Introduction to Unix & Basic Commands

TCS- INTERNAL
Structure of a computer system

●
Hardware-CPU,Memory,I/O devices
●
Operating system-
●
Application programs-word
processors,browsers
●
Users-people,machines,other computers

Document Name
TCS Internal
Structure of a computer system

●
Hardware-CPU,Memory,I/O devices
●
Operating system-
●
Application programs-word
processors,browsers
●
Users-people,machines,other computers

Document Name
TCS Internal
Responsibilities of OS

●
Program execution
●
I/O operations
●
File system manipulation
●
Communication
●
Error detection

Document Name
TCS Internal
Types of OS

●
Single User Single Tasking OS- eg : MS-DOS
●
Single User Multitasking OS – eg: Windows
●
Multiprogramming OS- eg : Unix

Document Name
TCS Internal
Functions of OS

●
Process management
●
Memory management
●
Storage management
●
Device management

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix-introduction

●
Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs.
●
There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, HP
Unix and BSD are a few examples. Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely
available.

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix Architecture

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix Architecture

●
Kernel – it is a collection of programs written in C that runs directly on hardware.It
interacts with the hardware and most of the tasks like memory management, task
scheduling and file management.
●
Shell − The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you type in a
command at your terminal, the shell interprets the command and calls the program
that you want.

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix Architecture

●
Types of shell:
Bourne Shell: executable file name: sh
C shell: csh
Korn shell:ksh
Restricted shell: restricted version of Bourne shell

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix File System

'/' is used to denote the separation of directories and files.

Document Name
TCS Internal
Unix Architecture

●
Types of shell:
Bourne Shell: executable file name: sh
C shell: csh
Korn shell:ksh
Restricted shell: restricted version of Bourne shell

Document Name
TCS Internal
How to work in Unix

Document Name
TCS Internal
 Basicacommands
To create directory in Unix
To create a file

>> - To view, edit and insert the file respectively.

- Remove directory

- To remove the file or directories (multiple file at a

time)
- To clear the commands and outputs from the
screen.
- Listing the content of directory

Document Name
TCS Internal
Directory & File management
HolyAngelsSchool – Teachers, Students

Top Students details Class Teachers details Class Room details

/home/u390341/HolyAngelsSchool

Amrutha 5A Deepthi 5A 100 5A

Neethu 5B Jeena 5B 101 5B
Sara 6A David 6A 102 6A
Sarath 6B Mridula 6B 103 6B
Sandra 7A Sonam 7A 104 7A
Noorah 7B Sophia 7B 105 7B

Document Name
TCS Internal
Pipe

Pipe is used to connect or combine two or more commands. In

Pipe, the output of left side will be the input to the right side:

1) echo “My name is Nisha” | cat > new.txt

2) a=30
b=20
echo “$a + $b” | bc

3) echo “$a + $b” | bc | cat > new.txt

Document Name
TCS Internal
Date/bc/cal

●
date- To get the date related information.

date -r newfile.txt
date -R
date -s
●
cal - To get the Calendar details

cal, cal -3, cal -2, cal -s/m, cal -y

●
bc - To perform the calculations
echo “$a+$b”| bc
echo “$a*$b”| bc
echo “$a-$d/2”| bc

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters

cat (Concatenate File)

cat, cat >, cat>> – Viewing all records and editing files

cat -A filename – To show all

cat -b filename – To show the numbered non-blanks

cat -n filename – To show numbered display

cat -T filename – To show the tab letters

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – wc/head/tail/

wc – To take the count

O/p format 1 6 27 newfile.txt

wc -l filename – To print the count of lines

wc -c/m/w filename – To print the number of bytes, chars,

words

head – To print the data from the top

head -n filename n = no of lines to be printed

tail – To print the data from the bottom

tail -n filename n = no of lines to be printed

Concatenate to select a particular record –>

head -3 filename | tail -1

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – sort/uniq

sort – To sort and print a file with different

options

sort [option] filename

Sort filename

Sort -r filename

uniq – To filter only unique lines and remove the

duplicates.

uniq inputfile outputfile

uniq -c i/pfile – Number of repetition

uniq -d i/pfile – Repeated line
uniq -D i/pfile – Duplicate lines
uniq -i i/pfile – ignore case

