficult for companies to act autonomously in an increasingly
end of the needle so that it is ready for you to start sewing global world
I can’t thread this needle without my glasses | here, can you
thread the needle for me while I look for my bag | thread the • autonomie
cotton through the needle
bug /bʌɡ/ verb
• enfiler if something bugs you, it makes you annoyed and slightly
angry
tub /tʌb/ Noun what’s bugging you? | what really bugs me is that she thinks
a tub, or a bathtub, is a large container which you can fill I’ve got lots of money | it’s always bugged me that my brother
with water and use as a bath has a bigger bedroom
the bathroom has a white tub and black and white walls |
a metal tub which you could put in front of the fire • énerver

• baignoire

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cling /klɪŋ/ Verb elite /ɪˈliːt/ Noun
to cling to something means to hold it tightly. If you cling the elite are people with special skills, education or money
to an idea or belief, you continue to firmly believe it even who are able to have power and influence in society. Elite
though it is not true or useful any more groups of people or things are considered to be the best of
they cling on to this idea of a unified national culture | the their kind
world has changed, but he still clings to the past | you just need Collocates: a ruling/wealthy/educated elite
to cling to the one idea that you’ll succeed it’s the ruling elite who get the benefits | a member of
the political and educated elite
• s’accrocher
Adjective: elite
commerce /ˈkɒmɜː(r)s/ Noun uncount the Free University of Berlin is one of Germany’s elite
commerce is the business of buying and selling things universities
web commerce has been growing steadily (using the internet
to buy and sell things) | the city is a centre of government, • élite
commerce, and industry
retain /rɪˈteɪn/ Verb
Adjective: commercial | Adverb: commercially if you retain something, you keep it over a period of time
the district is split between residential and commercial use | he retains a sense of his family roots | she had insisted on
the first commercially available 3D printer (the first one that retaining control of the company | this information will be
anybody could buy) retained for up to three years
Noun: retention
• commerce
the project ensured the retention of 50 jobs
conflicted /ˌkənˈflɪktɪd/ Adjective
if two ideas or beliefs conflict, they cannot both be true • garder
at the same time. If someone is conflicted, it is difficult for
them to make a decision because there are two strong but static /ˈstætɪk/ Adjective
different reasons for them to make two opposite decisions something that is static does not move or change
over time
the only time I feel vaguely conflicted about my identity is
when Pakistan play England at cricket | I have found myself our identities aren’t fixed or static | most of the website is
deeply conflicted on this issue | he was conflicted over how to static content, but the homepage changes every Monday |
vote membership of the organisation has remained static for a few
years
Verb: conflict | Noun: conflict | Adjective: conflicting
test results conflicted with the predictions made earlier | there • statique
is a conflict between having freedoms and having limitations
tight /taɪt/ Adjective
• en contradiction tight controls over something are very strict
we’re on a very tight budget (we have to control what we
diverse /daɪˈvɜː(r)s/ Adjective
spend very carefully) | security outside the parliament building
a diverse number of things includes many different sorts
was very tight
the place she lives in is very racially diverse | the university
Adverb: tightly | Verb: tighten
offers courses covering a diverse range of subjects
many people think the banks should be more tightly controlled
Noun: diversity | Verb: diversify
| should they tighten gun control laws?
the quality and diversity of the restaurants in the city is
amazing | the EU is attempting to diversify its energy supply • serré / strict
(make sure it gets its energy from several different places)

• divers

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 Outcomes • Advanced • Word lists • French • Unit 3

PHRASES WITH THING

it’s no big thing: if you say of a situation that it’s no big
thing, you mean that it is not as big a problem as someone
might think
you shouldn’t have bought me flowers, it was no big thing,
honestly. You’d have done the same for me, I’m sure

not the done thing:

if you say that something is not the done thing, you mean that
it is not socially acceptable
and then he lit a cigarette before we left the dinner table – really
not the done thing!

chance would be a fine thing:

if you say chance would be a fine thing, you mean that a nice
or desirable situation that you are talking about is unlikely
ever to happen
as if I could afford a holiday in January as well as August –
chance would be a fine thing!

the furthest thing from my mind:

if you say that something was the furthest thing from your
mind, you mean that you were not thinking about it at all
because you were concentrating on other things
the furthest thing from my mind right now is the weather in San
Francisco

first thing in the morning:

first thing in the morning means very soon after you get up
I go for a run first thing in the morning, then shower, have
breakfast, and get the train to work

the sort of thing:

if you describe something as being the sort of thing that
makes you glad to be alive, or the sort of thing that makes
life worth living, you mean that you are talking about one
example of a situation that has a particular effect on you
watching them smile when they realise they’ve understood
something is the sort of thing that makes me proud to be a
teacher

(what) with one thing and another:

you say what with one thing and another when you want to
say that there are several factors involved in a situation and
you cannot give details about all of them
I didn’t get any sleep at all last night, what with one thing and
another

one thing led to another:

if you say that one thing led to another, you mean that
something that happened was not planned but you did not
want to stop it developing
we met at a conference, and one thing led to another and now
we’ve been married for three years

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