700 DEFENITIONS OF TERMS

CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION (CDI)

1. Absence of Items

• this notation includes the documentation of items not at the crime scene that probably should
be, such as certain articles of clothing missing from the deceased or certain home furnishing
absent from the scene.

2. ACCIDENTAL DEATH

• Misadventure, outside owns will.

3. ADIPOCERE FORMATION

• It is the formation of a soft friable, brownish white greasy substance called adipocere formed by
hydrolysis and dehydrogenation of body fats.

4. After the Officer has made his report, he should keep a copy of his notes permanently in some safe
place

• Although the criminal may be convicted by the courts and sent to prison, there is always a
chance that civil action or an appeal will be taken.

5. ANTHROPOMETRY

• Alphonse Bertillon, a French Criminologist devised a scheme using anthropometrics

measurements of the human body.

6. Application of Technical Skills

• A need may also exist for persons who have specialized skills in the collection of evidence.

7. ARTIFICIAL MUMMIFICATION OR EMBALMING

• some chemicals are added to the dead body like formalin, phenol, arsenic or mercury and
covering the skin with plastic of Paris.

8. Ataxic Gait

• a gait in which the foot is raised high and forward drop down suddenly.
9. AUTOPSY

• In its broadest definition is simply the examination of a body after death.

10. Accident

• It is the occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death, or
property damage.
11. Adjudication

• is the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation, including
legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants, to come to a decision which
determines rights and obligations between the parties involved.

12. Ancient Chinese Kite

• Human Powered Transportation - kites. The kite was developed in China in about 1000 BCE.

13. Apprehension

• to take into custody, The seizure, taking, or arrest of a person on a criminal charge.

14. Area Patrol

• traffic patrol or stationary patrol observation in area or beat which includes a number or streets,
roads, or a section on a highway.

15. Area Patrol

• This involves the conduct of observation either by moving patrol or observation of a certain area
which included a number of streets, roads or sections of a highway.
16. Articulated vehicle

• shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the
trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load
is borne by the motor vehicle.

17. Attribute

• Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a
traffic accident.
18. ACTIVE CADRES
• They are the doers, the men in action with carry out orders.
19. ACTIVE SUPPORTERS

• They are the group who provides the logistic needs to sustain terrorist operation.
20. Admissibility of evidence

• Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is not excluded by the law of these
rules.
21. Ambush

• Terrorist can choose his own time and place of operation and if his intended victim continually
uses the same route, the terrorist can conduct countless rehearsals and before actually moving
in for the kill.
22. Anti-Colonial Terrorism
• Known in modern bureaucratic language as asymmetric Warfare used by the European colonies
as a tactic, targeting colonial administrators, foreign Nationals, and Nations sympathetic to the
colonial powers.
23. ARREST

• Arrest is the taking of a person into custody so he can answer for the commission of an offense.
24. Arrest as result of a “Buy-Bust” Operation A “buy-bust”
• operation is a form of entrapment which has been repeatedly accepted to be valid means of
arresting violators of Dangerous Drugs Law.
25. Arson
Has been used to destroy and disrupt such targets at public utilities, political headquarters, and more
commonly economic and industrial targets such as: shops, factories, hotels, shopping malls.
26. Assassination

• Oldest of all terrorist tactics and still it is widely used today.

27. Assisting Counsel.

• Assisting counsel is any lawyer, except those directly affected by the case, those charged with
conducting preliminary investigation or those charged with the prosecution of crimes.
28. Acting Ability

• is the ability to go down to the level of different types of individuals.

29. Approach

• is the process of setting people to start talking.

30. ARCING

• Production of sustained luminous electrical discharge between separated electrodes; an electric

hazard that results when an electrical current cross the gap between 2 electrical conductors.

31. ACCELERANT
 • highly flammable chemicals that are used to facilitate flame propagation

32. AIRLINE MASK

• not used in fighting fires but used to enter a smoked filled space.

33. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER

• a type of built sprinklers which works by the increase of room temperature and which
automatically, operates the system to put out the fire.

34. AERIAL LADDER TRUCKS

• has a metal extension ladder mounted on a turn table.

35. AERIAL LADDER

• is a mechanical unit generally operated by hydraulic power that is mounted on chassis or three-
axle tractor drawn vehicle. Use for fire and rescue operations.

36. ARSON

• Is the intentional and the malicious destruction of property by fire.

37. ARREST

• Is the taking of person in to custody in order that he may be bound for the commission of an
offense.

38. AFIS (AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM)

• Is the PNP crime laboratory’s computerized system that captures, matches, compares identifies
and verifies stored digitized fingerprints.

39. ANTONYMS

• Words with opposite meanings.

40. ABBREVIATIONS

• Brevity is one of the principles in good report writing so that in some instances, in order to
conserve energy and space, the use of some abbreviations is allowed.

41. AFTER OPERATION REPORT

 • Refers to a report that may be rendered after any successful police operation that leads to the
arrest of any member or some members of syndicated crime group (PNP DIDM Criminal
Investigation Manual 2011).

42. AFTER PATROL REPORT

• Refers to a report which is submitted by assigned sector using official vehicles and is signed by
the team leader.

43. ADVERBS

• Add information about the circumstances of a situation or an event.

44. AUXILIARY

• Verbs lack meaning and are added to a main or lexical verb to serve various functions.

45. ACCURACY

• Means not only exactness but also non- commission of errors.

46. AUXILIARY COMPLETION

• This designation status is used by an auxiliary office or squad on completing its assigned portion
of the investigation.

47. AFFIDAVIT

• Summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to support a summary judgment is that
affidavit from which it may be clearly drawn that certain facts pleaded by either party are
certain, undisputed and indubitable which dispense with the hearing or trial of the case.

48. AFTER SOCO REPORT

• It is a report rendered by the Team Leader of the SOCO that conducted the scene of the crime
operations, processing or investigation.

49. AGENT’S REPORT

• It is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers an intelligence requirement.

50. ALCOHOLISM

• It is the most severe form of alcohol abuse and involves the inability to manage drinking habits.
It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder.

51. ALCOHOL
 • Humans have been drinking alcohol for thousands of years. Alcohol is both a chemical and a
psychoactive drug.

52. ACETONE

• found in nail polish remover

53. ACETIC ACID

• an ingredient in hair dye

54. AMMONIA

• a common household cleaner

55. ARSENIC

• used in rat poison

56. ANALGESICS

• these are drugs that relieve pain.

57. ANTIBIOTICS

• drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.

58. ANTIPYRETICS

• those drugs that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.

59. ANTIHISTAMINES

• those drug that control or combat allergic reactions.

60. ALLERGY

• some drugs cause the release of histamines giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis,
swelling, falls in blood pressure, suffocation and death.

61. AMPHETAMINES

• Amphetamines are a group of drugs that increase the activity of certain chemicals in the brain.

62. AFRICAN DRUG SYNDICATES (ADS)

• have been identified to be primarily responsible for the recruitment of Filipino drug couriers
who smuggle drugs to and from other Asian countries.
63. ALTERNATIVES

• this includes a number of ideas for stimulating meaningful involvement for the youth that can
complete successfully with the demands of drugs and alcohol.

64. ADMINISTER

• Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her
knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means.

65. ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

• Another important government initiative is the provision of financial and technical support for
the implementation of economically-viable and sustainable alternative development projects.

66. ASSISTANT TEAM LEADER

• a Police Officer who assists the Team Leader in fulfilling his tasks and responsibilities.

67. ARRESTING OFFICER

• A Police Officer tasked to apprehend the suspect/s.

68. ABUSIVE

• the amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.

69. Benzidine Test

• a fragment of suspected stain is placed in the filter paper, drop a solution containing of one part
of a 10% solution of benzidine in glacial acetic acid and 10 parts hydrogen peroxide.

70. BIBLIOTICS

• science of handwriting analysis.

71. BIBLIOTIST

• hand writing expert or qualified question document examiner.

72. BIOLOGIC DEATH OR BRAIN DEATH

• type of death characterized by absence of cognitive function or awareness, although artificial

support system may maintain organs functioning.

73. Blood
 • Blood often becomes important evidence in homicides, assaults, robberies or other cases
wherein maybe spilled. Blood can be categorized into the major group types of A,B,AB and O
depending on the condition of the stain on receipt.

74. Bullets

• A bullet can provide information about the type and make of ammunition, the type and make of
weapon from which the bullet was fired, and whether or not it was fired from a specific weapon,
provided the weapon is available for test purposes .

75. Backload and Tumpline-

• The Maya developed a manpowered transport device known as the tumpline “mecapal”. This
enabled a single man to carry 125 pounds on his back with relative ease.

76. Bicycle

• in this form of collision, it is either the motor vehicle or the cyclist who initiated the collision.

77. Biorhythm

• the theory that asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life, energy and mood states.

78. Black Notices

• are used to determine the identity of deceased victims

79. Blue Notices

• are used to seek information on the identity of persons or on their illegal activities related to
criminal matter.
80. Bombing

• Tactic common to most terror groups because bomb is cheap to produce, easy to make and is
difficult to detect and trace after the event.
81. Business Racketeering

• is the act of operating an illegal business or scheme in order to make profit by a structured
group
82. BOILING POINT

• the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.

83. BIOMASS

• it is the name given to such replaceable organic matters like wood, garbage and animal manure
that can be use to produce energy.
84. BACKDRAFT

• is the sudden and rapid burning of heated gasses in a confined area that occurs in a form of
explosion. This may occur because of improper ventilation.

85. BITEBACK

• Fatal condition when the fire resist extinguishment operation and becomes stronger and bigger
instead.

86. BUY BUST OPERATION

• Is an entrapment technique employed by a peace officer as an effective way of apprehending a

criminal in the act of the commission of the offense.

87. BEAT INSPECTION REPORT

• Refers to a report that is submitted daily by any duty officer hi/her routine check.

