DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

3.5
39.35 x 10-d x
NN,= 64
or = 2.15 mW
N
n) Signal power S, and SNR can be calculated as under

=
A = .

Output signal power max Ans.

2

So 1/2
Output signal to noise ratio N.
q (2.15x10
or (SNR), = 232.3 or 23.66 dB. Ans.

EXAMPLE 3.34. The bandwidth of TV video

plus audio signal is 4.5 MHz. If this signal i
into PCM bit stream with 1024
quantization levels, determine number of bits/sec of thoverted
signal. Assume that the signal is sampled at the rate 20% above
Solution : Given that
Nyquist rate.
fm 4.5 MHz, q= 1024

or
f= 20% above the Nyquist rate =1.2 x 2 f1.2 x 2x 4.5 MH.
f,= 10.8 MHz.
Let us calculate the number of bits/sec.

r=vf
But, we do not know the value of v.
We know that
2
2 1024
V 10
= x
Therefore, bits/sec 10 10.8 MHz =
108 M bits/sec. Ans.
EXAMPLE 3.35. If a voice frequency is sampled at the rate of
characterized by peak value of 2 Volts,signal 32,000 samples/sec and
What is determine the value of step size to avoid
quantization noise power N, and corresponding SNR ? slope overload.
kHz. Assume bandwidth of as4 signal
Solution:Given that f 32,000 samples/sec.
Peak value of the =
signal A 2 V.
Bandwidth BW 4 kHz. =

4) Step size A to avoid slope overload

can be caleulated as under
To avoid slope overload the
following condition must be satisfied:
AS
2 T 2 Afg
27Tfm
Substituting the values, we obtain
2s4x32000

21tx 4x103

or
2x 27T x 4x10*
A2
32000
or A2 1.57 Volt Ans.
(i) Next, we find the quantization noise power (N,).
The quantization noise power for a delta modulator is given by

N=157 .

0.822 W
Gii) We know that the signal to noise ratio is
given by
3r 3x(32103)3 = Ans.
19.45
SNR R2 2
BW 8t x(4 x103 2 x 4x103
 WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES

EXAMPLE 3.36. A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally PCM. Assume audio
by
bandwidth to be 15 kHz. If signals are sampled at a rate 20% above signal's
rate for
Nyquist practical
reasons and the samples are
encode
quantized into 65,536 levels. Determine bits/sec required to
the signal and minimum bandwidth required to transmit encoded
signal.
(WBTU, Kolkata, Sem. Exam., 2006-07)
Solution: Given that m15kHz f= 1.2 x 2 fm
2.4 x 1.5 kHz =
36 kHz
q 65,536.
Signaling rate (r) can be calculated as under:
We know that q 2
V= log,

or V (65,536) =16
log102
Now, sigmaling rate r = vf, = 16 x 36 kHz = 576 Kbits/sec. Ans.
Hence, the signaling rate r is 576 Kbits/sec.
i) Minimum bandwidth can be calculated as under
576
BW (signaling rate) = Kbits/sec.
Therefore, minimum bandwidth, BWmin
min
288 kHz. Ans.

EXAMPLE 3.37. In a single integration DM scheme, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64 kHz.
The maximum signal amplitude is 1 Volt.
(6) Determine the minimum value of step size to avoid slope overload.
(ii) Determine granular noise power Ng, if the voice signal bandwidth is 3.5 kHz.
(ii) Assuming signal to be sinusoidal, calculate signal power S, and signal to noise ratio (SNR).
(iv) Assuming that the voice signal amplitude is uniformly distributed in the range (-1, 1),
determine S and SNR.
= 1 Volt
Solution: Given that f= 64 kHz A
0) Minimum step size to avoid slope overload is given by

AS Afg
21t fm

27Tfm A 2Tx3.5x10" x1
or
Amin 64 x103
or min0.3436 Volt. Ans.
Dnin
1) Granular noise power is expressed as

(0.3436)2 3.5
X
3 64
Solving, we get = 2.15 x 10- W Ans.
N.
FYAMn nlituda of innut signal m(t) is confined
 EXAMPLE 3.40. Atelephone signal with cut-off frequency of 4kHz is digitized into 8 bit PCM, sample
t Nvquist rate. Calculate the baseband transmission bandwidth and quantization S/N ratio.
Solution:
G) The Nyquist rate = 2 x 4 kHz= 8 kHz.

