EMF

EQUATION OF
TRANSFORMER

1
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
EMF equation of transformer is very important for
understanding the working of the transformer. When
a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary of the
transformer it draws magnetizing current to set up flux
in the core.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
The flux links to the secondary and produces EMF.
We can easily derive the EMF equation of the
transformer by calculating the rate of change of the
flux in one cycle of the AC waveform. Induced EMF
in the primary and secondary of the transformer also
depends on the turn ratio of the transformer.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
The ratio of secondary EMF to primary EMF is called
the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer.
The ratio of primary turns to secondary turns is called
the transformer turns ratio.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
The flux set up in the core gets linked to the primary
and secondary winding of the transformer. The
alternating flux set up in the core when linked to turns
of the primary and secondary winding induces
voltage called EMF.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
The EMF induced in the transformer winding depends
on the number of turns and the rate of change of the
flux. The EMF induced across the primary and
secondary always opposes the applied voltage.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
According to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, if the alternating flux links to a coil the
voltage is induced in the coil, the voltage induced in
the primary and the secondary winding of the
transformer. The RMS value of secondary induced
EMF and primary induced EMF can be calculated
using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
where:

The minus sign shows that the voltage induced in

the primary and secondary opposes the applied
voltage.
Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

The derivation of the EMF

equation of the transformer
can be derived by
calculating the rate of
change of the flux in the
transformer core. The flux set
up in the core is sinusoidal.
Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

The flux in the core changes from +Фm to -Фm in ½f

seconds.

The voltage induced in the primary is

Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

The flux induced in the primary is because of the

sinusoidal voltage applied to the primary so the flux
also varies in a sinusoidal manner. The instantaneous
value of the flux in the transformer is;
Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

Putting the value of flux in the equation (1)

Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

The maximum value of voltage induced in the

primary is;
Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

The root mean square (RMS) value of the induced

voltage in the primary
Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

Putting the Ep(max) value in equation(4)

Derivation of EMF EQUATION of Transformer

Similarly, the root mean square (RMS) value of the

induced voltage in the secondary is;

The general EMF Equation of the transformer is;

ENDUCED EMF EQUATION of Transformer

where:
E = rms voltage induced (volt)
N = number of winding turns
f = frequency of the flux (Hertz)
Фm = peak value of the flux (weber)
Example No. 1
The net cross section of a transformer is 20 square
inches. The maximum flux density is 11 kilogausses.
The frequency is 60 Hz. If there are 1,000 turns in the
primary, determine the primary induced emf.
Answer: Ep = 3.78 kV
Example No. 2
Calculate the total magnetic flux in a 60-cycle
transformer in which the induced emf per turn of the
winding is equal to 2 volts.
Answer: Фm = 7.5 mWb
Example No. 3
The maximum flux density in the core of a 3000/240-
V, 50 Hz single-phase distribution transformer is 1.25
Tesla. If the voltage induced per turn is 8 volts,
determine the cross sectional of the core in cm2.
Answer: A = 288 cm2
Losses in a Transformer
There are two types of power losses in a transformer.
1. Iron losses
2. Copper losses
Losses in a Transformer
1. Iron losses (Pi)
Iron loss is the power loss that occurs in the iron part the transformer. Iron
loss is depends on alternating frequency of the emf. The Iron losses are
called as the constant losses. There are two types Iron loss those are:

• Eddy current loss (We)

• Hysteresis loss (Wh)
Losses in a Transformer
2. Copper losses (Pcu)
• This is the power loss that occurs in the primary and secondary coils
when the transformer is on load.
• This power is wasted in the form of heat due to the resistance of the
coils.
• This loss is proportional to the sequence of the load hence it is called
the Variable loss where as the Iron loss is called as the Constant loss as
the supply voltage and frequency are constants
Equivalent Circuit of an IDEAL Transformer
Ep = 4.44NpfpФmp
Es = 4.44NsfsФms
𝐄𝐩 𝐍𝐩
= =a
𝐄𝐬 𝐍𝐬
where:
𝐈𝐩 𝐍𝐬 𝟏
Np/Ns = a = turns ratio = =
Vp/Vs = voltage ratio 𝐈𝐬 𝐍𝐩 𝐚
Ip/Is = current ratio
Zp/Zs = impedance ratio 𝐙𝐩 𝐍𝐩 𝟐
Ep = voltage induced in primary windings = = (a)2
Es = voltage induced in secondary windings 𝐙𝐬 𝐍𝐬
Example No. 1
The low side of a certain welding transformer has 2
turns and delivers 300A. If the high voltage side has
30 turns, how much current flows through it?
Answer: Is = 20A
Example No. 2
A single-phase transformer is rated 4,160V primary
and 250V secondary. It has 1,500 turns in the
secondary and a voltage regulation of 8%. What
should be the number of turns in the secondary
winding?
Answer: Ns = 90 turns
Equivalent Circuit of an
PRACTICAL Transformer

