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Lecture 1 Concept of Sampling

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Lecture 1 Concept of Sampling

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Lecture 1

The Basic Concepts of Sampling


Population:
➢ A population is the collection of all items in which an investigator is
interested. A population can include all people, animals, plants, or things in
a given area under the definition.
➢ In the basic sampling setup, the population consists of a known, finite
number of sampling units.
✓ Sample units are the members of the population from which data are
taken during sampling.
✓ Sample units are distinct and non-overlapping entities.
✓ A sampling unit can refer to any single person, animal, plant, product
or thing being researched.
➢ With each unit is associated a value of a variable of interest, sometimes
referred to as the y-value of that unit.
➢ The y-value of each unit in the population is viewed as a fixed, if unknown
quantity—not a random variable.
➢ The units in the population are identifiable and may be labeled with numbers
1, 2,...................,,N.
➢ Only one sample of the units in the population are selected and observed.
➢ The data collected consist of the y-value for each unit in the sample, together
with the unit’s label.
➢ Thus, for each hole drilled in the oil reserve, the data not only record how
much oil was found but also identify, through the label, the location of the
hole.
➢ In addition to the variable of interest, any number of auxiliary variables
may be recorded. In an opinion poll, auxiliary variables such as gender, age,
or income class may be recorded along with the opinions.
Population Size:
➢ Population size is the number of units, which constitutes the population.
Population size is usually denoted by N.

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Two types of Population
1. Target Population and
2. Sample Population
➢ The target population of a survey is the population you wish to study.
➢ The sampled population is the population which you are able to observe in a
sample.
➢ In an ideal world the target population and the sampled population would
be the same, but often they are different.
➢ The interest of the researcher in selecting members of the target population
is to reach candidates who can describe their experiences to address the
research goal. The sampled/accessible population is composed of members of
the target population who are willing to participate and will be available at
the time of the study. There are all sorts of reasons: for example, you choose
a person who refuses to answer or can’t be found, or you don’t have a list
of individuals or are not accessible.

➢ The sampled population is the one you actually sample from; the target
population is the one you want to know about. If the two are similar,
estimates shouldn't be too far off, but there is no guarantee.

Sample:
A sample is a representative part of the population. It is a collection of sampling
units hopefully representative of the total population that one desire to study.

What is a representative sample?


➢ A representative sample is a sample from a larger group that accurately
represents the characteristics of a larger population.
➢ It’s known as a representative sample because the answers obtained from
it accurately reflect the results you would achieve by interviewing the
entire population.

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Sample Size:
➢ In statistics, the sample size is the measure of the number of individual
sampling units used in an experiment.
✓ Sample size is the number of sampling units contained in a sample.
✓ Sample size is usually denoted by n.

N = 28 n=5

Sample Size Determination Formula


➢ The sample size formula for the infinite population is given by:
𝑍 2 𝑃(1 − 𝑃)
𝑛=
𝐶2
where,
n = Sample Size
Z = Z -Value
P = Percentage of Population
C = Confidence interval

➢ When the sample data is obtained, and the sample mean x̄ is calculated, the
sample mean obtained is different from the population mean μ.
➢ This difference between the population mean and the sample mean can be
considered as an error E, which is the maximum difference between the
observed sample mean and the true value of the population mean.
𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑍𝛼/2 ( )
√𝑛

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➢ The above-given formula can be solved for n, which can be used to determine
the minimum sample size.
➢ Therefore, the formula to find the minimum sample size is given by

𝑧𝛼/2 𝜎 2
𝑛=( )
𝐸
Example
Assuming the heights of students in a college campus are normally distributed with
a standard deviation 𝜎 = 5 inch, find the minimum size required to construct a 95%
confidence interval for mean with a maximum error = 0.5 inch.

Solution:
Given: E = 0.5 inch, σ = 5 and α = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05

Therefore, Zα/2 = Z 0.025 = 1.96


The formula to find the minimum sample size is

𝑧𝛼/2 𝜎 2
𝑛=( )
𝐸
Now, substitute the given values in the sample size formula, we get

1.96 × 5 2
𝑛=( ) = 384.16
0.5
Therefore, the minimum sample size required is 385.

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