Programming with C++

COMP2011: Program Flow Control II

Gary Chan
Albert Chung
Cindy Li
Dimitris Papadopoulos
Pedro Sander
Charles Zhang

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong SAR, China
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.1
 Part I

Nested Looooooops

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.2

Nested Loops Example: Compute Average Score
One may put a while loop inside another while loop.
#include <iostream> /∗ File: nested-while-avg.cpp ∗/
using namespace std;

int main( )
{
int NUM ASSIGNMENTS = 5; // Uppercase variable doesn’t change
int j; // Assignment counter
int score, sum of scores;
char reply = ’y’; // ’y’ for yes, ’n’ for no; initialized to yes

cout  "Enter scores for the first student? (y/n) "  endl;
while ((cin  reply) && (reply == ’y’ || reply == ’Y’))
{
sum of scores = 0; // Reset the accumulator to zero
j = 1; // Reset the assignment counter to 1

while (j <= NUM ASSIGNMENTS)

{
cout  "Enter student’s score for assignment #"  j  " : ";
cin  score; // Remark: one should check input errors here
sum of scores += score;
j++;
}
cout  "The average score = "  sum of scores/NUM ASSIGNMENTS  endl;
cout  "Enter scores for another student? (y/n) " ;
}

return 0;
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.3

Nested Loops Example: Multiplication Table

#include <iostream> /* File: multiplication-table.cpp */

#include <iomanip> // a library that helps control input/output formats
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// To print out products of j*k where j, k = 1,...,10
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; ++j)
{
for (int k = 1; k <= 10; ++k) // Reset k=1 for each j. Why?
cout << setw(4) << j*k; // Set the length of output field to 4

cout << endl;

}

return 0;
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.4

break and continue
A break causes the innermost enclosing loop to exit
immediately.
A continue causes the next iteration of the enclosing loop to
begin.
That is, in the while loop, control passes to test the boolean
expression again immediately.

statements 2 statements 2

false false
true
boolean true boolean
expression 2 statements 3 expression 2

continue

statements 1 statements statements 1

3

boolean true boolean true

expression 1 expression 1

false false

break

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.5

Example: Stop Inputs with break
#include <iostream> /* File: break-avg.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int NUM_ASSIGNMENTS = 5; // Uppercase variable doesn't change
int j; // Assignment counter
int score, sum_of_scores;
char reply = 'y'; // 'y' for yes, 'n' for no; initialized to yes

cout << "Enter scores for the first student? (y/n) " << endl;
while ((cin >> reply) && (reply == 'y' || reply == 'Y'))
{
sum_of_scores = 0; // Reset the accumulator to zero
j = 1; // Reset the assignment counter to 1

while (j <= NUM_ASSIGNMENTS)

{
cout << "Enter student's score for assignment #" << j << " : ";
cin >> score; // Remark: one should check input errors here

if (score < 0)
break ;

sum_of_scores += score;
j++;
}
cout << "The average score = " << sum_of_scores/NUM_ASSIGNMENTS << endl;
cout << "Enter scores for another student? (y/n) " ;
}
return 0;
} // Question: What is the output with the input: 4, 5, -6, 7, 8?

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.6

Example: Ignore Negative Inputs with continue
#include <iostream> /* File: continue-avg.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int NUM_ASSIGNMENTS = 5; // Uppercase variable doesn't change
int j; // Assignment counter
int score, sum_of_scores;
char reply = 'y'; // 'y' for yes, 'n' for no; initialized to yes

cout << "Enter scores for the first student? (y/n) " << endl;
while ((cin >> reply) && (reply == 'y' || reply == 'Y'))
{
sum_of_scores = 0; // Reset the accumulator to zero
j = 1; // Reset the assignment counter to 1

while (j <= NUM_ASSIGNMENTS)

{
cout << "Enter student's score for assignment #" << j << " : ";
cin >> score; // Remark: one should check input errors here

if (score < 0)
continue ;

sum_of_scores += score;
j++;
}
cout << "The average score = " << sum_of_scores/NUM_ASSIGNMENTS << endl;
cout << "Enter scores for another student? (y/n) " ;
}
return 0;
} // Question: What is the output with the input: 4, 5, -6, 7, 8 ?

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.7

Example: Difference between break and continue

/* File: break-example.cpp */ /* File: continue-example.cpp */

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;

int main() int main()

{ {
int j = 0; int j = 0;

while (j < 3) while (j < 3)

{ {
cout << "Enter iteration " cout << "Enter iteration "
<< j << endl; << j << endl;

if (j == 1) if (j == 1)
break; continue ;

cout << "Leave iteration " cout << "Leave iteration "
<< j << endl; << j << endl;
j++; j++;
} }

return 0; return 0;
} }

Question: What are the outputs of the 2 programs?

