11/30/2023

Outline
CSC 1113 • Functions
Programming Techniques • How Functions Work
Lecture 7: Functions • Parameters and Arguments
• Categories of functions
– Built-in
– User Defined

Mrs.T.D.Gilmini
Senior Lecturer
Department of Computer Science

Learning Outcome of Today’s Lesson Function

• Define functions to perform specified tasks • What is a function in a PL?
– Function is a block of statements that performs a
• Implement functions in C programming specific tasks
language – Encapsulates a complex computations in a single
operations
• Compare parameter pass by value and pass by • A function declaration
reference – tells the compiler about a function's name, return
type, and parameters.
return_type function_name(parameter list );
• A function definition
– provides the actual body of the function.

Function Function
• Calling a Function
• General form of a function 1. the program control is transferred to the called
return_type function_name( parameter_list ) function
{ body of the function } 2. performs a defined task
• Defining a Function 3. When its return statement is executed or ending
– consists of a function header and a function body closing brace is reached, it returns the program
– return_type is the variable type that the function returns. control back to the main program
– function_name is the actual name of the function
– parameter_list is the list of parameters that the function takes
• pass the required parameters along with the
separated by commas function name
• If no parameters are given, then the function does not take any and should be
defined with an empty set of parenthesis or with the key word void /* function declaration */
• body of the function is a collection of statements that define Int max(int num1, int num2);
what the function does /* calling a function to get max value */
ret = max(a, b);

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Functions Arguments
• These variables are called the formal parameters
of the function.
• Two ways arguments can be passed
– Call by value
• copies the actual value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the function.
• changes made to the parameter inside the function have no
effect on the argument.
– Call by reference
• copies the address of an argument into the formal
parameter
• Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual
argument used in the call.

Functions Arguments
• Default - call by value to pass arguments
• Ex 1 : Pass by value

Functions Arguments Why Functions?

• Ex 2 : Pass by reference • Code Reusability
– avoid rewriting same logic/code again and again in a
program
• Code Abstraction
– can call functions any number of times in a program and
from any place in a program
• Improve Readability
– dividing a big task into small pieces to achieve the
functionality improves understandability
• Reduce Size of the code
• Easy debugging
– easily be tracked when it is divided into functions

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Types of Functions Practice Question

• Standard Library Functions • Write a function that takes two parameters
– built-in functions in C num1 and num2 and returns the maximum
programming (defined in
header files) value between the two.
– E.g.: printf() , sqrt()
• User Defined Functions
– created functions as per
users need
– It reduces the complexity
of a big program and
optimizes the code

#include <stdio.h>
/* function declaration */
int max(int num1, int num2); Recursion
int main () {
/* local variable definition */
int a = 100; int b = 200; int ret;
• if a programming allows you to call a function
inside the same function that is called recursive
/* calling a function to get max value */ call of the function
ret = max(a, b);
printf( "Max value is : %d\n", ret ); • The C programming language supports recursion
return 0; ie. a function to call itself
}
/* function returning the max between two numbers */ – But while using recursion, programmers need to be
int max(int num1, int num2) careful to define an exit condition from the function,
{ otherwise it will go in infinite loop
/* local variable declaration */
int result;
• Recursive function are very useful to solve many
if (num1 > num2) mathematical problems like to calculate factorial
result = num1; of a number
else
result = num2;
return result;
}

Example-Recursion