Sm = E1I0 Qm = 𝐒𝐦𝟐 − 𝐏𝐦𝟐

𝐄 𝟏𝟐 𝐄 𝟏𝟐
Rm = Xm =
𝐏𝐦 𝐐𝐦
Equivalent Circuit of an
PRACTICAL Transformer
where:
R1 = Resistance of primary winding (ohm)
R2 = Resistance of secondary winding (ohm)
X1 = Reactance of primary winding (ohm)
X2 = Reactance of secondary winding (ohm)
Xm = Magnetizing reactance of primary winding (ohm)
Rm = Resistance representing the iron losses (ohm)
Pm = Iron losses (watt)
Sm = Apparent power absorbed by the core (Volt-Ampere, VA)
Qm = Reactive power needed to set-up the mutual flux (VAR)
E1 = Induced emf of the primary winding (volt)
Eg = Supply voltage (volt)
Equivalent Circuit of an PRACTICAL
Transformer @ NO Load

Note: At NO LOAD, I2=0 and so is I1. Thus, only the exciting currents I0 flows
in R1 and X1. And these impedances are so small that the voltage drop
across them are negligible.
Equivalent Circuit of an PRACTICAL
Transformer @ FULL Load

Note: At FULL LOAD, Ig is at least bigger that I0, consequently I0 can be

neglected and the corresponding magnetizing branch. This equivalent
circuit can be even if the loading is only 10% of the rated capacity of the
transformer.
Shifting Transformer Parameters from
Primary to Secondary or Vice-Versa

𝐍𝟏 𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝟐
Re1 = R1+R2 Re2 = R2+R1
𝐍𝟐 𝐍𝟏

𝐍𝟏 𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝟐
Xe1 = X1+X2 Xe2 = X2+X1
𝐍𝟐 𝐍𝟏

Ze1 = (𝐑𝐞𝟏)𝟐 +(𝐗𝐞𝟏)𝟐 Ze2 = (𝐑𝐞𝟐)𝟐 +(𝐗𝐞𝟐)𝟐

Shifting Transformer Parameters from
Primary to Secondary or Vice-Versa
𝐍𝟏 𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝟐
Re1 = R1+R2 Re2 = R2+R1
𝐍𝟐 𝐍𝟏

𝐍𝟏 𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝟐
Xe1 = X1+X2 Xe2 = X2+X1
𝐍𝟐 𝐍𝟏

Ze1 = (𝐑𝐞𝟏)𝟐 +(𝐗𝐞𝟏)𝟐 Ze2 = (𝐑𝐞𝟐)𝟐 +(𝐗𝐞𝟐)𝟐

where:
Re1 = equivalent resistance referred to primary side (ohm)
Re2 = equivalent resistance referred to secondary side (ohm)
Xe1 = equivalent reactance referred to primary side (ohm)
Xe2 = equivalent reactance referred to secondary side (ohm)
Ze1 = equivalent impedance referred to primary side (ohm)
Ze1 = equivalent impedance referred to secondary side (ohm)
Equivalent Circuit of a transformer
referred to the secondary side

E2 = (𝐕𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬Ɵ + 𝐈𝟐𝐑𝐞𝟐)𝟐 +(𝐕𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧Ɵ ± 𝐈𝟐𝐗𝐞𝟐)𝟐

Equivalent Circuit of a transformer
referred to the secondary side

E2 = (𝐕𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬Ɵ + 𝐈𝟐𝐑𝐞𝟐)𝟐 +(𝐕𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧Ɵ ± 𝐈𝟐𝐗𝐞𝟐)𝟐

where:
V2 = load voltage (volt)
I2 = load current (ampere)
Ɵ = power factor angle
+ (sign)= if the power factor is lagging
– (sign)= if the power factor is leading
Equivalent Circuit of a transformer
referred to the secondary side
❑Using complex number format

E2∠±δ = V2∠0˚+(I2∠±Ɵ)(Re2+jXe2)
where:
+Ɵ = if the power factor is leading
–Ɵ = if the power factor is lagging
δ = angle between E2 and V2
POWER LOSSES AND EFFECIENCY
Pin = Pout + Pi + Pcu Pout = V2I2pf
Pcu = I12R1+I22R2 = I12Re1 = I22Re2
Pout
Pi = Peddy+Physteresis = We+Wh η=
Pin

Peddy = ke(βmaxf)2 = ke’Eg2

Eg1.6
Physteresis = kh(βmaxf)1.6 = kh’ 0.6
f