Progression
Progression
Progression is a list of numbers (or items) that exhibit a particular pattern. A progression is
also known as a sequence. In a progression, every term is obtained by applying a specific rule
on its previous term. In other words, every term of a progression is defined by a general term
(or) nth term, which is denoted by an.
For example, the nth term of a progression 3, 5, 7, 9, ... is an = 2n + 1. Substituting n = 1, 2, 3,
... here, we get the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, .... terms. For example:
When n = 1, first term = 2(1) + 1 = 3.
When n = 2, second term = 2(2) + 1 = 5.
When n = 3, third term = 2(3) + 1 = 7
and so on.
Types
Arithmetic Progression
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a sequence of numbers in which each successive term is
the sum of its preceding term and a fixed number. This fixed number is called the common
difference. For example, 1, 4, 7, 10, ... is an AP as every number is obtained by adding a fixed
number 3 to its previous term.
•2nd term = 4 = 1 + 3 = 1st term + 3
•3rd term = 7 = 4 + 3 = 2nd term + 3
•4th term = 10 = 7 + 3 = 3rd term + 3
and so on.
Arithmetic Progression
In general, an arithmetic progression looks like this:
Here,
'a' is the first term and
'd' is the common difference (fixed number)
Formula
Let the first term of the progression be a, the common difference be d, and the nth term be an.
Then, the arithmetic progression formulas are given by:
1. an = a + (n - 1) d
2. d = an - an-1
3. Sum of the first n terms, Sn = n/2(2a+(n-1)d) (or)
Sn = n/2(a + l),
where l = the last term = Tn.
Question: Q01
What is sum of the first 15 terms of an A.P whose 11th and 7th terms are 5.25 and 3.25
respectively?
A] 56.25
B] 60
C] 52.5
D] None of these
Answer : A
Explanation: Q01
S15= (15 / 2 ) * [(2* 1 / 4) + 14* 1 / 2)]
a +10d = 5.25
= 15 / 2[(1 / 2 ) + (14 / 2)]
a +6d = 3.25
= (15 / 2) * (15 / 2)
By solving => 4d = 2
= 225 / 4
then, d = 1/2
S15= 56.25
a + 5 = 5.25
a = 0.25 = 1/4
Question: Q02
If (12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + 102) = 385, then what is the value of (22 + 42 + 62 +.....+ 202)=?
A] 770
B] 1155
C] 1540
D] (385*385)
Answer : C
Explanation: Q02
22 + 42 + 62 +.....+ 202 = (1*2)2 + (2*2)2 + (2*3)2 +.....+ (2*10)2
= (2 2*12) + (22*22) + (22* 32) +.....+ (22*102)
= 2 2[12+ 22 +.....+ 102]
= 4*385
= 1540.
Hence, option C is correct.
Question: Q03
In an arithmetic series consisting of 51 terms, the sum of the first three terms is 65 and the
sum of the middle three terms is 129. What is the first term and the common difference of the
series?
A] 64, 9/8
B] 32, 8/9
C] 187/9, 8/9
D] 72, 9/8
Answer : A
Explanation: Q03
Given, a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) = 65
3a + 3d = 65 _______(1)
The middle terms are 25th, 26th and 27th terms
a + 24d + a + 25d + a + 26d = 129
3a + 75d = 129 _______(2)
From (1) and (2), d = 8/9 and
a = 187/9
Hence, option C is correct.
Question: Q04
If Sn denotes the sum of the first n terms in an Arithmetic Progression and
S1: S4 = 1: 10, then what is the ratio of first term to fourth term?
A] 1 : 3
B] 2 : 3
C] 1 : 4
D] 1 : 5
Answer : C
Explanation: Q04
Use Sn= (n/2) [2a + (n-1)d] and
Tn = a + (n-1)d
:S1 / S4 = 1 / 10 = a /(4 / 2) [2a + 3d]
6a = 6d ------> a=d
Therefore, :T1/ T4 = a/ (a + 3d)
= a/ 4a
T1/ T4 = 1 / 4
Hence, option C is correct.
