Periodic trend It

① Atomic radius and irnic radius.

·
For an element , size
of anion > size
of atom > size of cation
.

+
eX .
Na :
[NeJ3s' Nat[Ne] Na > Na
C1 :
[Ne] 3523p5CT [Nej3s"3p6Cl : < P

explanation "When : atom lose e(valence e) ,

less elections are present in

electron shells electron-electron

,

repulsion
size of cation
a size
of atom
.

& when atom gains e (valence e) , more electrons are present in

electron shells electron-electron -

,

repulsion
size of anion -
size
of atom
.

·
In same
period , atomic radius decreases .

ex
NacMg Al cSi
: > <
P >
S > C <
Ar-
↑
explanation from left to right
: , atomic number (proton number)
more positive change in nucleus . Nuclear-election attraction

so atom with
higher nuclear
change has smaller radius

In atomic radius increases

same
group
·
,

H= 1
=
2 =
3 14 M= 5 6
n=

ex : H < Li < Na < K < RD < Cs

.

explanation : a .
Increase of highest energy level V effective.
d .

shielding effect by core shell 5. Less nuclear charge

nuclear -
electron attraction X
 For
different ions
of different elements . =2 n 3
· =

have level . Nat +

a .
when
they different highest energy < k
ions with
higher energy levt larger (Helzs'2p6 [Nejss" spot
are

D .
for isoelectric ions (ions with same electron configuration)
ions with larger nuclear charge is smaller
.
Al
37
[ Nat < 02
[He] 252pd [He] 2522p6 [He]252pl
proton 13t 11 + 8 -

Relative shared electrons

&
Electronegativity (EN) attraction
of un element on
:

·
i
.
in covalent bond

- combined with polar covalena

>F
-

If EN difference of two element > 17 .

> Bond is ionic. I
< 17
.

=> Bond is covalent.

·
From
left to right. EN of element ↑
attraction -
As nuclear charge. Nuclear-election
From bottom EN of element I
top to
·
.

M less effective nuclear change

Shielding effect ,

nuclear-electron attraction I
& Electron affinity (EA) :

energy changed when an element gains electron

!
↑ opposite .

Ionization energy (IE) :

energy change when an element loses electrons

obvious trend electron configuration

no ,
it
depends on
different
eX , Na + e > Na Oto.
↑ ↓12

35'

Mg + e c
Mg to

↑↓ i
352 352 zp/
element with ushups has high electron affinity

Atomic radius (nuclear charges) IEM (distinuous

x n5
up3)
period
.

,
.

ENX (nuclear charge t) Ionic radius 1, (M* M2t , mst

N3 > NE >
NY

Atomic radius - (shielding effect)

IE11 (higher energy levels)
EN 1 (shielding effect + )
Tonic radius -

group
 change relative atomic mass =
mass of "C
12

Hom/electron
- 0 3
[9 (x10 kg]
-

Inucleus /Proton + 1 (1 67x1527kg]

.

I neutron o 1 [1 67x/0 kg]

.
*

(nucleon)
Isotope EX [X :
atomic
symbol · Z :
proton . A :
proton + neutron]

Isotope of same element can have same

proton number but different neutron

35C :
17p + 10n. %
%
ex
a Abundance
& E
.

3
p :

1p + con
.

Average relative atomic mass =

[mass number of isotope x Abundance

= 25 % x37 + 75 % x35