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Cbse Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 2 Polynomials

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187 views5 pages

Cbse Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 2 Polynomials

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venkatagayathri069
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Revision Notes

Class 10 – Maths

Chapter 2 – Polynomials

● If p ( x ) is a polynomial in x , the degree of the polynomial p ( x ) is the


largest power of x in p ( x ) .

● Types of Polynomials:
a) A linear polynomial is a polynomial with degree one.
b) A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial with degree two.
c) A cubic polynomial is a polynomial with degree three.

● Zeros of a Polynomial:
If p ( x ) is a polynomial in x and k is any real number, the value obtained
by substituting k for x in p ( x ) is known as the value of p ( x ) when x = k
and is denoted by p ( k ) . If p ( k ) = 0 , a real number k is said to be a zero
of a polynomial p ( x ) .

● The Geometrical Meaning of Polynomial Zeros:

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● The equation ax 2 + bx + c can have three cases for the graphs
a) Case (i):
Here, the graph cuts x- axis at two distinct points A and A' .

b) Case (ii): Here, the graph cuts the x- axis at exactly one point.

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c) Case (iii): Here, the graph is either completely above the x- axis or
completely below the x- axis.

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● If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
p ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, a  0 , then it is known that x - α and x - β are the
factors of p ( x ) .
b
a) Α + β = -
a
c
b) αβ =
a

● Division Algorithm for Polynomials:


- If p ( x ) and g ( x ) are any two polynomials with g ( x )  0 , then
polynomials q ( x ) and p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r(x) r ( x ) can be found
such that , where r ( x ) = 0 or degree of r ( x )  degree of g ( x ) .
- This result is known as the Division Algorithm for polynomials.

● An example would make it easier to understand. So, consider a cubic


polynomial x3 - 3x 2 - x + 3 .

● Assuming that one of its zeroes is 1 , it is clear that x - 1 is a factor of


x3 - 3x 2 - x + 3 .

● So, x3 - 3x 2 - x + 3 can be divided by x - 1. Taking out this factor,


(x - 1)(x 2 - 2x - 3) .
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● Next, get the factors of x 2 - 2x - 3 by splitting the middle term.
( x + 1)( x - 3) .
x 3 − 3x 2 − x + 3 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 3)

● So, all the three zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 1, − 1, 3.

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