Question: Q05
The sum of the three numbers in A.P is 21 and the product of their extremes is 45. Find the
numbers?
A] 9, 7 and 5
B] 5, 7 and 9
C] Both (1) and (2)
D] None of these
Answer : B
Explanation: Q05
Let the numbers are be a - d, a, a + d
Then, a - d + a + a + d = 21
3a = 21 -----> a = 7
and (a - d)(a + d) = 45
a2 - d2=45 ----->d2= 4 Therefore, d = +2.
Hence, the numbers are 5, 7 and 9 when d = 2 and 9, 7 and 5 when d = -2.
In both cases, numbers are the same.
Hence, option B is correct.
Question: Q06
How many numbers between 11 and 90 divisible by 7?
A] 10
B] 11
C] 12
D] 13
Answer : B
Explanation: Q06
The required numbers are 14, 21, 28,......,84
This is an A.P with a = 14 and d = (21-14) = 7
Let it contains n terms.
Then, Tn = 84
a + (n-1)d = 84
14 + (n-1)*7 = 84 or n = 11
Therefore, Required number of terms = 11.
Hence, option B is correct.
Question: Q07
The sum of n terms of an A.P is 3n2 + n, find the nth term.
A] 6n - 4
B] 6n - 2
C] 4n - 4
D] 4n - 2
Answer : B
Explanation: Q07
Given, Sn= 3n2 + n, put n = 1,2
S1 = (3* 12) + 1 = 4 and T1 = 4
S2= (3*22) + 2 = 14
T1 = S2- S1= 14 - 4 = 10
Therefore, T2 -T1 = 10 -4 = 6 and
Tn= a + (n-1)d = 4 + (n-1)6
=6n - 2.
Hence, option B is correct.
Question: Q08
If you save 1 paise today, 2 paise next day and 3 paise the succeeding day and so on, what
will be your savings in 365 days?
A] 666.75
B] 668.85
C] 665.35
D] 667.95
Answer : D
Explanation: Q08
Savings on successive days are 1, 2, 3, 4, ?. Paise which form and A.P with a = 1, d =1.
Total savings in 365 days
S365 = (365 / 2) [2 *1 +(365 - 1)(1)]
= (365 / 2)[2 +364]
= (365 / 2)366 = 365*183
= 66795 paise = Rs. 667.95
Hence, option D is correct.
Question: Q09
How many terms are there in the following Arithmetic progressions?
-16, -12, -8,……………16
A] 9
B] 10
C] 11
D] 12
Answer : A
Explanation: Q09
a1 = -16; d = a2 - a1
d = -12 - (-16)=> d = -12 + 16=> d = 4
Formula to find number of terms in an arithmetic progression : n = [(l - a1) / d] + 1
Substitute 16 for l, -16 for a1 and 4 for d.
n = [{16 - (-16)} / 4] + 1
n = [{16 + 16} / 4] + 1 => n = [32 / 4] + 1
n = 8 + 1 => n = 9
Therefore, there are 9 terms in the given arithmetic sequence.
Question: Q10
How many two digit numbers are divisible by 13?
A] 7
B] 8
C] 9
D]10
Answer : A
Explanation: Q10
Two digit numbers : 10, 11, 12,………… 99
Find the two digit numbers divisible by 13.
The first two digit number divisible by 13 is 13.
The second two digit number divisible by 13 is => 13 + 13 = 26
The third two digit number divisible by 13 is => 26 + 13 = 39................
The last two digit number divisible by 13 is 91
Then, the two digit numbers divisible by 13 are 13, 26, 39,.......................91
Explanation: Q10
Two digit numbers : 10, 11, 12,………… 99
Find the two digit numbers divisible by 13.
The first two digit number divisible by 13 is 13.
The second two digit number divisible by 13 is => 13 + 13 = 26
The third two digit number divisible by 13 is => 26 + 13 = 39................