88. BREVITY/ CONCISENESS

• means saying much in a fewer words

89. BASIC OR INFORMAL POLICE REPORT

• This types of report deals with the ordinary miscellaneous usual, day to day memorandum,
letter or form accomplished by any member of an unit or section.

90. BENZENE

• found in rubber cement and gasoline.

91. BUTANE

• used in lighter fluid

92. BUCCAL

• Drug is placed in the buccal cavity just under the lips. The active ingredients of the drug are
absorbed in the blood stream through the soft tissues lining the mouth.

93. BARBITURATES

• These are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress and
insomnia.
94. BOARD

• Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board under Section 77, Article IX of this Act.

95. BACK UP SECURITY

• Police Officers responsible for the security of the raiding team and to control entry and exit of
authorized persons in the area of operation.

96. CASING
• It literally means putting a thing or place in a case.
97. CLANDESTINE OPERATION – COVERT/DISCREET

• A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other friendly forces.

98. Cognitive Interview

• conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative witnesses, to narrate their accounts without
interruption.
99. Collection
• refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are significant
to the case under investigation.
100. Conclusion

• The interview should be concluded when the witness has nothing pertinent to offer.
101. Contact
• refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under surveillance.
102. Convoy
• is an accomplice or associate of the subject.
103. Courage
• is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be hurt.
104. Cover

• any device utilized conceals the true nature of its acts and/or existence from the observer.
105. Cover Action

• exert influence from foreign government upon discretion of the sponsor

106. Cover Story
• a biographical data which will portray the personality of the agent he assumed.
107. Cover Support

• assigned in target areas with the primary mission of supporting the cover story.
108. Criminal Investigation
• is a logical process of collection and analysis of facts about persons, things and places relative to
a crime.
109. Criminal investigator

• is the superstar in the process of investigation. He must be capable of observation and a rational
thinker. Many times, a police investigator is being tested with his discretion.
110. Cultural Understanding and a Wide Range of Interest
• An awareness and understanding of cultures different from the investigator’s own can be of
great advantage.
111. Curiosity

• is the desire to learn by being inquisitive.

112. Custodial Interrogation

• or Investigation is the investigation conducted by the investigator on the suspect who is under
police custody.
113. CADAVERIC SPASM OR SPONTANEOUS RIGIDTY

• instant stiffening of a certain group of muscles which occurs immediately at the moment of
death, although its cause is unknown, it is associated with violent death due to extreme nervous
tension or injury to the central nervous system.

114. Cartridge Cases

• Cartridge cases can provide vital information as to the type of weapon used, the type of
ammunition, and whether or not the case was fired in a specific weapon (if the weapon is
available for test firing).

115. Case Officer

• Most agencies permit the officer who will be heading the investigation to take charge of the
crime scene.

116. Cereberral Gait

• swaying or staggering manner of walking like that of a drunken person.

117. CLINICAL/HOSPITAL AUTOPSY

• which focuses on the internal organ findings. Its purpose is to confirm the clinical diagnosis,
presence and extent disease, any medical condition that were overlooked and appropriateness
and outcome of therapy.
118. Close up Views

• Moving from the broad to the specific, the last phase in photographing the crime scene is the
close up.

119. Clothing

• The clothing of both the victim and the suspect are often good source of trace of evidence in
practically a variety of crimes.

120. COLD STIFFENING

• a condition characterized by a hardening of the muscles due to solidification of fats, muscles and
fluid when the dead body is extremely cold temperature.

121. Collection

• relevant information must also be collected by the investigator.

122. Concluding Investigation

• The direct outgrowth of the previous two stages. The investigating officer works closely with the
prosecuting attorney.

123. Coordinate Method

• the coordinate method employs the practice of measuring an object from two fixed points of
reference.

124. Cow’s Gait

• a manner of walking due to knock knee like that of a cow.

125. CRIME INVESTIGATION

• It is an art and a science of identifying, collecting, preserving and evaluating information for the
purpose of bringing a criminal offender to justice without which relevant highly significant
evidence may be overlooked and improperly or inefficiently gathered, and incorrect conclusions
may be drawn.

126. Crime Requiring Crime Scene Search

• Not all criminal acts produces usable physical evidence, or justify the time and expense of a full
search because of its lack of vigorous or exceptional physical activity in their commission.

127. CRIME SCENE

• A crime scene is a physical location where a suspect either commits an illegal act or leaves
physical evidence of such an act.
128. CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

• Any picture an officer takes may wind up in court. It will be safe to keep this in mind. Simple
rules can make pictures acceptable to most judges.

129. Cross – Projection Sketch

• this is a method for making a sketch of the crime inside of a room.

130. Camel

• Known as "ships of the desert", camels have been used for transporting goods across deserts
for thousands of years.
131. Carrying Pole

• balancing on one shoulder that has started in China.

132. Cause

• The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of which result could
not have occurred.
133. Commemorative Plate
• issued for purposes such as fund raising for government projects and programs.
134. Commentary Driving Method

• The student driver will be accompanied by an instructor. As a student driver drives, the
instructor have to give comments on his driving.
135. Comprehensive

• this method places the student in to an actual situation of driving from the beginning.
136. Computerized Control of Signal Networks
• Signal changes are ordered by the demands of traffic and are directed by computers that
operate on the basis of traffic information relayed from vehicle sensors on the streets. In this
system, traffic detectors are placed at several locations generally in the pavement.
137. Conceal traffic observation

• it is a stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary
powers of observation from the road way being observed.
138. Concealed Observation.

• Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary power of
observation from the roadway being observed.
139. Conspicuous Observation.
• Stationary observation in which observer remains in full view of traffic conditions.
140. Conspicuous traffic observation
 • it is a stationary observation in which the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full
view of the traffic.
141. Contact Damage.
• Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a collision or roll
over.
142. Court traffic law enforcement

• it is performed by the court by adjudication and penalization.

143. Curb Markings for Restrictions.

• These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of the traffic for restriction or for parking
regulation purposes.
144. Chain of Custody

• non-observance of proper documentation in the turn-over of evidence from one officer to

another or one office to another.
145. Charges and counter-charges

• All charges and countercharges arising from the same incident shall, as far as practicable, be
consolidated and inquested jointly to avoid contradictory or inconsistent disposition.
146. Child

• refers to a person below eighteen (18) years of age or one who is over eighteen (18) but is
unable to fully take care of or protect himself/herself from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation,
or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability or condition.
147. Civil Disorder
• A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the
community.

148. Corruption

• is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain
149. Council
• shall mean the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking created under Sec. 20 of this Act.

150. Criminal investigation

• is a branch of jurisprudence that uses scientific theories and principles, including time-tested
philosophical analysis to uncover, collect and process facts then develop information that can
lead the mind of any sensible person to see the truth.
151. Custodial investigation

• It is the skillful questioning of a suspect or a hostile witness to divulge information on the crime
being investigated.
152. CLASS A FUELS

• they are ordinary combustible materials that are usually made of organic substances such as
wood and wood-based products.

153. CLASS B FUELS

• materials that are in the form of flammable liquids such as alcohol, acidic solutions, oil, liquid
petroleum products, etc.

154. CLASS C FUELS

• they are normally fire-resistant materials such as materials used on electrical wiring and other
electrical appliances.

155. CLASS D FUELS

• they are combustible metallic substances such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and
potassium.

156. COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

• it refers to any liquid having a flash point above 37.8*C. It is the vapors they produce which burn
or explode when exposed to air under the influence of heat.

157. COMPRESSED GAS

• is one which at all normal atmospheric temperature inside its container exists solely in the
gaseous state under pressure.

158. CRYOGENIC GAS

• is liquefied gas, which exists in its container at temperature far below normal atmospheric
temperature.

159. CHEMICAL FUELS

• are produced in solid and liquid form, create great amounts of heat and power.

160. CONDUCTION
 • this requires physical contact between bodies or proportion of bodies exchanging heat.

161. CONVECTION

• occurs when a liquid or gas is in contact with a solid body at a different temperature and is
always accompanied by the motion of liquid or gas.

162. CARBON MONOXIDE

• Produced when fire occurs and there is not enough oxygen for the complete combustion of all
carbon in the burning material.

163. CARBON DIOXIDE

• Colorless and odorless gas that is formed by the complete combustion of the carbon in burning
materials.

164. COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATOR

• instrument that can quickly, safely, and accurately detect all combustible gases or vapors
associated. with fuel oils, alcohol, gasoline, and others.

165. CONFINEMENT

• This is the activity of restricting the fire at the place where it started; the process of preventing
fire from extending from another section r from one section to another section of the involve
building.

166. CHEMICAL HEAT ENERGY

• chemically produced heat is the result of rapid oxidation. This source of heat is generated from
chemical reaction.

167. CHILD ABUSE

• Refers to the Maltreatment, whether habitual or not, of the child.

168. CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

• Refers to a child who alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense under
Philippine laws.

169. CHILDREN
 • Refers to persons below Eighteen (18) years of age or older but are unable to fully take care of
themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a physical or
mental disability or condition.

170. CONJUGAL VISIT

• Refers to the visit of the spouse of the detainee for the purpose of fulfilling marital obligation.

171. CRIME SCENE

• Is the place from which most physical evidence associated with crime will be obtained.

172. CRITICAL INCIDENT

• Is any emergency event, whether manmade or natural, that requires the implementation of the
special task by one or more of the urgent services of the government and will generally include
the involvement, either directly or indirectly, of the Philippine National Police. It is a crucial and
rapid intervention point at the acute phase of a crisis.

173. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

• Is the conduct of processes more particularly the recognition, search, collection, handling,
preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include identification of witnesses and
arrest of suspect at the crime scene.

174. CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION

• Investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or
deprived pnpm-do-ds-3-2-13 glossary 139 of his freedom of action.

