By: MUHAMMAD WAQAS AHMED

Physics: Physics is a branch of science which studies the nature and behaviour of matter, energy, and the interaction between them.
Mechanics: Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of motion with reference or without
reference of force.
Classical mechanics: Classical mechanics is concerned with the study of macroscopic objects and their motion
under the influence of forces, such as the motion of planets and stars, the motion of objects on Earth, and the motion of fluids.
Quantum mechanics: Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, is concerned with the behaviour of particles on a
microscopic level and deals with the relationships between energy and matter.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, energy,
and work. It is concerned with the study of the laws that govern the transfer of energy from one form to another and
the conversion of energy into work.
Cryogenics: Cryogenics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of extremely low temperatures
(below -150Co) and the behaviour of materials at those temperatures. It also plays a crucial role in the production
and storage of liquid gases, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium
Plasma physics: Plasma physics is a branch of physics that studies plasmas, which are highly ionized gases
consisting of ions, electrons, and neutral particles. Plasmas are found in many natural and man-made environments,
including stars, lightning, the sun.
Solid-state physics: Solid-state physics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of solids, including their
structure, properties, and behaviour, properties such as high strength, low compressibility, and electrical conductivity
Geophysics: Geophysics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of the physical properties and processes of
the Earth and its environment. It seeks to understand the structure, composition, and behaviour of the Earth, including
its atmosphere, oceans etc.
Astrophysics: Astrophysics is to "Discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search
for life on planets around other stars."
Electromagnetism: Electromagnetism is the study of the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
Fluid mechanics: Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of liquids and gases and their
behaviour and interactions with solid surfaces. It is concerned with the relationships between fluid flow, pressure, and
temperature.
High energy physics: High energy physics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of subatomic particles
and their interactions at very high energies. It is concerned with understanding the behaviour of matter and energy at
the smallest scales, including the structure and interactions of particles such as electrons, quarks, and neutrinos.
Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics, is a branch of physics that deals with the behaviour of matter
and energy at a microscopic scale, such as atoms and subatomic particles.
One of the key concepts in quantum physics is the idea that particles can exist in multiple states at the same
time, known as superposition. It also introduces the concept of entanglement, which describes the behaviour of
particles that are connected in such a way that the state of one particle is dependent on the state of the other particle,
regardless of the distance between them.
Physics: Scope in Science, Technology and Society. Physics continues to play a critical role in shaping our
lives through the development of new technologies, including renewable energy sources, medical technologies and
computer technologies.
Robotics: Due to advances in electronics, materials, and machines, robot (this combination has been evolved as a
field called Mechatronics) commonly performs a variety of tasks such as assembling cars, robot waiters etc.
Magnetic Levitation: Magnetic levitation, or maglev for short, is a technology that allows moving objects without
wheels, tracks, or another form of physical contact with the object. Instead, maglev uses powerful magnets to create a
magnetic field that lifts and propels objects, like trains, along a track. Such improvements greatly reduce frictional
resistance and allow trains to travel at twice the speed of conventional
trains – near about 300 miles per hour.
Gyroscope: A gyroscope is a device that is used to measure or maintain orientation. When a gyroscope is set in
motion, it has a property called gyroscopic inertia. This means that if the orientation of the gyroscope is changed
the rotor will tend to maintain its original position and rotation.
Alternative Fuels: Alternative sources include solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, hydrogen
fuel cells, nuclear power, biofuel, and wave / tidal energy.
 By: MUHAMMAD WAQAS AHMED

 S.I Base, Derived Units and Supplementary Units

Units are standards of measurement that are used to express physical quantities such as length, mass, time,
temperature, electric current, and many others. There are various systems of units, including the International
System of Units (SI), which is the most widely used system in the world.
Fundamental/standard/basic Quantities.

 SI Derived Units
Derived units are based on
The combinations of base
Units.

 Supplementary Units
The class of supplementary contains only two purely geometrical units, that is the radian and the steradian.

