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Lecture Two - Types & Classifications

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7 views

Lecture Two - Types & Classifications

Uploaded by

Khaled Fada'aq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3/27/2014

Types & Classifications

 Cantilever
 Simply Supported
 Fixed
 Continuous

The main uses of beams are to


support floors and columns, carry roof
sheeting as purlins and and side
cladding as sheeting rails

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Types of beam loads are:


- Concentrated loads from secondary
beams and columns.
- Distributed loads from self weight and
floor slabs.

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Loads can be classified into three broad categories:


1- Dead loads
Dead loads from self weight, slabs, finishes, etc
2- Live loads
Imposed loads from peoples fittings, snow on roof, etc.
3- Environmental Loads
- Rain loads
- Wind loads
- Snow loads
- Earthquake loads
- Hydrostatic and soil pressure
- Thermal and other effects

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Elastic Theory

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Beams cross-sections are classified as


following according with their behavior in
bending:
- Class 1: Plastic cross-section
This can develop a plastic hinge with
sufficient rotation capacity to permit
redistribution of moment in the structure.
Only class 1 section can be used for
plastic design. Plastic moment of resistance
is therefore equal the fully plastic moment
py S

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- Class 2: Compact Cross-section


This can develop plastic moment
capacity, but local buckling prevent
rotation at moment.

- Class 3: Semi Compact Cross-section


The stress in the extreme fibers should
be limited to the yield stress because local
buckling prevent development of the
plastic moment capacity.

Such a cross-section can resist a


moment equal to Py Seff which is
between the plastic moment Py S and
the elastic moment capacity Py Z.
Seff is the effective plastic modulus and
is calculating using express given in
clause 3.5.6 of BS 5950. In conservative
approach, using the elastic modulus.

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- Class 4 : Slender cross-section


Premature buckling occurs before
yield is reach. The projecting flange of
an I-beam will buckle prematurely if it
is too thin. Web will also buckle under
compression stress from bending and
shear.

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To prevent local buckling from


occurring, limiting outstand/thickness
ratio for flange and depth/thickness
ratio for web are given in Tables 11 and
12 of the code.

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The cross-section classification process


follows five basic steps, as listed below:

i) Evaluate the slenderness ratio (b/T or d/t)


of all the elements of the cross-section in
which there is compression stress.

ii) To allow for the influence of variation in


material design strength, evaluate the
parameter as (275/py)0.5. For steel grade
S275 that less than 16mm thick, this
parameter will be unity.

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iii. Where necessary evaluate the stress


ratio r1 and r2.

iv. In Table 2.1, identify the appropriate


row of the table for element under
consideration and determine the class
of that element, according to the
limiting value of thickness ratio

v. Classify the complete cross-section


according to the least favorable
classification of the individual element
in the cross-section

The choice of the appropriate row of


Table 2.1 depends on the boundary
condition of the element and its stress
condition (whether subjected to uniform
compression stress or varying stress)

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- For the compression flange of an I,


H and channel or box section, the
element is either an outstand element
(supported along one edge) or an
internal element (supported along both
edges). The stress is assumed to be
uniform.

- For webs of I, H, and box sections


where the stress varies from tension to
compression and the level zero stress is at
the mid-depth of the element, there is a
simple set of three elements.

- For webs of I, H, and box sections


where the stress varies across the width of
the element, other than the simple case
above, a stress ratio r1 or r2 must be
determine.

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- For webs of channels, there is a


simple set of three limits, irrespective of
the stress condition.
- The elements of angles and Tees are
all treated as outstand element and
there are sets of three limits for three
cases

Stress Ratios r1 and r2


For I and H section with equal flanges:
Fc
r1  but  1  r1  1
dtp yw
Fc
r2 
Ag p yw
Where Ag is the gross cross-section area
d is the web depth
Fc is the axial compression (negative for
tension)
t is the web thickness
Note: r1 and r2 are positive for compression and
negative for tension

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A 457 × 191× 67 UB in steel grade S355 is to


be used under three different conditions, as
described below. Classify the section for each
case and evaluate the local cross-section
resistance.

Conditions:
i) Under pure bending
ii) Under bending plus 700 KN axial compression
iii) Under pure axial compression of 700 KN

Solution:
- Section properties
B = 189.9 mm T = 12.7 mm
d = 407.6 mm t = 8.5
Ag = 85.5 cm2 Z = 1300 cm3
S = 1470 cm3
- Slender ratio
b/T = 7.48 and d/t = 48.0 (from
property Tables)
- Influence of material strength
 = (275/355)0.5 = 0.88

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Condition (i), Pure bending


Flanges
The limiting value of b/T for class 1 is 
9 = 7.92,
The actual value is 7.48, Therefore the flanges are class
1 plastic.
Web
 = 70.4,
The limiting value d/t for class I is 80
The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is class 1
plastic
The entire cross-section is classified as class 1
plastic
The moment capacity of the section
py Sx = 1470 × 355 ×10-3 = 522 KN.m

Condition (ii) Bending plus 700 KN axial compression


Flanges
The limiting value of b/T is as in condition (i) above
and the flanges are therefore class 1 plastic
Webs
The level of zero stress will not be at mid depth of
the web, so it is necessary to determine the stress ratio
r1 and r2
r1 = Fc /dtpy = 700 × 103/(407.6 × 8.5 × 355) = 0.569
r2 = Fc /Ag py = 700 × 103/(8550 × 355) = 0.231

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The limiting value of d/t for class 2 compact is


100e/(1+1.5r1) = 88 / (1+ 1.5 × 0.569) = 47.5
The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is class 2
compact.
The limiting value of d/t for class 3 semi-compact is
120 e / (1+ 2r2) = 105.6 / (1+ 2 × 0.231) = 72.2
The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is class 3
semi-compact.

The entire cross-section is therefore


class 3 semi-compact and thus the design
strength of the material can be attained at
the at the extreme fibers.
The moment capacity of the cross-section
py Zx = 1300 × 355 × 10-3 = 462 KN.m

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Condition (iii)
Pure axial compression of 700 KN

Flanges:

The limiting value of b/T is


40 Ɛ = 35.2 > 7.48 and the flanges are class
3 Semi- Compact

Web
When considering an I section in pure axial
compression there is only one limit given in Table
11 of the code. The limit is the same as in
condition (ii) above and web is therefore class 3
semi-compact.
The entire cross section therefore may be
treated as class 1, 2 or 3 under pure axial
compression.
The compression resistance is therefore given
by clause 4.7.4
Pc = Ag Py =85.5 × 102 × 355 × 10-3 = 3035 KN

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