175. CORRECTNESS IN A SENTENCE

• Crimes are investigated after it is committed, and reports should be written after the
investigation, therefore, a report should be written in PAST TENSE.

176. CAPITALIZATION

Some writers have the tendency to over capitalize, especially when the objective is to emphasize.

177. CLASSIFICATION

• The specific nature of the case should be given. This may be done by citing the name of the
crime and the section of the penal code under which it is punished.

178. COMPLAINT
 • The name of the complainant and the manner in which the complaint was received will be given.

179. CLOSED

• A case can be closed by the office of origin. Ordinarily, it is closed for one of the following
reasons: the subject died; the investigation is completed; or further investigation is considered
to be unwarranted for some reason such as the failure to establish a corpus delicti .

180. CERTIORARI

• The extra-ordinary remedy to correct an actuation of a judge who has acted without jurisdiction,
in excess of jurisdiction or clearly in grave abuse of discretion, and not to correct errors of
procedures and/or mistakes in the judge‟s findings or conclusions.

181. COORDINATION REPORT

• A report which is used as a means of formal coordination to be made by the investigating

agency with the police unit or military unit having operational jurisdiction over the place where
a police case operation shall be conducted.

182. COCKPITS AND COCKFIGHTING

• Cockfighting is allowed only in licensed cockpits during Sundays, Legal Holidays, fairs and local
fiestas but not to exceed three days, except on the following days: December 30 (Rizal Day),
June 12 (Phil. Independence Day), Nov. 30 (National Heroes Day), Holy Thursday, Good Friday,
Election or referendum, and/as Registration Day.

183. CADMIUM

• active component in battery acid

184. CARBON MONOXIDE

• released in car exhaust fumes

185. CONTRACEPTIVES

• these are drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary
from releasing egg cells.

186. CODEINE

• A derivative of morphine commonly available in cough preparations.

187. COCAINE
 • This is a natural produce obtained/extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca or the Coca
Bush.

188. CAFFEINE

• It is a drug that is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wakeup pills.

189. CANNABIS SATIVA / MARIJUANA

• Considered to be the world’s oldest cultivated plant.

190. COLUMBIA

• It is the place where the known drug cartels came from such as Medellin and Cali cartel.

191. CHINA

• According to the national-scale drug abuse surveys and statistics of office of National Narcotic
Control Commission (NNCC), the number of registered problematic drug users increased from
70,000 in 1990 to 3.23 million by the end of June 2015 in the mainland China.

192. CALI CARTEL

• It is based from the third largest city in Colombia, which is Cali. It is headed by Don Chepe, in
real life is Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuella, founded the Cali in 1970’s with his brother Miguel
Rodriguez, and Jose Santacruz Londono and Helmer “Pacho” Herrera.

193. CURIOSITY

• the eagerness to explore what they have not experienced.

194. CENTERS

• Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents referred to in Section 34,
Article VIII of this Act.

195. CHEMICAL DIVERSION

• The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactured or

procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated
form.

196. CLANDESTINE LABORATORY

• Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical.

197. CONFIRMATORY TEST

 • An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or physical
principle that is more specific and will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.

198. CONTROLLED DELIVERY

• The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of any dangerous

drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or
property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or
out of the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering
evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate
prosecution of that offense.

199. CULTIVATE OR CULTURE

• Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of
any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.

200. Civic Awareness and Response

• Civic awareness programs aim to promote public awareness and social response by raising the
public’s knowledge and understanding of the dangers of drugs and the importance of
everyone’s participation in the campaign through various media platforms, community
outreach, observance of special events, and production, publication and distribution of
information and communication materials.

201. CHAIN OF CUSTODY

• The Seizing Officer must preserve the integrity and evidentiary value of all evidences. Persons
handling drug evidence from the time of its seizure/confiscation should be limited to the Seizing
Officer, the Investigator-On-Case and PDEA Laboratory Service or PNP Crime Laboratory
personnel. All non-drug evidence shall be turned-over to the evidence custodian.

202. Debriefing
• is the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at the direction of or under the
control of friendly unintelligence service.
203. Decoy

• any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
204. Description
• is the factual reporting of what is observed.
205. Direct

• the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the interrogation
206. Drop

• is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents can leave notes, small package
or envelope.
207. DACTYLOGRAPHY

• Art and study of fingerprints recordings.

208. DACTYLOSCOPY

• art of identification by comparison of fingerprints.

209. Data to describe whether condition, photographic equipment, shutter speeds, film type and
developing and printing techniques

• many defense attorneys ask highly technical questions, with the intent of discrediting the
officer’s competence.

210. Data to identify the location of the photograph

• the address and detailed location of the room within the building are items frequently listed.

211. Data to identify the photographer

• name, police agency, badge or identification number.

212. Data to identify the subject of the photograph

• often crime scene photographs contain many extraneous items of little significance to the
investigation.

213. Dates, Time and Location

• exact time or arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene lighting, weather condition, names
of other officers and other officers present at the scene.

214. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

• is the seminal case involving the admission of scientific expert testimony.

215. Deductive reasoning

 • is one you decide is the answer of the case, and which you then attempt to prove with a
collection of facts.

216. Description of Victim

• this information should include all identification of the victim, including name, age, social
security number, height, weight, color of hair and eyes, and so on.

217. DIAPHANOUS TEST

• reddish color of the web of the finger when the hand is placed against a strong light.

218. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter

• Leonardo da Vinci It was based from the flight of birds. it is clear from the outset that this
invention by the Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci will have some resemblance to a
bird's wings.

219. Dealer

• shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing,

constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles.

220. Debris.

• The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the
accident caused by a collision.
221. Detection

• the act or fact of detaining or holding back especially: a holding in custody. : the state of being
detained especially : a period of temporary custody prior to disposition by a court.

222. Diplomat

• Blue with White Background

223. Direct effect –

• The fact that a violator; s promptly apprehended and appropriately punished can have a direct
effect on the development of an attitude of sustained compliance.

224. Dog

• used to draw small carts in Europe.

225. Donkey

• First domesticated in Middle East. Today, it is still the chief beast burden among the farmers of
the Near East, Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced from Spain.

226. Driver
 • shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.

227. Driver’s License –

• It is not a right but a privilege granted by the Philippine Government through LTO based on R.A.
4136 (statutory qualification). Further, it is a privilege which may be suspended or revoked.

228. Debt Bondage

• refers to the pledging by the debtor of his/her personal services or labor or those of a person
under his/her control as security or payment for a debt, when the length and nature of services
is not clearly defined or when the value of the services as reasonably assessed is not applied
toward the liquidation of the debt.

229. Detention and bodily search of a minor

• A child in conflict with the law shall only be searched by a law enforcement officer of the same
gender and shall not be locked up in a detention cell. However, if detention is necessary, the
arresting officer shall ensure that the child shall be secured in quarters separate from that of the
opposite sex and adult offenders.

230. DIFFUSION FLAME

• is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced through the nozzle into the atmosphere, which
diffuses, in the surrounding atmosphere in order to form a flammable mixture.

231. DRY CHEMICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• contains chemical powder intended to fight all classes of fire.

232. DESTABILIZATION

• Are threats posed by the destabilizers which include military uprising, demonstrations, rallies,
sabotage of key installations, etc. or combination thereof, undertaken separately or jointly by
antigovernment forces from the left and the right of the political spectrum.

233. DETAINEE/DETENTION PRISONER

• Refers to a person arrested due to the commission of a crime/offence by the arresting unit for
custodial investigation.

234. DETENTION

• A restraint of personal liberty or deprivation of freedom of action in any significant manner.

235. DETENTION/CUSTODIAL CENTER

 • An institution secured by the PNP units concerned for the purpose of providing short term
custody of detention prisoner thereby affording his safety and preventing escape while awaiting
the court’s disposition of the case or transfer to appropriate penal institution.

236. DETENTION OFFICER

• A police commission officer (PCO) or police Non-commission officer (PNCO) directly responsible
for the administration and management of the detention facility and the detainees housed
therein.

237. DISASTER INCIDENT

• Refers to serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread

human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

238. DRAGNET OPERATION

• Is a police operation purposely to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the
crime scene to prevent their escape.

239. DICTION

• the correct choice of words, selecting the exact, precise, objectives words to convey a meaning.

240. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

• declares or states a fact. It ends with a period.

241. DIVISION OF WORDS

• technically, the improper division of words is not an error in spelling. Nevertheless, a mistake
committed makes the reader of the report confused, with the impression that the word has
been misspelled.

242. DRUG

• It is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body,
alters the body’s function either physically and/or psychologically.

243. DECONGESTANTS

• drugs that relieve congestion of nasal passages.

244. DANGEROUS DRUGS

 • These are drugs that are attended by risk and therefore unsafe, perilous, and hazardous to
people using it.

245. DEMEROL

• morphine-like opioid and it is a brand name of meperidine.

246. DARVON (PROPOXYPHENE)

• It is a mu-opioid agonist, it may be subject to misuse, abuse, and addiction.

247. DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)

• These are drugs which suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central
nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular
coordination.

248. DRUG ABUSE

• It is also known as substance abuse and most often referred to the use of a drug with such
frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning.

249. DRUG DEPENDENCE

• It refers to the physical reliance to a drug and is characterized by the symptoms of tolerance and
withdrawal.

250. DRUG ADDICTION

• It is the state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in respect of a drug.

251. DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

• drug abuse prevention is concerned with bringing about changes in the people’s knowledge,
attitudes and practices towards drug abuse.

252. DRUG EDUCATION

• learning situations during seminar workshops, symposiums and lecture forums, which take up
value clarification, leadership training, coping skills and decision making.