Transmission bandwidth, B = N f = x 8 x 8 kHz = 32 kHz

i i ) SNR,= (1.8 + 6N) dB = 1.8 + (6 x 8) = 49.8 dB

EXAMPLE 3.41. In a single integration DM scheme, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64 kH:
The maximum signal amplitude is 2 volts. Voice signal bandwidth is 3.5 kHz. Determine th
minimum value of step size to avoid slope overload and granular noise power.
Solution: Given that: f =64 kHz, Amax2V, fm = 3.5 kHz

G) Mininmum step size to avoid slope overload

We know that, minfs

Amax 21tfm
21t fm Amax 2tx3.5x10 x2
NZE| 0.6872 volt Ans.
min 64x10

(ii) Granular noise power

8xfm(0.6872) 3.0 = 8.6 x

We have N 64
10-3 W Ans.
3f 3

has a bandwidth of 3.5 MHz. This signal

EXAMPLE 3.42. A television signal (video and audio)
to obtain a PCM signal.
sampled, quantized and binary coded
Determine the sampling rate if the signal
is to be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquis
(i)
rate.
determine the number of binary pulse
are
quantized into 1024 levels,
If the samples
(ii)
required to encode each sample. minimuur
second) of binary coded signal and the
iii) Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per
bandwidth required to transmit the signal.
converted to companded PCM, will
the output bit rate changec
Ifabove linear PCM system is
Justify.
W 4.5 MHz
Solution: Given that, 2 W
= 1.2 x Nyquist rate =1.2 x
Sampling rate
= 10.8 MHz
= x 2 x 4.5 x 106
1.2

(11) Given that number of quantization levels,

Q 2N

Hence, number of binary pulse per word

N= log2Q
N= log, 1024
or,
or N 10
=
= x 10.8
= 10 MHz 108 Mbps
i) Binary pulse rate (bit rate) Nf,
=
= bit rate 54 MHz
Also, bandwidth
EXAMPLE 3.40. A telephone into 8 bit PCM, sampled
at Nyquist rate. Calculate the baseband transmission bandwidthdigitized
signal with cut-off frequency of 4 kHz is and quantization SIN ratio.

Solution:
) The Nyquist rate = 2 x 4 kHz = 8 kHz.

i) Transmission bandwidth, B =N x8x8 kHz =32 kHz

i SNR, = (1.8 + 6N) dB = 1.8+ (6 x 8) =49.8 dB

EXAMPLE 3.41. In a single integration DM scheme, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64 kHz.
The maximum signal amplitude is 2 volts. Voice signal bandwidth is 3.5 kHz. Determine the
minimum value of step size to avoid slope overload and granular noise power.
Solution: Given that: , = 64 kHz, Amax2V, fm =3.5 kHz
to avoid slope overload
a) Minimum step size

We know that, A min's

max 21th m

21tfm Amax 2tx3.5x103x2 = 0.6872 volt Ans.

min f, 64x103

(i) Granular noise power

8 xfm(0.6872)x 3.= 8.6x 103 W Ans.

We have N 3 3 64

has a bandwidth of 3.5 MHz. This signal is

EXAMPLE 3.42. A television signal (video and audio)
obtain a PCM signal.
sampled, quantized and binary coded to
to be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquist
i)Determine the sampling rate if the signal is
rate.
number of binary pulses
If the are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the
(ii) samples
required to encode each sample.
coded signal and the minimumn
rate
(bits per second) of binary
(iii) Determine the binary pulse
bandwidth required to transmit the signal.
will the output bit rate changed?
PCM is converted to companded PCM,
Ifabove linear system
Justify. W= 4.5 MHz
Solution: Given that, = x 2 W
= 1.2 x Nyquist rate 1.2
Sampling rate
x 2 x 4.5 x 106 =10.8 MHz
1.2
levels,
i) Given that number of quantization
Q 2
word
Hence, number of binary pulse per
N log
N log, 1024
or,
N= 10
or =
= 10 x 108 Mbps
( ) Binary pulse rate (bit rate) Nf, 10.8 MHz
rate =54 MHz
Also, bandwidth =bit