Measurement Techniques
Direct measurement; involves physically measuring the length, size, or other characteristic of an object or system.
For example, measuring the length of a piece of string with a ruler.
Indirect measurement; involves using a known relationship between two or more physical quantities to determine
the value of a quantity that is difficult or impossible to measure directly. For example, measuring the speed of light by
timing the flight of a light pulse between two points.
Numerical simulation; involves using mathematical models and computer algorithms to predict the behaviour of a
physical system. For example, using computer simulations to predict the flow of a fluid in a pipe.
Instrumentation; involves the use of specialized tools and devices to make measurements. For example, using a
voltmeter to measure the voltage of a circuit.
Observational techniques; involve observing the b of a system to gather information about its properties. For
example, measuring the speed of light by timing the flight of a light pulse between two points.
Dimensionality
Dimensionality refers to the number of
independent variables or parameters that are
needed to describe a physical quantity. The
dimensions of length [L], mass [M] and time [T].
Also, for electric current [A] and thermodynamic
temperature is [K].
Dimensionality or dimensional analysis is a
technique used in physics to check the consistency of equations and measurements. It involves analysing the
dimensions of each term in an equation to ensure that the units on both sides of the equation are equivalent.
 By: MUHAMMAD WAQAS AHMED
 Errors and Uncertainty: The main difference between errors and uncertainties is that an error is the
difference between the actual value and the measured value, while an uncertainty is an estimate of the
range between them, representing the reliability of the measurement.
Systematic error and Random Error
Systematic Error: These errors happen because of faulty apparatus like an incorrectly labelled scale, an incorrect
zero mark on a meter or a stop watch running slowly. Repeating the measurements, a number of times will have no
effect on this type of error. The only way to eliminate this type of error is to change or recalibrate the measuring
instrument.
Zero Error: This is a type of systematic error which occurs when an instrument gives a reading when the true reading
is zero.
Random Error: When repeated measurements of the quantity yield different results under same conditions. The
better the experimenter you are, the smaller will be the random error that you will introduce into an experiment.
Making number of readings of a given quantity and taking an average will minimize the error. The way we reduce
random error is to make many repeated measurements.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢e , % error = Absolute Uncertainty × 100%
2 Measured Value
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Significant Figures: Significant figures are the digits in a number that are meaningful in terms of the precision of the
measurement. They provide information about the degree of accuracy of a measurement
Rules of Significant Figures:
1.All non-zero digits are significant.
For example, the number 12.3 has three significant figures.
2. Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant.
For example, the number 102 has three significant figures.
3. Leading zeros to the left of the decimal point are not significant.
For example, the number 0.0056 has three significant figures.
4. Final zeros to the right of a whole number are not significant.
For example, the number 56.00 has four significant figures.
5. Final zeros at the end of a number after the decimal point, but before the last non-zero digit, are significant.
For example, the number 12.30 has four significant figures.
Difference Between Accuracy and Precision.
Accuracy:
 Accuracy is referred to the level of agreement between the actual measurement and the absolute
measurement.
 It represents how closely the results agree with the standard value.
 Single-factor or measurement is required.
 It is likely for a measurement to be accurate on occasion as a fluke. For a measurement to be consistently
accurate as well as precise.
Precision:
 Precision suggests the level of variation that happens in the values of several measurements of the same
factor.
 Represents how closely results agree with one another.
 Multiple measurements are needed to comment about precision.
 Results can be precise without being accurate.
Resolution Uncertainty: The smallest space between two points that an instrument measure is one half. So,
𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/2
 By: MUHAMMAD WAQAS AHMED

MCQ`s
1. The respective number of significant figures for the numbers 23.023, 0.0003 and 2.1×10-3 are
a. 5, 1, 2 b. 5, 1, 5 c. 5, 5, 2 d. 4, 4, 2
2. Which among the following is the supplementary unit ------
a. Mass b. Time c. Solid angle d. Luminosity
3. What is the unit of solid angle?
a. Second b. Steradian c. Kilogram d. Candela
4. A student measured the length of a rod and wrote it as 3.50 cm. Which instrument did he used to measure it?
a. A meter scale b. A vernier Calliper c. A screw gauge d. N.O.T
5. The quantity having the same unit in all system of unit is
a. mass b. time c. length d. temperature
6. Accuracy represents
a. repeatability of measurement b. how close a measurement is to be true value? c. an ideal number. d. N.O.T
7. L2  represents the dimension for which of the following?
a. kg2 b. square time c. m2 d. J2
9. Random errors can be eliminated by----
a. taking number of observations and their mean. b. measuring the quantity with more than one instrument
c. eliminating the cause d. careful observations
10. Zero error in an instrument is
a. systematic error b. random error c. least count error d. personal error
11. Systemic error can be -----
a. either positive or negative b. negative only c. positive only d. zero error
12. Interplanetary distances are measured in
a. mega meter b. kilo meter c. light year d. watt
13. MLT -2  is dimensional formula of
a. strain b. force c. displacement d. pressure
17.The magnitude of the difference between the individual measurement and true value of the quantity is called
a. Absolute error b. Relative error c. Percentage error d. N.O.T
19. The length, breadth and height of a rectangular block of wood were measured to be l = 12.13 ± 0.02 cm,
b = 8.16 ± 0.01cm and h = 3.46 ± 0.01cm. Find relative uncertainty.
a. 0.88% b. 0.58% c. 0.78% d. 0.68%
20. Dimensions of kinetic energy is the same as that of -----------
a. Acceleration b. Velocity c. Work d. Force