253. DRUG INFORMATION

• it is an activity which focuses on the dissemination of basic facts of the causes and effects of
drug abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance of the people in the
community.
254. DRUG DEPENDENCY EXAMINATION (DDE)

• drug dependents may directly set an appointment with a DOH Accredited physician for DDE.
he/she may also secure a referral form for DDE from the legal division of the dangerous drugs
board.

255. DELIVER

• Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any
means, with or without consideration.

256. DEN, DIVE OR RESORT

• A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is
administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.

257. DISPENSE

• Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without
the use of prescription.

258. DRUG SYNDICATE

• Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the intention
of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.

259. DRUG SUPPLY REDUCTION

• Take away drugs from the public through market denial operations and prevention of diversion
from the licit to illicit market; and reduce the proliferation of illegal drugs through sustainable
alternative development programs.

260. DRUG DEMAND REDUCTION

• Take people away from the lure of drug abuse through policy formulation, preventive education,
research, treatment, rehabilitation and reintegration.

261. DRUG-CLEARED BARANGAY

• to include barangays which had been previously drug affected and subjected to drug-clearing
operations and declared free from any illegal drug activities.

262. ELICITATION

• Obtain information through the process of direct communication.

263. Endurance
 • is the ability to last physically and mentally.

264. Evaluation

• the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.

265. Embalming

• method of preservation dead body by the removal of the body fluid and replacement of the
same by chemical like formalin, alcohol and phenol.

266. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

• asked the U.S. Supreme Court to determine when criminal suspects should have access to an
attorney.

267. EUTHANASIA OR MERCY KILLING

• it is a wilful acceleration of death of a person in order to lessen the sufferings and financial
reasons.

268. Evaluation

• the information must be evaluated by the investigator to determine its worth in prosecuting the
suspect. Analyze the value of physical evidences presented.

269. EXAMINATION OF THE SKELETAL REMAINS

• The sex of a person can be determined by the size and shapes of different skeletal remains,
especially those of the pelvis and skull, female pelvis bones trend to form a wider more circular
opening than in a male pelvis because of a woman’s child-bearing capabilities.

270. EXPERT WITNESS

• one who assist the law by giving an expert opinion and certain facts.

271. Elephant

• Used by Carthaginians (African Elephant) in their war against Rome.

272. ETIENNE LENOIR

• A Frenchman, introduced a motorized carriage through his Internal Combustion Engine (1860’s
and 70’s).

273. Effectivity.

• This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or in
any daily newspapers of general circulation in the Philippines.
274. Evidence defined.
 • Evidence is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the
truth respecting a matter of fact.
275. ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

• changes whereby energy or heat is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.

276. EXOTHERMIC REACTION

• those that release or give off energy thus they produce substances with less energy than the
reactants.

277. ELECTRICAL HEAT ENERGY

• is the product of arcing, shorting or another electrical malfunction. Poor wire connections, too
much resistance.

278. ELEVATING PLATFORM

• has a cage like platform that can hold several people. The platform is attached to a lifting device
that is mounted on a turntable.

279. EXTENSION LADDER

• it is adjustable in length. It consists of two or more section; which travels guides or brackets to
permit length adjustment.

280. EVACUATION

• the activity of transferring people, lives stock, and property away from the burning area to
minimize damage or destruction that the fire might incur in case it propagates to other adjacent
areas.

281. ENTRY

• this is the activity of accessing the burning structure. Entry maybe done in a forcible manner.

282. EXTINGUISHMENT

• this is the process of putting out the main body of fire by using the four general methods of fire
extinguishment.

283. ELECTRONIC BLOTTER

• Is a computerized system that is now being used in Davao city police office which was accepted
by the courts, prosecutors’ office and the public in general.
284. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

• Exclaims a strong feeling or emotion and usually ends with a exclamation mark.

285. E-CIGARETTES

• The law classifies e-cigarettes as combination drugs and medical devices, and not as tobacco
products.

286. EXPECTORANTS

• they can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and throat.

287. ECSTASY

• A group of drugs that chemically includes Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA),

Methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA).

288. EMPLOYEE OF DEN, DIVE OR RESORT

• The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the den, dive or resort,
employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any dangerous drug.

289. Flattery

• people are susceptible to praise.

290. Formal Investigation

• It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts and
determine the truth.

291. Fibers

• Fibers are excellent trace of evidence when clothing cross examination takes place. They are
also important evidence in robbery cases and hit-and-run cases.

292. FIELD NOTES

Field notes have many benefits for both the officers and the department. Most notes will result from
interviews, but there are other uses as well.

293. Fingernail Scrapings

• In cases where physical contact has been made, fingernail scrapings should be obtained. Rape
cases or assault cases are good example of cases where fingernail scraping may be important.
294. FINGERPRINTING

• is the most valuable method of identification and universally accepted, finger prints are formed
on the 4th month of intrauterine life.

295. Firearms

• Firearms, bullets, shotgun shell, shotgun pellets and wads, explosives residues and powder
patterns can all provide vital evidence and specific answers to possible questions in the case.

296. FORENSIC/MEDICO LEGAL AUTOPSY

• to determine the cause of death and confirm the manner of death often used in criminal
proceedings.

297. FORENSIC/MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY

• must be documented and photographed including those present during autopsy, date, time, and
place of autopsy.

298. Frog Gait

• hopping gait like that of a frog.

299. Factor.
• Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or it
is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.
300. Fatal.

• This results in death to one or more persons. Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident
301. FEEDER

• concept of road building was perfected by John L. Macadam (Macadamized Road) 1815.

302. Fixed object

• traffic islands, pedestrian barriers, and electric post. Classification of accidents According to
Severity.
303. From Rail to Road Traffic.

• The increase or road traffic in cities necessitated its regulation. Policemen on point duty did a
good job, but soon were outnumbered by intersections demanding attention.

304. Failure to prosecute

• pertains to absence of police investigator during trial to act as prosecutor’s witness due to
retirement and transfer of concerned investigator.
305. Forced Labor and Slavery

• refer to the extraction of work or services from any person by means of enticement, violence,
intimidation or threat, use of force or coercion, including deprivation of freedom, abuse of
authority or moral ascendancy, debt-bondage or deception.

306. FIRE

• defined as the heat and light that comes from the burning substances.

307. FIRE TETRAHEDRON

• The Fire Tetrahedron is useful in illustrating and remembering the combustion process because
it has room for the chain reaction and because each face touches the other three faces.

308. FRICTION

• friction raises the temperature of a combustible material to ignition temperature. In the two-
stick method, one of the oldest methods of starting fires consists of rubbing two sticks together.

309. FIRE POINT

• the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container at which vapors are evolved fast enough
to support combustion.

310. FLASH POINT

• the temperature at which flammable liquid forms a vapor-air mixture that ignites (mixture with
in the explosive range).

311. FLAME

• it is composed of incandescent gases. It is the manifestation of fire when the fire is in its gas-
phased combustion.

312. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

• it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8*C. flammable means easily lighted and
capable of burning with great rapidity.

313. FUEL GASES

• these are customary used for burning with air to produce heat, which in turn is utilized as
power, light and process.
314. FRICTION HEAT

• it results when mechanical energy is used in overcoming resistance to motion when two solids
are rubbed together.

315. FIRE BEHAVIOR

• The behavior of fire maybe further understood by considering the principle of thermal balance
and thermal imbalance.

316. FLASHOVER

• Is the sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is incomplete
combustion of fuels.

317. FLASHFIRE

• Better known as dust explosion.

318. FIRE PROTECTION

• is the descriptive term referring to the various methods used to stop, extinguish, and control
destructive fire for eventual prevention of loss of life and property.

319. FIRE PREVENTION

• Is the descriptive term of various methods or safety measures utilized to stop harmful or
destructive fire from starting.

320. FIRE HAZARD

• any condition or act that increase or may cause increase in the probability that fire will occur or
which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the safeguarding
of life and property.

321. FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• A fire extinguisher is a portable device used to put out fires of limited size.

322. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS

• contains sodium bicarbonate and a foam stabilizing agent in a larger compartment and a
solution aluminum sulfate in an inner cylinder.
323. FIRE GASES

• in most fires, it consists of mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and
finely divided particles.

324. FIRE SAFETY CONSTRUCTION

• It is regarded as the subset of fire engineering which aims towards the elimination or reduction
of fire hazards on building or structures, selection and control of combustible contents and
linings, design the building geometry layout.

325. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION

• is the first line of defense against fire.

326. FIRE HYDRANTS

• a mechanical device strategically located in an installation or street where fire hose is connected
so that the water with pressure will be available to extinguish a fire.

327. FIRE PUMP

• is a mechanical device of supplying water, which can be manual or motor-driven.

328. FIRE TRUCKS

• Usually means any other type of truck used to carry equipment or people to a fire or emergency.

329. FIRE ENGINE

• fire engines have a large pump that takes water from a small hydrant of other sources.

330. FIRE LADDER

• it is a portable piece of equipment with rungs attached to sides and made of metal, wood, rope;
used for climbing up or down.

331. FOLDING LADDERS/COLLAPSIBLE LADDERS

• it provides a means of reaching through opening into attics and lofts and other areas which are
somewhat difficult to reach without special ladder.

332. FIRE HOSE

• made up of double jacketed, rubber lined cotton in size of 11/2 inches, 21/2 inches, and 31/2
inches. the standard length is 50 feet.
333. FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION

• This is the final stage of fire suppression. It is an injury conducted to know or determine the
origin of fire.

334. FIRST RESPONDER

• Refers to a police officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime to provide initial
police actions on the information or complaint received.

335. FREEDOM PARK

• Shall mean the venue or place established or designated by local government units within their
respective jurisdictions where a public assemble could be held without securing any permit for
such purpose from the local government unit concerned.

336. FILE NUMBER

• this is a matter of local custom. Standard decimal classification file numbers can be used.

337. FINAL OR CLOSING REPORT

• This is a complete narration of facts based on an exhaustive investigation of the case by the
officer who initially started the investigation of the case.