The last two digit number divisible by 13 is 91
Then, the two digit numbers divisible by 13 are 13, 26, 39,.......................91
Explanation: Q10
In the above sequence, the difference between any two consecutive term is 13. So, the
above sequence is an arithmetic progression. So,
n = [(l - a1) / d] + 1
Substitute 91 for l, 13 for a1 and 13 for d.
n = [(91 - 13) / 13] + 1
n = [78 / 13] + 1
n = 6 + 1 => n = 7
Therefore, there are seven two digit numbers divisible by 13.
Question: Q11
Find the 12th term of the arithmetic progression ;
√2, 3√2, 5√2,…………
A] 25√2
B] 24√2
C] 23√2
D] 22√2
Answer : C
Explanation: Q11
Common Difference : d = a 2 - a1
d = 3√2 - √2 => d = 2√2
12th Term : an = a1 + (n - 1)d
Substitute 12 for n, √2 for a1 and 2√2 for d.
a12 = √2 + (12 - 1)(2√2)
a12 = √2 + (11)(2√2) => a12 = √2 + 22√2
a12 = 23√2
So, the 12th term of the given arithmetic progression is 23√2.
Question: Q12
If log 2, log (2x -1) and log (2x + 3) are in A.P, then x is equal to ____
A] 5/ 2
B] log2 5
C] log3 2
D] 3/ 2
Answer : B
Explanation: Q12
Let y = 2x
So, the equation can be written as y2 - 4y - 5 = 0
Factorzing, we get (y - 5)(y + 1) = 0.
So, y = 5 or y = -1
So, 2x = 5 or 2x = -1
2x cannot be negative. S, 2x = 5
If 2x = 5, expressed in terms of a log, it becomes x = log25
Question: Q13
What is the sum of the following series? -64, -66, -68, ..... , -100
A] -1458
B] -1558
C] -1568
D] -1664
Answer : B
Explanation: Q13
Key Data: First term is -64. The common difference is -2. The last term is -100.
Sum of the first n terms of an AP Sn = (n/2) [2a + (n-1)d]
a n = a1 + (n - 1)d
-100 = -64 + (n - 1)(-2)
Therefore, n = 19.
S n = (19/ 2) [2(-64)+(19-1)(-2)]
=(19/ 2)[-128-36]
S n = 19 * (-82) = -1558
The correct answer is Choice B.
Question: Q14
x, 17, 3x - y2 - 2 and 3x + y2 - 30 are four consecutive terms of an increasing arithmetic
sequence. The sum of the four numbers is divisible by:
A] 2
B] 3
C] 4
D] 5
Answer : A
Explanation: Q14
Because y is an integer, 2y2 has to be an even integer.
Unless x is odd, 45 - x cannot be even.
So, we can deduce that x is odd.
The sum of the four terms is 7x – 15
x is odd; So, 7x will also be odd. Hence, 7x - 15 will be even.
Therefore, the sum of the 4 terms will be divisible by 2.
The correct answer is Choice A.
Question: Q15
A piece of equipment cost a certain factory Rs. 600,000. If it depreciates in value, 15% the
first year, 13.5 % the next year, 12% the third year, and so on, what will be its value at the end
of 10 years, all percentages applying to the original cost?
A] 2,00,000
B] 1,05,000
C] 4,05,000
D] 6,50,000
Answer : B
Explanation: Q15
Let the cost of an equipment is Rs. 100.
Now the percentages of depreciation at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd years are 15, 13.5, 12, which
are in A.P., with a = 15 and d = - 1.5.
Hence, percentage of depreciation in the tenth year = a + (10-1) d = 15 + 9 (-1.5) = 1.5
Also total value depreciated in 10 years = 15 + 13.5 + 12 + ... + 1.5 = 82.5
Hence, the value of equipment at the end of 10 years=100 - 82.5 = 17.5.
The total cost being Rs. 6,00,000/100 * 17.5 = Rs. 1,05,000.
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