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.8

Where Does continue; Continue in a for Loop?

#include <iostream> /* File: for-continue.cpp */

using namespace std;

int main()
{
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++)
{
cout << "j = " << j << endl;

if (j == 3)
{
j = 10;
continue; // What if it is replaced by break;
}
}

return 0;
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.9

 Part II

Let’s switch: C++ Multiple Choices

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.10

switch Statement
switch statement is a variant of the if-else-if statement, that allows
multiple choices based on the value of an integral expression.

Syntax: switch Statement

switch (integral expression)
{
E case constant-1:
c1 c2 cn statement-sequence-1;
break;
S1 S2 ..... Sn case constant-2:
statement-sequence-2;
break;
...
case constant-N:
statement-sequence-N;
break;
default: // optional
statement-sequence-(N+1);
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.11

Example: switch on Integers
#include <iostream> /* File: switch-find-comp2011-instructor.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main() // To determine your instructor

{
cout << "Enter the COMP2011 section number to find its instructor: ";
int section; // COMP2011 section number: should be 1, 2, 3, or 4
cin >> section; // Input COMP2011 section number

switch (section)
{
case 1:
cout << "Sergey Brin" << endl; break;
case 2:
cout << "Bill Gates" << endl; break;
case 3:
cout << "Steve Jobs" << endl; break;
case 4:
cout << "Jeff Bezos" << endl; break;
default:
cerr << "Error: Invalid lecture section " << section << endl;
break;
}

return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.12
Example: switch on Characters
#include <iostream> /* File: switch-char-bloodtype.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main() // To find out who may give you blood

{
cout << "Enter your blood type (put 'C' for blood type AB): ";
char bloodtype; cin >> bloodtype;

switch (bloodtype)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your donor must be of blood type: O or A\n";
break;
case 'B':
cout << "Your donor must be of blood type: O or B\n";
break;
case 'C':
cout << "Your donor must be of blood type: O, A, B, or AB\n";
break;
case 'O':
cout << "Your donor must be of blood type: O";
break;
default: // To catch errors
cerr << "Error: " << bloodtype << " is not a valid blood type!\n";
break;
}
return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.13
Example: switch with Sharing Cases
#include <iostream> /* File: switch-int-grade.cpp */
using namespace std;
int main() // To determine your grade (fictitious)
{
char grade; // Letter grade
int mark; // Numerical mark between 0 and 100
cin >> mark;
switch (mark/10)
{
case 10: // Several cases may share the same action
case 9:
grade = 'A'; break; // If mark >= 90
case 8: case 7: case 6: // May write several cases on 1 line
grade = 'B'; break; // If 90 > mark >= 60
case 5:
case 4:
case 3:
case 2:
grade = 'C'; break; // If 60 > mark >= 20
case 1:
grade = 'D'; break; // If 20 > mark >= 10
default:
grade = 'F'; break;
}
cout << "Your letter grade is " << grade << endl;
return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.14
Example: switch vs. if-else-if

#include <iostream> /* File: if-elseif-grade.cpp */

using namespace std;

int main() /* To determine your grade (fictitious) */

{
char grade; // Letter grade
int mark; // Numerical mark between 0 and 100
cin >> mark;

if (mark >= 90)

grade = 'A'; // mark >= 90
else if (mark >= 60)
grade = 'B'; // 90 > mark >= 60
else if (mark >= 20)
grade = 'C'; // 60 > mark >= 20
else if (mark >= 10)
grade = 'D'; // 20 > mark >= 10
else
grade = 'F'; // 10 > mark

cout << "Your letter grade is " << grade << endl;
return 0;
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.15

Remarks on switch

The expression for switch must evaluate to an integral value

(integer, char, bool in C++).
NO 2 cases may have the same value.
On the other hand, several cases may share the same action
statements.
When a case constant is matched, the statements associated
with the case are executed until either
a break statement.
a return statement.
the end of the switch statement.
Difference between a switch statement and a if-else-if
statement:
switch statement can only test for equality of the value of one
quantity.
each expression of the if-else-if statement may test the truth
value of different quantities or concepts.