338. FORMALDEHYDE

• embalming fluid

339. FENTANYL

• A designer narcotic whose potency may even be greater than heroin’s. It is an effective pain
killing drug.

340. FAMILY BASED DRUG PREVENTION

• the prevention of drug abuse should start inside the family unit as early as possible. there are
many obvious benefits of home-based drug prevention education including self-awareness, and
the enhancement of parent-child communication skills and family bonding.

341. FINANCIER

• Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities
prescribed under this Act.
342. Guerilla

• is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass the enemy.

343. GAIT

• characteristics manner of walking of a person.

344. General Views

• The general photograph is a sweeping view of the crime scene area (overall scene of the
neighborhood, including angles from all streets leading to the crime scene).

345. Glass

• Glass maybe important evidence in robberies and hit-and-run cases. It may be found as trace
evidence in clothing and shoes.

346. GRAPHOLOGY

• study of hand writing to determine writer’s personality aptitude and character.

347. Guiacum Test

• press and rub the surface of the stain to the white filter paper, a solution of the alcoholic
tincture of guiacum is added then hydrogen peroxide is applied by drops.

348. Garage

• shall mean any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without drivers, are
kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service stations.

349. Global Simulation

• Training is simulated in traffic situations and conditions with the use simulations. Simulators are
most commonly used for the following types of training.

350. GOTTLIEB DAIMLER

• He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the

high-speed liquid petroleum-fuelled engine.

351. Government

• Red (Maroon) with White Background

352. Gross weight

 • shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable carrying
capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation.

353. Gambling

• it is the wagering of money or something of material value with the intent to win more but the
outcome is uncertain.

354. Green Notices

• are used to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed
criminal offense and who are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries

355. GATHER THE FACTS

• Conduct a thorough investigation, interview witnesses, interrogate, suspects.

356. GAMBLING

• It is a game that result of which depends chiefly upon chance. Hence, those games, the result of
which depends chiefly upon skill are not gambling, such as sports contest.

357. GAME FIXING

• Any arrangement which the result of any game, races, or sports contest shall be known or
predicted other that on the basis of the honest playing ability of the players.

358. GAME MACHINATION

• Any other fraudulent or dishonest means employed for the purpose of influencing the result of
any game or sports contest.

359. Hair - Hair maybe found almost any place at a crime scene .

360. HEART ACTION

• by palpitation and auscultation with the aid of stethoscope.

361. HEART STIFFENING

• a condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle protein

when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.

362. Heat Test

 • the blood-stained material is soaked in a saline solution and heated will produce sediments or
precipitates.

363. HEMATOLOGY –

• Study of blood

364. HOMICIDAL DEATH

• killing of another person with intent but without justification.

365. Hazards

• A hazard is generated when a critical space motion relationship between a traffic unit and
another object develops due to the movement of either or both.

366. HENRY FORD 1908

• introduced the Model T (Ford Vehicle) which became popular that by 1914, Ford adopted a
mass production to meet demands of the people.

367. Horse

• used to draw war chariots

368. Hijacking

• Hijacking and skyjacking were very much an event in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Favorite tactics of
terrorist in any terrorist activity, the hijacking of vehicles can and should be associated with
atrocity.

369. Hoaxes

• If their credibility is established, they use well made hoax bombs to continue to disrupt and to
keep the security forces guessing for a long time.

370. Hostage

• Taking – Hostage-takers will confront authorities and openly hold his victim for ransom, the
hostage-takers demands are often material in nature.

371. Hot Pursuit Arrest

• A hot pursuit arrest must have the following elements: a) that an offense has been committed,
b) offense has just been committed, and c) that there is probable cause based on personal
knowledge of facts or circumstances that the persons to be arrested where the ones who
committed it.
372. Human Trafficking

• The commerce and trade in the movement or migration of, recruitment, transportation,
harboring, or receipt of people for the purpose of slavery, prostitution, forced labor (including
bonded labor or debt bondage), and servitude.

373. Heat

• It is the energy possessed by a material or substance due to molecular activity.

374. HEAT SOLUTION

• is the heat released by the solution of matter in a liquid. Some acids, when dissolved in water,
can produce violent reactions, spewing (emitting) hot water and acid with explosive force.

375. HEAT OF DECOMPOSITION

• is the heat produced by the decomposition of compounds requiring the addition of heat for
their formation.

376. HEAT OF COMPRESSION

• the heat that is released when gas is compressed.

377. HEAT FROM ARCING

• a type of electrical heating that occurs when the current flow is interrupted.

378. HASKY CHECKPOINT

• Is an immediate response to block the escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is
also established when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit operations.

379. HIGH RISK ARREST

• Is the actual restraint of armed persons following a high-risk stop.

380. HIGH RISK STOP

• Is the actual stopping or accosting of armed and dangerous person or persons, abroad a vehicle
or on foot, including the power to use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.

381. HOT PURSUIT (CROSS JURISDICTIONAL PURSUIT)

• (Also termed in the us as fresh pursuit) shall mean an immediate, recent chase or follow up
without material interval for the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted by virtue of
warrant.
382. HOMONYMS

• words with similar sounds but with different meanings and spelling.

383. HOMOGRAPHS

• are words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings.

384. HOMOPHONES

• are words that sound the same when you pronounce them, but have different meanings.

385. HORSE RACES

• Private individuals and entities duly licensed by the Games and Amusement Board may held
races on Sundays not reserved by the board on 24 Saturdays as may be determined by the
board, and on legal holidays, except Holy Thursday and Good Friday, July 4, December 30 and
during registration, voting, referendum or election days.

386. HEXAMINE

• found in barbecue lighter fluid

387. HERBAL DRUGS

• Are plant substances that have drug effects and whose use is not generally regulated by the law.

389. HEROIN

• It chemically known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine. The most addicting opium derivative.

390. HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)

• A variety or mind- altering drugs which distort reality, thinking and perception of time, sound,
space and sensation.

391. HASHISH

• is derived from the “kief,” or the dried resin, of the flowering tops of mature and unpollinated
female cannabis plants. The resin glands are called trichomes or crystals.

392. HASH OIL

• is a concentrated cannabis extract and the most potent among all preparations.

393. HABITUATION
 • The user continues to take drug over an extended period of time.

394. HIPPIES

• New type of drug abusers who emerged in the last few years. The drug users tend to believe
that today’s lifestyle is either antiquated or wrong and a new way of life should be found.

395. Imagination

• means forming mental images of what is not present.

396. Indirect

• the subject is aware.

397. Informant

• any person who gives information to the police authorities relative to a crime.

398. INFORMATION

• It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal
activities.

399. Inquest

• It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the commission of a crime.

400. Inquisition

• A more historical description than a current usage to describe any penetrating investigation
concerning a religious issue.

401. INSTRUMENTATION

• It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation
and detection.

402. Interrogation-

• is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his participation in
a crime.

403. Interrogation Report

• is an oral or written statement of information by the questioning of an interrogee.

404. Interrogator
 • is a person who does the questioning

405. Interrogee

• refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process.

406. Interview

• is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.

407. Intuition

• This is the immediate apprehension or cognition – quick and ready insight without the conscious
use of reasoning.

408. Investigation

• refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or inquiry usually in official manner,
to discover something or somebody.

409. Investigative Reporting

• Relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation pursued by the members of the press on
their own initiative.

410. ICARD’S TEST –

• subcutaneous injection of flourescin dye. The skin will exhibit yellowish green discoloration of
the living skin.

411. IDENTIFICATION

• is the recognition of an individual as determined by the characteristics which distinguish that

individual from all other.

412. In – depth investigation

• is the reexamining of the preliminary investigation, revisiting the crime scene, further process
the crime scene, interviewing of existing and new victims and witnesses, processing of
documents, gathering of facts and evidence, and application of criminalistics.

413. Incendiary material

• Incendiary material must be found to establish the corpus delicate in arson cases.

414. Inductive reasoning

 • collects all the facts available first and allows them to determine the judgment.

415. INFANTICAL OR NEONATAL DEATH

• death is due to killing of an infant less than 3 days old.

416. INTERNAL EXAMINATION

• Consist of the removal of the individual organs through a Y – shaped is T – shaped incision
beginning at the tap of back shoulder and extending between to the public bone.

417. INVESTIGATE

• The word investigate is derived from the Latin word “vestigare” meaning “to track or to trace.”
When a person commits an act, which is not in conformity with the accepted norm of conduct of
society, it is investigated.

418. IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE

• In general, the overtaking lane is the lane to the left of the overtaken vehicle going in the same
direction. The overtaken vehicle is the burden vehicle.

419. Impact.

• The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor
vehicle.

420. International Driver’s License

• This is the second special type of license issued for special purpose and issued by the Philippine
Motor Association (PMA).

421. Ideology

• Body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, or group, a class or a
culture.

422. Inadequacy of coordination

• the SOCO, investigators, prosecutors and other concerned agencies work separately and
independently in the conduct of their investigation.

423. Incident Management

• crimes, especially those that affect national security, are effectively manage in order to lessen
their effects to the community and see to it that as much as possible, they will not happen
again.
424. Incomplete Case Folder

• lack of material documentation of the case under investigation.

425. Incomplete documents.

• When the documents presented are not complete to establish probable cause, the Inquest
Officer shall direct the law enforcement agency to submit the required evidence within the
prescribed period under the provision of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.

426. INQUEST

• Inquest is an informal and summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in criminal

cases involving persons arrested and detained without the benefit of a warrant of arrest issued
by the court for the purpose of determining whether or not said persons should remain under
custody and correspondingly be charged in court.

427. Inquest proper

• Where the detained person does not opt for a preliminary investigation or otherwise refuses to
execute the required waiver, the Inquest Officer shall proceed with the inquest by examining
the sworn statements/affidavits of the complainant and the witnesses and other supporting
evidence submitted to him.

