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    Module 2

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    rox905103

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    rox905103
    7 views8 pages

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    MODULE 2

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    7 views8 pages

    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    rox905103

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    ADOBE

    Adobe is a building material made from earth and organic materials. An adobe brick is
    a composite material made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such
    as straw or dung.
     The soil composition typically contains 15% clay, 10–30% silt, and 55–75% fine sand.
     Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly,
    thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick.
     Dung offers the same advantage.
     Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to
    10% by weight.

    Process of making adobe bricks:

    1. Sand+Clay+Straw 2. Mould 3. Mixing of clay & sand

    4. Addition of water 5. The mixture is trampled 6. Addition of straw

    7. Trampling to mix 8. Casting into moulds 9. Sundried to get adode


    bricks
    Construction with adobe bricks:
     Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry
    individually without cracking.
     They can be subsequently assembled, with the application of adobe mud to bond
    the individual bricks into a structure.
     There is no standard size, with substantial variations.

    1. Rubble Foundation 2. Adobe brick laying

    3. Application of mud mortar 4. Mud Plaster

    Advantages:
     In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable.
     Adobe structures are inexpensive.
     Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass.
     Adobe walls are load bearing, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive
    strength.
    Disadvantages:
     They are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are
    not somehow reinforced.
     Projected or cantilevered structures cannot be made with adobe.
    COB
    Cob is a natural building material made from subsoil, water, fibrous organic
    material (typically straw), and sometimes lime. It can be used to create artistic, sculptural
    forms, and its use has been revived in recent years by the natural building
    and sustainability movements. The walls of a cob house are generally about 24 inches
    (61 cm) thick, and windows were correspondingly deep-set, giving the homes a
    characteristic internal appearance.

    Fig: Cob wall construction

    Construction with adobe bricks:


     Traditionally, cob was made by mixing the clay-based subsoil with sand, straw and
    water using oxen to trample it.
     The earthen mixture was then ladled onto a stone foundation in courses and
    trodden onto the wall by workers in a process known as cobbing.
     The construction would progress according to the time required for the prior course
    to dry.
     After drying, the walls would be trimmed and the next course built, with lintels for
    later openings such as doors and windows being placed as the wall take shape.

    1. Mixing of clay-based subsoil with 2. Addition of straws.


    sand and water.
    3. Cobbing of the mixture over stone 4. Layering of subsequent layers and
    foundation. trimming.

    Advantages
     The thick walls provided excellent thermal mass which was easy to keep warm in
    winter and cool in summer. Walls with a high thermal mass value act as a thermal
    buffer inside the home.
     The material has a long life-span even in rainy and/or humid climates, provided a
    tall foundation and large roof overhang are present.
     Cob is fireproof, resistant to seismic activity, and cost-effective.
     Requires less skills during construction.
    Disadvantages:
     Without fibre cob loses most of its tensile strength.
     It is very labour intensive.
    RAMMED EARTH
    Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using natural
    raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel, which are rammed and compressed
    into a consolidated mass. Manufacturing rammed earth involves compressing a damp
    mixture of earth that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel, clay, and/or an added
    stabilizer into an externally supported frame, forming either a solid wall or individual
    blocks.

    Fig: Rammed earth construction Fig: Finished rammed earth wall

    Construction with rammed earth:


     The construction of an entire wall begins with formwork, which is usually made of
    wood or plywood.
     Damp material is poured into the formwork to a depth of 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in)
    and then compacted to approximately 50% of its original height.
     The material is compressed iteratively, in batches or courses, so as to gradually
    erect the wall up to the top of the formwork.
     After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork.
     The compression strength of the rammed earth increases as it cures; some time is
    necessary for it to dry and as long as two years can be necessary for complete
    curing.
     Exposed walls must be sealed to prevent water damage.
     Adding cement to soil mixtures poor in clay can also increase the load-bearing
    capacity of rammed-earth edifices.

    Fig: Rammed earth wall construction procedure.


    Advantages
     Rammed earth is simple to manufacture, non-combustible, thermally massive,
    strong, and durable.
     Soil is a widely available, inexpensive, and sustainable resource. Therefore,
    construction with rammed earth is very viable.
     Unskilled labour can do most of the necessary work.
     One significant benefit of rammed earth is its high thermal mass. It can absorb heat
    during daytime and nocturnally release it.
     Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity.
     Untouched, rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth.
     The thickness, typically 30 to 35 centimetres (12 to 14 in), and density of rammed-
    earth walls make them suitable for soundproofing.
     They are also inherently fireproof, resistant to termite damage, and non-toxic.
    Disadvantages:
     It must be protected from heavy rain and insulated with vapour barriers.
     Rammed earth structures are laborious to construct and they are susceptible to
    water damage.
     Rammed earth has low earthquake resistance.
    STONE MASONRY
    Stone masonry is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary
    material. It is one of the oldest activities and professions in human history.

    Types of stone masonry:

     Rubble Masonry: When roughly dressed stones are laid in a mortar the result is stone rubble
    masonry.
     Ashlar Masonry: Stone masonry using dressed (cut) stones is known as ashlar masonry.
     Stone Veneer: Stone veneer is used as a protective and decorative cladding for interior or
    exterior walls and surfaces.
     Slipform Stonemasonry: Slipform stonemasonry is a method for making stone walls with the
    aid of formwork to contain the rocks and mortar while keeping the walls straight.

    Stone-masons use all types of natural stone:

     Igneous stones
    o Granite is one of the hardest stones and is used for purposes that require its strength
    and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, flooring, and breakwaters.
    o Igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to hardest
    rocks such as granite and basalt.
     Metamorphic
    o Marble is a fine, easily worked stone, that comes in various colours, but mainly white.
    It has traditionally been used for carving statues and for cladding buildings.
    o Slate is a popular choice of stone for memorials and inscriptions, as its fine grain and
    hardness means it leaves details very sharp. Its tendency to split into thin plates has
    also made it a popular roofing material.
     Sedimentary
    o There are two main types of sedimentary stone used in
    masonry: limestone and sandstone.
    THATCH ROOFING
    The performance of thatch depends on roof shape and design, pitch of roof, position —
    its geography and topography — the quality of material and the expertise of the thatcher.

    Advantages:
     It is naturally weather-resistant, and when properly maintained does not absorb a
    lot of water. There should not be a significant increase to roof weight due to water
    retention.
     A roof pitch of at least 50 degrees allows precipitation to travel quickly down slope
    so that it runs off the roof before it can penetrate the structure.
     Thatch is also a natural insulator, and air pockets within straw thatch insulate a
    building in both warm and cold weather.
     A thatched roof will ensure that a building will be cool in summer and warm in
    winter.
     Thatch also has very good resistance to wind damage when applied correctly.
    Disadvantages:
     Thatched houses are harder to insure because of the perceived fire risk, and
    because thatching is labour intensive.
     It is much more expensive to thatch a roof than to cover it with slate or tiles.
     Birds can damage a roof while they are foraging for grubs, and rodents are
    attracted by residual grain in straw.

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