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.16

Example: Give me a break
#include <iostream> /* File: switch-no-break.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main() // To determine your grade (fictitious)

{
char grade; // Letter grade
int mark; // Numerical mark between 0 and 100
cin >> mark;

/* What happens if you forget to break? What is the output? */

switch (mark/10)
{
case 10: case 9:
cout << "Your grade is A" << endl;
case 8: case 7: case 6:
cout << "Your grade is B" << endl;
case 5: case 4: case 3: case 2:
cout << "Your grade is C" << endl;
case 1:
cout << "Your grade is D" << endl;
default:
cout << "Your grade is F" << endl;
}

return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.17
New Data Types with enum

One way to define a new data type is to use the keyword

enum.
Syntax: enum Declaration
enum new-datatype { identifier1 [=value1], identifier2 [=value2], · · · };

Example
enum weekday { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,
SATURDAY, SUNDAY }; // 0,1,2,3,4,5,6

enum primary_color { RED = 1, GREEN, BLUE }; // 1,2,3

enum bloodtype { A, B, AB = 10, O }; // 0,1,10,11

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.18

User-defined enum Type

An enumeration is a type that can hold a finite set of

symbolic objects.
The symbolic (meaningful) names of these objects follow the
same rule as identifier names.
The symbolic names make your program easier to
read/understand.
Internally, these objects are represented as integers.
By default, the first object is given the value zero, then each
subsequent object is assigned a value one greater than the
previous object’s value.
The integral values of the enumerated objects may be
assigned other integral values by the programmer.
Thus, the objects of an enum type act like named integer
constants.

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.19

Example: enum with switch
#include <iostream> /* File: enum-shapes.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main()
{
enum shapes { TEXT, LINE, RECT, CIRCLE };
cout << "supported shapes: "
<< " TEXT = " << TEXT << " LINE = " << LINE
<< " RECT = " << RECT << " CIRCLE = " << CIRCLE << endl;
int myshape; // Why the type of myshape is not shape?
cin >> myshape;

switch (myshape)
{
case TEXT:
cout << "Call a function to print text" << endl; break;
case LINE:
cout << "Call a function to draw a line" << endl; break;
case RECT:
cout << "Call a function to draw a rectangle" << endl; break;
case CIRCLE:
cout << "Call a function to draw a circle" << endl; break;
default:
cerr << "Error: Unsupported shape" << endl; break;
}

return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.20
 Part III

Further Readings and Examples

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.21

Quiz: Logical Operations

What is the value of each of the following boolean expressions:

4 == 5
x > 0 && x < 10 /* if int x = 5 */
5 ∗ 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24
true && false || true
x /* if int x = 5 */
x + + == 6 /* if int x = 5 */
x =9
x == 3 == 4 /* assume that x is an int */

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.22

do-while Loop (Statement)
Syntax: do-while Statement
do { <stmts> } while (<bool-exp>);

Again, like the while statement,

<stmts> will be repeated as long
as the value of <bool-exp> is true.
However, unlike the the while
statements statement, the <bool-exp> is
evaluated after <stmts> at the
bottom of do-while statement.
boolean
expression
true
That means, <stmts> in do-while
false
loop will be executed at least once,
whereas <stmts> in while loop
may not be executed at all.

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.23

Example: Factorial using do-while Loop
#include <iostream> /* File: do-factorial.cpp */
using namespace std; // Compute x! = x(x-1)(x-2)...1; x is non -ve

int main()
{
int factorial = 1, number;
cout << "Enter a non-negative integer: ";
cin >> number;

if (number > 0)
{
do
{
factorial *= number; // Same as: factorial = factorial*number
--number; // Same as: number = number-1
} while (number > 1);
}

cout << factorial << endl;

return 0;
}
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.24
Which Loop to Use?

for loop : When you know how to specify the required

number of iterations.
When the counter variable is also needed for
computation inside the loop.
e.g. To compute sums, products, and to count.
while loop : You want to repeat an action but do not know
exactly how many times it will be repeated.
The number of iterations is determined by a
boolean condition. e.g.
while (cin >> x) { ... }

do-while loop : The associated actions have to be executed at

least once.
Otherwise, do-while and while are used in similar
situations.

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.25

Common Loop Errors

What is the error in each of the following cases?

int sum;
Case 1: while (cin >> x)
sum += x;

int j;
while (j < 10)
{
Case 2:
cout << "hello again!" << endl;
j++;
}

int j = 0;
while (j < 10);
{
Case 3:
cout << "hello again!" << endl;
j++;
}

COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.26

More enum Example: Mixing Colors
#include <iostream> /* File: enum-colors.cpp */
using namespace std;

int main()
{ // Declare color variables immediately after the enum definition
enum color { RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, CYAN, PURPLE } x, y;
int xint, yint; // Input variables for the color variables

cin >> xint >> yint;

x = static_cast<color>(xint); // Convert an int to a color quantity
y = static_cast<color>(yint); // Convert an int to a color quantity

if ( (x == RED && y == GREEN) || (y == RED && x == GREEN) )

cout << YELLOW << endl;

else if ( (x == RED && y == BLUE) || (y == RED && x == BLUE) )

cout << PURPLE << endl;

else if ( (x == GREEN && y == BLUE) || (y == GREEN && x == BLUE) )

cout << CYAN << endl;

else
cerr << "Error: only support mixing RED/GREEN/BLUE!" << endl;

return 0;
} // Check what is really printed out
COMP2011 (Spring 2023) p.27