428. Intelligence

• involve the gathering, processing in use of intelligence information

429. International Terrorist

• Terrorist who are controlled by, and whose actions represent the national interest of sovereign
state.

430. INTERPOL FINANCING

• It’s financed by the annual contributions paid by the governments of its 190 member countries.
These contributions are calculated on a sliding scale according to the GNP of the member
countries.

431. Investigation

• is the collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim: to identify the suspect; to locate the
suspect; and to provide evidence of his guilt.
432. INVESTIGATOR’S NOTEBOOK

• Considering the mass of details and the number of cases which in some instances an investigator
is handling, it is very possible that he might forget some details.

433. It is aimed at civilians

• not at military targets or combat ready troops. It is carried out by sub-national groups – not by
the army of the country.

434. It is Political

• not criminal, like the violence that group such as the Mafia use to get money, but designed to
change the existing political order.

435. IGNITION/KINDLING TEMPERATURE

• the minimum temperature at which the substance must be heated in order to initiate
combustion.

436. INDUSTRIAL GASES

• these are used for industrial process as those used in wielding and cutting.

437. INDUCTIVE HEATING

• whenever atoms are subjected to electrical potential gradients from external sources, the
arrangement of the atoms are distorted with a tendency for electrons to move in the direction
of opposite direction.

438. IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS

• shall refer to the detainees spouse, finance or finance, parent or child, brother or sister,
grandparent or grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece, and guardian or ward.

439. IMMINENT DANGER

• the danger is “imminent” if it is on the point of happening.

440. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

• asks a question and ends with a question mark.

441. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

• expresses request or command and ends with a period.

442. INVESTIGATIVE OR FORMAL POLICE REPORT

 • this pertains to the exact narration of facts without any addition or subtraction, which were
discovered during the course of investigations.

443. INCLOSURES

• These are supplementary documents which may be consist of photographs and sketches of
crime scenes, identification photographs, Photostats of checks.

444. INITIAL OR ADVANCE REPORT

• This is a written narration of facts concerning a new case assigned. This report is advance
information on a new or fresh case assigned to an investigator.

445. ILLICIT DRUGS

• These are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by law.

446. IDIOSYNCRASY

• it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food, etc. for unexplained reason.

447. INHALATION

• A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary system.

448. INTRAMUSCULAR

• administration involves the injection of a drug into a large muscle mass that has a good blood
supply, such as the gluteus maximus, quadriceps or triceps.

449. INTRAVENOUS

• this is the most efficient means of administration which involves depositing a drug directly to
the blood stream. This is also the most rapid drug administration.

450. INHALANTS

• The inhalation of solvent fumes from glue, gasoline, and paint thinner and lighter fluid will
produce a form of intoxication.

451. INTERVENTIONS

• this strategy is applied to experimenters and potential drug abusers. activities like peer or group
counseling should be encouraged in every community.
452. INDIVIDUAL THERAPY

• this involves a one to one relationship whose aim is to help the patient reduce his drug abusing
behavior and develop insight into his condition

453. INSTRUMENT

• Anything that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of illegal drug
trafficking or related offenses.

454. JOHN BOYD DUNLOP

• inventor who developed the pneumatic rubber tire. In 1867 he settled in Belfast as a veterinary
surgeon. Pneumatic Tires

455. Jurisdictional Investigation

• The police unit which has jurisdiction over the area of the armed confrontation, together with
the SOCO team, if any, shall immediately undertake the necessary investigation and processing
of the scene of the encounter.

456. Kidnapping

• Not all ambushes and kidnapping are designed to kill the principal but it did acted out when
extreme precision and with definite goals in mind by two separate, dedicated terrorist groups

457. KARL VON DRAIS 1817

• A German baron introduced a steerable wheel, creating the “draisienne” or “dandy horse
‘draisienne', a two-wheeled horseless vehicle propelled by its rider.

458. KEEP RIGHT

• The driver of a motor vehicle shall always drive his motor vehicle to the right EXCEPT when
overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction and shall pass at a safe distance to
the left thereof.

459. Key Event

• An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic
accident.

460. KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN 1838

• A skittish blacksmith, made the first machine pedals which were attached to and drove the rear
wheel by means of cranks.
461. LEADS

• These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an investigation.

462. Legal Knowledge

• Today’s investigator must possess a solid grounding in criminal and to a lesser degree, in civil
law.

463. Liaison Program

• is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to obtain

information

464. Lost

• happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their subject.

465. LAW OF MULTIPLICITY

• in identification states that the greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities of a persons
compared, the greater in the probability for the conclusion to be correct.

466. Leuco–Malachite green Test

• with the use of hydrogen peroxide, the leuco-malachite green is oxidized to malachite green
giving a bluish green or peacock blue color of the solution.

467. LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE AND INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord which is the seat of all faculty of
senses and the power of locomotion.

468. Luminescence Test

• stains in dark fabric with mud, paint and other substances will emit bluish white luminescence in
a dark room when sprayed with special solutions due to reaction of hematin crystals.

469. Less Serious.

• Only less serious injuries to persons.

470. Line Patrol

• is a moving patrol or a stationary observation on a specified road between two points usually on
one city/street or a section of a highway.
471. Llama

• Used in high Andes as pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors.

472. Labor Racketeering

• it is use of union power for personal profit and it's heart relies on fear

473. Laboratory examination of objects and substances located usually at the crime scene

• Objects and substances needing examination in some cases are carried, intentionally or
unintentionally, by suspects from the crime scene.

474. LEADERS

• All other terrorist group’s boast of leadership in some form or another, leaders are often
paranoid and fanatical and yet have a legitimate front, behind which they operate consistently.

475. Less appreciation of electronic evidence

• police investigators take for granted the electronic devices such as cellphones, computers and
other electronic devices can be processed to give investigative leads.

476. Limited Political Terrorism

• Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political

terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives
but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.

477. Loan Sharking (Shylocking or Usury)

• is the lending of money to another wherein the percentage of the principal is too exorbitant for
the lender to pay his debt and the collection is done by force or intimidation.

478. LUMINOUS FLAME

• is orange-red in color will deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel being heated due to incomplete
combustion of fuel and has a lower temperature.

479. LAMINAR FLAME

• are flames that follow a smooth path through a gaseous flame.

480. LIQUEFIED GAS

• is one in which at all normal atmospheric temperature inside its container, exists partly in the
liquid state and partly in the gaseous state.
481. LEAKAGE CURRENT HEATING

• it occurs when a wire is not properly insulated well enough to contain all current. Some current
leaks out into the surrounding material such as inside the wall of a structure.

482. LIGHTNING

• a form of static electricity; a natural electric current with great magnitude, producing
tremendous amperage and voltage.

483. LADDER TRUCKS

• are equipped with portable ladders of various types and sizes.

484. LOTTERY

• It is a scheme for the distribution of prices by chance among persons who have paid, or agreed
to pay a valuable consideration for the chance to obtain a price.

485. LETHAL

• the amount of drug that will cause death.

486. Made

• occurs the operation was compromised.

487. MANUS TEST

• a ligature is tied around the finger. There will be blood zone in the site of application and livid
area distal to the ligature.

488. Medium Range Views

• As we move in closer to the subject of the crime scene additional photographs should be taken.
These photos should be taken at a distance no greater than 20 feet away from the subject or
item being photographed.

489. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

• the presence of the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, epithelial cells and bacteria may
be seen when examined under the microscope.

490. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

• the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be
informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
491. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936)

• was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that a defendant's involuntary confession
that is extracted by police violence cannot be entered as evidence and violates the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

492. MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH

• It is the cessation of life individual cells in the body wherein one at a time after somatic death
occurs.

493. MUMMIFICATION

• a condition where there is removal of the fluid before decomposition sets in that resulted to
shrinking and preservation of the dead body.

494. MURDER

• it is the unlawful killings of another person.

495. Military Driver’s License

• This is one of the two special types of license issued by the agency for limited and special
purpose.

496. Modifier

• A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily. Kinds of Traffic Accidents.

497. Montgolfier Balloon –

• France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne, The Montgolfiers built a balloon made of silk and
lined with paper that was 33 feet (10 meters) in diameter and launched it — with nobody
aboard — from the marketplace in Annonay on June 4, 1783.

498. Motor Vehicle

• shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public
highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways,
vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds
used exclusively for agricultural purposes.

499. Motor Vehicle Accident

• Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to

the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
500. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident

• Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way. Example:
accident on a private driveway.

501. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

• An motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.

502. Motor Vehicle

• Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric power
obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.

503. Meaning of Probable Cause

• Probable cause exists when the evidence submitted to the Inquest Officer engenders a well
founded belief that a crime has been committed and that the arrested or detained person is
probable guilty thereof.

504. Money Laundering

• is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity are transacted or attempted to be

transacted to make them appear to have originated from legitimate sources.

506. MEDICAL GASES

• these are used for treatment and respiratory therapy.

507. MECHANICAL HEAT ENERGY

• is the product of friction. Our ancestors rubbed sticks together to generate heat to start fire.

508. MINIMAL

• it refers to the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of drug that will
produce a therapeutic effect.

509. MAXIMAL

• it pertains to the largest amount of drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without
any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

510. NATURAL DEATH

• it is death due to a disease or ailment in the body.

511. NATURAL MUMMIFICATION

 • the dead body is buried or exposed to a dry, hot, sandy, soil with considerable air movement.

512. NEGLIGENT DEATH

• death due to reckless imprudence, negligence, lack of skill and foresight,

513. Notes on Photographs taken on the Scene

• for every photograph taken of the scene, the F-stop, shutter speed, distance and direction of the
photo should be logged in an officer’s notes.

514. NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB DAIMLER

• German engineer who successfully developed the compressed charge internal combustion
engine which ran on petroleum gas and led to the modern internal combustion engine.

515. Nomads

• came from the Greek, “to pasture,” was originally used to refer to pastoralists-groups that
migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic livestock.

516. Non-Fatal Injury Accident

• This results in injuries other than fatal to one or more persons.

517. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

• Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel
or transportation, but involving a motor vehicle in motion.

518. National Terrorist

• Used to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by clandestine
groups.

519. No template for the conduct of investigation

• police personnel are not knowledgeable about crime scene preservation and basic investigation.

520. Non-Political Terrorism

• Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create
and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective
gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
521. NON-LUMINOUS FLAME

• is blue, will not deposit soot due to almost complete combustion of the fuel and has relatively
high temperature.

522. NON-PYROLYZABLE SOLID FUELS

• solid fuels that is difficult to ignite. A common example is charcoal.

523. NUCLEAR FUELS

• Nuclear Fuels provide energy through the fission of their atoms.

524. NUCLEAR HEAT ENERGY

• is the product of the splitting or fusing of atomic particles. (fission or fusion respectively). The
tremendous heat energy in a nuclear power plant produces steam to turn steam turbines.

525. NUCLEAR FISSION

• the nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei and at the same time releases tremendous amount of
energy in the form of kinetic energy of the fission fragments.

526. NUCLEAR FUSION

• it includes all nuclear reactions in which two lighter nuclei combined to form heavier nucleus
with the emission of other particles or gamma rays.

527. NATURE OF THE REPORT

• A report of investigation is an objective statement of the investigator’s findings.

528. NOUN

• is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings

529. NATURAL

• plant leaves, flowering tops, hashish, opium and marijuana.

530. Observation

• is the complete and accurate awareness by an individual of his surroundings.

531. Observational Ability

• Under most circumstances, the investigator will use the sense of seeing and hearing, the former
being the more significant.
532. Organizational Ability

• The police investigator is continually processing various types of information.

533. Organizational Cover

• any account consisting of biographical data which when adopted by an individual will assume
the personality he wants to adopt.

534. ORDINARY WITNESS

• witness as to the fact. Nothing to do with the medical private.

535. Overall Description of the Crime Scene

• investigators must note anything unusual at the crime scene.

536. Overall Photographs

• done clockwise until at least four general views has been taken.

537. Object Makings

• These are markings placed on objects on the road or beside the road like humps, rocks or similar
hazardous objects on the side of the road.

538. Observational/symbolic effect

• The fact that an individual may witness the apprehension of a traffic violator (or read or hear
about the apprehension and punishment of a violator) serves as a reminder of the possible
consequences of violating traffic laws.

539. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY

• One must yield to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, trains, vehicles with right of way, vehicles
ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, traffic within momentum, straight traffic, and traffic signs.

540. OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES

• Like the bus yellow lane, bus stop segregation scheme, truck ban, counter flow reversible lane,
one way, car pool (at least three passengers in EDSA), odd-even scheme and restraints on
turning.

541. ON PEDESTRIAN

• Keep off road way except to cross on crosswalk. Wait, embark and alight at bus or jeep stop.

542. Other motor vehicle in traffic

 • may be head on, head and rear, sides opposite direction, sides the same direction, head and
side collision, etc.

543. Other Special Traffic Signals

• These are installed on road- rail intersections designed to inform motorists of any approaching
train on the intersection.

544. Owner

• shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation Commission.

545. Ox

• First domesticated in Mesopotamia to draw war chariots while it was used in some parts of
Africa for riding.

546. Official Or State Terrorism

• "referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to
terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural

547. Orange notice

• to warn an event, a person, an object, or a process representing a serious and imminent threat
to public safety.

548. OVERHEATING OF MACHINERY

• it may cause fire from the heat accumulated from rolling, sliding or friction in machinery or
between two hard surfaces, at least one of which is usually a metal.

549. OVERHAUL

• is the complete and detailed check of the structure and all materials therein to eliminate
conditions that may cause re- flash.

550. OFFICE OF ORIGIN

• The office, squad, or precinct in which the complaint was received or which has jurisdiction over
the area where the offense requiring investigation took place is considered the office of origin.

551. ORGANIZE THE FACT

• Arranging the sequence of happenings in an outline form.

552. OVERDOSE

• when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of the human body, there may
be an extension of its effects.

553. PATTERN

• Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same person is
committing a series of crimes.

554. Perseverance

• bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles.

555. Persistence

• Continuing in the face of opposition, or refusing to give up when faced with an adverse situation

556. Presentation

• it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom.

557. Preservation

• includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing
contamination or destruction of its substantive value.

558. Pre-surveillance Conference

• is a conference held before a surveillance is conducted.

559. Probe

• Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government

agency.

560. Propagandist

• mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual group

561. Provocateur

• induces an opponent to act to his own detriment.

562. Provocative approach

• utilization of conversational gambits.

563. Paint

• Paints traces are often found in clothing and as transfer on the tool and automobiles. Paretic
Gait - feet and legs are held wide apart, steps are short, feet are dragged.

564. PARRICIDAL DEATH

• it is death due to killing of one’s relative.

565. Phenalpthelein Test

• kastel-meyer reagent is dropped on a white filter paper with stained material. After 10 seconds
put a drop of hydrogen peroxide.

566. Photograph of the Evidence

• weapons, blood stains, hair, paper, and other evidence must be photograph before removal.

567. Photograph of the Victim

• a set of picture showing the relationship of the cadaver over surroundings including injuries it
sustained.

568. PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

• Photography is the first means by which the crime scene is processed and in many ways, the
most important.

569. Photography

• Photographs are typically made of the general crime scene and of each item of evidence as it is
found.

570. PHYSIOLOGIC DEATH

• type of death where all vital organs cease function.

571. Preliminary Investigation

• It is the first exposure of criminal offense to the investigative effort. It cannot be emphasized
too strongly that this step is vital to the success of the investigation.

572. Protection of Evidence

• Certain specified investigators should be in charge of insuring that all evidence at the scene is
properly tagged, preserved and transported to the crime laboratory.
573. PSYCHIC DEATH

• the condition of death wherein the patient regresses, gives up or surrenders accepting death
prematurely and refuses to continue living.

574. Parked motor vehicle

• the form of collision may be similar to a moving vehicle like head on collision, however, one is
parked anywhere on a roadway.

575. Parking or parked

• for the purposes of this Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is “parked” or “parking” if it has
been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains inactive in
that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time.

576. Partial simulation

• this method has specific aim of training for the subtask of the driving task.

577. Passenger Automobiles

• shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those usually known under the
following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car
(except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles), coupe,
landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan

578. Pavement Markings and Markers

• The pavements of all main highways have certain markings to help you drive safely. Those
include the center lane lines, barrier lines and directional arrows, depending upon the type of
highway and the needs for such markings to make the road safe under varying conditions.

579. Pavement Markings

• These are the lines usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow and white officially set
on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite direction or the same
direction in case of two lane one- way street, two lane, two way street or four- lane, two-way.

580. Pedestrian

• may be walking, running or standing on a roadway.

581. Penalization

• the act of punishing. penalization, penalty, punishment.

582. Point/area traffic control

 • that part of police direction which is concerned with the control of vehicular and pedestrian
movement at a particular area or point on the street or highway, such as an intersection.

583. Police traffic direction

• that part of police traffic supervision that involves telling drivers and pedestrian how and where
they may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during periods of congestion
or emergencies.

584. Police traffic escort

• that part of police traffic direction that involves mobile supervision of the movement of one or
more traffic units from one point to another;

585. Police traffic law enforcement

• it is performed by the police and other agencies with police power including deterrent to law
violation created by the presence of uniformed police officers and their special equipment,
special assistance to courts and prosecutors and incidental service to highway users.

586. Primary Cause

• A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an
accident or the most easily modified condition factor.

587. Private

• Green with White Background

588. Problems concerning traffic lights

• There are several problems arising from intersections controlled by traffic lights.

589. Professional Driver

• shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether
for private use or for hire to the public.

590. Professional Driver’s License (Red Logo)

• The distinctive feature of the holder of professional driver’s license is the privilege to make
driving a means of livelihood.

591. Progressive System

• These are used on major arteries of a number of cities.

592. Property Damage Accident

 • There is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other
property including injury to animals.

593. Prosecution

• the act or process of prosecuting specifically: the institution and continuance of a criminal sue.it
involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment

594. Public Utility Vehicle

• Black with Yellow Background

595. PASSIVE SUPPORTERS

• They are the most difficult elements to define and recognize. They consist of people who are
sympathetic to the cause of the terrorist, but often will not stand up and refuse to be counted
for fear of getting involved.

596. Penalty Clause

• Any arresting public officer or employee, or any investigating officer, who fails to inform any
person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation of his right to remain silent and to
have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice.

597. Political Terrorism

• Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial
segment of it, for political purposes.

598. Pornography

• is the depiction of explicit sexual subject matter for sexually titillating the viewer.

599. Presence of detained person

• the presence of the detained person who is under custody shall be ensured during the
proceedings.

600. Presence of Probable Cause

• If the Inquest Officer finds that probable cause exists; he shall forthwith prepare the
corresponding complaint/ information with the recommendation that the same be filed in court.

601. Processing and Securing a Crime Scene

• Processing a crime scene includes the application of diligent and careful methods by an
investigator/policemen to recognize, identify, preserve and collect fact and items of evidentiary
value that may assist in reconstructing that which actually occurred.
602. Prostitution

• (World’s Oldest Profession) the act or practice of engaging in sex acts for hire.

603. Protecting the Crime Scene and the Evidence

• Successful crimes scene processing depends upon the policeman’s or investigator’s skill in
recognizing and collecting facts and items of value as evidence, and upon his ability to protect,
preserve, and later, to present these in a logical manner.

604. Purple notice

• to seek or provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment method
used by criminals.

605. PYROLYSIS

• (also known as thermal decomposition) is defined as the “chemical decomposition of matter

through the action of heat”.

606. PREMIXED FLAME

• is exemplified by the Bunsen type laboratory burner where the hydrocarbon is thoroughly mixed
with air before reaching the flame zone. fuel and oxidizer arrive as separate stream

607. PYROLYZABLE SOLID FUELS

• includes many of the ordinary accepted combustibles: wood, paper and so on.

608. POMPIER LADDER

• consists of a large gooseneck hook at the tip, with a single bed through which the rungs project.

609. POLE LADDERS

• these are extension ladders that have stay poles for added stability.

610. PREDICATE

• wherein you must tell about the subject.

611. POLICE SENTENCE

• a grammatically narration of facts with the usual subject, predicate and verb.

612. PARAGRAPH CONSTRUCTION

• A paragraph is a sentence group of properly related sentences expressing a single idea.

613. PUNCTUATIONS

• are the customary little marks that determine whether the sentence is clear or has a doubtful
meaning.

614. PENDING

• This term when used by the office of origin, indicates that the investigation is continuing, In
effect. It often means that the case is not closed yet.

615. PROGRESS OR FOLLOW-UP REPORT

• This is a written narration of facts which were discovered by the police officer on case in the
course of his follow-up investigation

616. POLICE BLOTTER

• A record or log where all types of operational and undercover dispatches shall be recorded
containing the five "W"s (WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN AND WHY) and one "H" (HOW) of an
information.

617. PROJECT PROPOSAL

• The recommended format or documentary vehicle to be used in the presentation of the

operational concepts and administrative necessities in the conduct of intelligence special
projects for the processing and approval of designated authority.

618. Question and Answer

• interview style whereby after each question by the investigator, the interviewee is required to
answer.

619. Quasi-Terrorism

• The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and
method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient.

620. Rabbit (Hare)

• is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.

621. Recognition

• involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant
information regarding the criminal case being investigated.

622. Research
 • It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient investigation done by
scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify original sources of data or causes of problem.

623. Roping

• surveillant assumes different roles and identity in order to obtain information

624. Recognition

• the investigating officer must recognize information relating to a crime as such.

625. Railroad train

• this type of collision usually occurs along railroad crossings.

626. Rationale

• Regulating traffic flow at intersections and road crossing is just a matter of alternating the GO
and STOP signal so that every driver gets his “fair share.”

627. Reflectorized Markings

• These are markings or gadgets designated to reflect and become luminous when hit by vehicles
headlight.

628. Registration of Motor Vehicles

• R.A. 5136 mandates that all motor vehicles shall be registered by its owner before the
designated District Offices of LTO.

629. Reindeer

• First domesticated in Siberia

630. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL DRIVINGSAFETY REMINDER

• Safety first.

631. Reputational effect

• If, over a period of time, the TLE program attains a high degree of effectiveness, a community-
wide, general belief may be fostered (through word of mouth or publicity) that the commission
of a traffic violation is a risky action.

632. ROADWAY
 • It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass.

633. RUDOLF DIESEL

• A German engineer who developed an Internal Combustion Engine with the use of diesel fuel.

634. RULES TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS

• Keep opposing

635. Recording Note

• The data of the investigation should be recorded in a complete, accurate and legible fashion so
that in the event another investigator is required to assume responsibility for the investigation,
he can make intelligent use of the notebook.

636. Recovered articles

• The Inquest Officer shall see to it that all articles recovered by the police at the time of the
arrest or apprehension of the detained person are physically inventoried, checked and
accounted for with the issuance of corresponding receipts by the police officer/investigator
concerned.

637. Red Notice

• based on the national arrest warrants, are used to seek the arrest and extradition of suspects

638. Relevancy; collateral matters.

• Evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief in its existence or non-
existence. Evidence on collateral matters shall not be allowed, except when it tends in any
reasonable degree to establish the probability or improbability of the fact in issue.

639. Repealing Clause

• Republic Act No. No. 857, as amended, is hereby repealed. Other laws, presidential decrees,
executive orders or rules and regulations, or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act are repealed or modified accordingly.

640. RESISTANT HEATING

• refers to the heat generated by passing an electrical current through a conductor such as a wire
or an appliance.

641. RADIATION

• does not require contact or the presence of any matter between the bodies.
642. RESCUE TRUCKS

• these are enclosed vehicles equipped with many of the same kinds of forcible entry tools that
ladder truck carry.

643. RESCUE

• this is the operation of removing, thus saving people and livestock from the burning building and
other involved properties, conveying them to a secure place.

644. REPORT

• It is a story of actions performed by men. A chronological step by step, account entirely or

almost a factual account of the incidents that took place in a given event.

645. REDUNDANCIES

• One way to achieve effective police writing is to eliminate the use of repetitious expressions

646. REPORTING INVESTIGATOR

• The name of the investigator assigned to the case will be given. Assisting investigators will be
listed in the details of the report.

647. REPORT SHOULD BE FACTUAL

• everything an investigator writer in his report is based on facts discovered during the course of
his investigations.

648. REPORT SHOULD BE COMPLETE

• An investigative report, aside from being classified as format, is also exhaustive. And in order to
be exhaustive it must contain all the facts.

649. REPORT SHOULD BE OBJECTIVE

• Objective means presenting all the facts with appropriate words; words not coated or laced with
emotional overtones.

650. RECORD THE FACTS

• immediately and accurately, record in your clipboard, not in your memory, the facts gathered.

651. Saboteur

• undertake positive actions against unfriendly power resulting in the loss of an article, material or
facility.
652. Safe house

• is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police undercover men meet his
action agent.

653. Screening

• is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his knowledge.

654. Shadowing or tailing

• act of the surveillant of following his subject to detect criminal activities

655. Source

• refers to any person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest usually on a
voluntary basis.

656. Spy

• is the primary and the most important human collector

657. Stake-out

• is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.

658. Strongman

• is an agent available to provide special protection.

659. Superior Reasoning Ability

• is the ability to analyze logically a multitude of facts and determine how they interrelate is basic
to the investigative process.

660. SURVEILLANCE

• consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical observation.

661. Suspect

• refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.

662. Searching

• The crime scene must be properly searched.

663. Senior Officer

 • In some smaller agencies, the highest – ranking officer at the scene is generally in-charge.

664. Shot and Powder Patterns

• Shot and powder patterns may indicate the distance from which the shot was fired.

665. Shotgun Pellets and Wads

• Shotgun pellets and wads may indicate the size and type of ammunition used.

666. Shotgun Shells

• Shot gun shells can indicate the type of ammunition used and whether or not it was found in a
specific weapon.

667. Sketch from Locality

• provides a picture of the scene of the crime and its vicinity including neighboring buildings and
roads leading to the crime scene.

668. Sketch of Details

• immediately scene only like the room where the actual crime is committed.

669. Sketch of the Grounds

• pictures of the scene of the crime with nearest physical surroundings such as a house with its
garden, floor plan and other.

670. Sketching

• Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos, they are but supplement to them.

671. SOCIOLOGICAL DEATH

• types of death wherein the withdrawal and separation from the patient by others producing a
sense of isolation and abandonment.

672. Soil

• Soil sometimes has a great evidential value. It is very sensitive to sampling techniques.

673. Solubility Test

• blood stained material is placed in a saline solution and will give a bright red color of the
solution.

674. SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH

 • it is complete, persistence continues cessation of respiration, circulation an almost all brain
functions of an organism.

675. Spastic Gait

• a person walks like a robot the legs are held together and move forward with a short steps and
toes are dragged.

676. STAGE OF POST MORTEM RIGIDITY OR RIGOR MORTS

• The whole body becomes rigid due to contraction of the muscles as a result of physio-chemical
reaction in the muscle.

677. Standard Operating Procedures

• A number of crime incidents committed in the country are unsolved and/or dismissed by trial
because of insufficiency of evidence.

678. Starvation

• is the deprivation of the regular supply of food and water.

679. STOPPAGE OF RESPIRATION

• A person cannot hold his breath not longer than 3 ½ minutes.

680. SUICIDAL DEATH

• it is death due to killing or destruction of one’s self.

681. Serious

• This causes serious injuries to persons.

682. SIDEWALK

• It is an integral part of the roadway, the answer to the safety of pedestrians.

683. Siemens’ Rocket Plane

• Ernst Werner Von Siemens He designed a rocket plane that was propelled by an explosive force
of gunpowder.

684. Simulated Conditions and Off-Road Training

• the driver will be placed in simulator

685. Simulator
 • it is a static machine with all the important feature of a car used in driving method or driving
training.

686. Skid Marks

• These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because
brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.

687. Sledge on Rollers

• From the beginning of human history people have dragged any load too heavy to be carried.

688. Slight

• Only slight damages to properties.

689. Special Pedestrian Signals

• These signals lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the“WALK” and “DO NOT WALK”
signal lights.

690. Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings

• Pavement markings vary depending on the traffic regulations in its location or depending on the
road or traffic condition.

691. Specific Meaning of Traffic Lights

• To attain more effective and efficient controlling of traffic, each color of the traffic light has
specific meaning and traffic regulation.

692. Stationary traffic observation

• it is a traffic observation at a selected place, usually one with an unfavorable accident

experience or traffic flow problem.

693. Strategy

• It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals of intent
to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards.

694. Supervised route

• any street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some considerable degree.

695. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 • the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.

696. SYNONYMS

• words with similar meanings but of different sounds and spelling.

697. Subject

• wherein you must name what you are talking about.

698. SPELLING

• is the act of forming words by letters.

699. SHOULD BE RELATED

• The report should relate exclusively to the stated objective, or function, or subject with which it
is concerned.

700. STATUS

• This entry should reflect the status of the case within the office or squad submitting the report.
The status is either “pending” or “Closed”.