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – cut/paste/join

cut – To cut a particular part from the file

cut -b1 filename 1st byte

cut -b1-7 filename 1-7 byte
cut -c1 filename 1st char
cut -d ',' -f1 filename cut field wise using delimiter

paste – To merge 2 files

paste inputfile outputfile

join – To merge two files using an identical field

join file1 file2 both files should have common field

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – grep

Grep – Global Regular Expression print

Used to search a string in a given file

grep <search value> filename

Eg: grep “Mumbai” places.txt

grep -e “Mumbai” places.txt
grep -i “mumbai” places.txt
grep -c “Mum” places.txt
grep -w “Mumbai” places.txt
grep “Mumbai” place*
grep -v “Mumbai” places.txt

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – sed

sed – sed is used to replace searched value in a file with

a script

sed [option] script inputfile

Eg: sed -e '/Mumbai/g places.txt Space out the line with Mumbai
sed -n '/Mumbai/p places.txt print the line with Mumbai
sed -e d places.txt delete the entire lines
sed -e 3d places.txt delete the 3rd line
sed -e '/Mumbai/d' places.txt search and delete line
sed G places.txt To insert line
sed 's/Chennai/Trichy/g' places.txt Replace Chennai with
Trichy

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – awk

awk – Interpreted programming language

●
Used to analyse and process text files
●
Pattern scanning and processing
●
View the text files in Records and fields
●
Conditional statements and loops
●
Formatted reports can be created
●
Search one or more files to see if data present

awk Blocks

BEGIN END

Declare & initialize ●

Print the end result
●
Execute before read ●
Execute after read

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – awk

awk – Some examples for file reading

●
awk '{print}' places.txt print the content of file
●
awk -F "," '{print$1, $3}' ManagerDetailsBkp Print some fields
●
awk '/Chennai/' places.txt search & print
●
awk '/Jackson/' ManagerDetailsBkp| awk -F "," '{print$1, $2}'
●
awk '/Clara/' ManagerDetailsBkp| awk -F ";" '{print$1, $3}'

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – Calculation & Conditions

BEGIN & END blocks are used to perform the calculation, conditions
and print result.
●
awk -F "," 'BEGIN {S=0}{S=S+$5} END {print "Total Salary per
month ", S}' EmployeeDetails.txt
●
awk '/10000/ {count++} END {print " Count of Employees with
salary 10K ", count}' EmployeeDetails.txt
●
awk -F "," '/10000/ {print " Name of Employees with salary 10K ",
$1}' EmployeeDetails.txt
●
awk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="$"}{print $1,$2}' EmployeeDetails.txt

Document Name
TCS Internal
Filters – Calculation & Conditions

●
awk 'END{print FNR}' EmployeeDetails.txt print total
number of lines in a file
●
awk 'BEGIN{FS=","}{print length($1)}' EmployeeDetails.txt Uses
builtin string function to find out the length of field values
●
awk 'BEGIN{s=1;while (s<102) {print s;++s}}' print 1 to 101
●
awk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="$"}{print $1,$2}' EmployeeDetails.txt
●
awk 'BEGIN{FS=OFS=","}{if($3=="Kolkota") {(gsub($5,"25000"))}}
1' EmployeeDetails.txt
●
tail -n5 input1|awk 'BEGIN{FS=","}{c=$1" "$2;print
"name&age:";print c;print "loc:";print $3}' EmployeeDetails.txt

Document Name
TCS Internal
Shell Scripting

Shell scripting or Shell program is a file containing a list of

commands in a given sequence.

Benefits:
●
Automation of repetitive task
●
Create own tools or utilities
●
Automation of command input
●
Create simple application

Shell script editor – vi or vim

format → vi file.sh

First command of shell script is → #!/bin/sh

Document Name
TCS Internal
Shell Scripting

To execute shell script → ./file.sh, sh file.sh

To save the vi file → esc + :wq

Example:

vi list.sh
#!/bin/sh
ls

vi print.sh
#!/bin/sh
echo “Hello World”

vi calc.sh
#!/bin/sh
a=200 b=100
Echo “$a+$b” | bc

Document Name
TCS Internal
Shell Scripting

vi listcity.sh
#!/bin/sh
grep Idukki empcity

vi calc.sh
#!/bin/sh
echo "Value 0f A = $1"
echo "Value of B = $2"
echo "$1 + $2" | bc

sh calc.sh 100 300

Document Name
TCS Internal
Shell Scripting – File conditions

-f & -e options can be used to make sure that the file used is a existing
and its a regular file
-f filename ==> To make sure that the file is a regular file
-e file name ==> To make sure that the file exists.

Sample code:
#!/bin/sh
if [ -e places.txt ] then echo "File exists"
else echo "File doesn't exist"
fi
if [ -f places.txt ] then echo "File is a regular file"
else echo "File is a Dictionary"
fi
cat places.txt

Document Name
TCS Internal
Shell Scripting

vi condition.sh

#!/bin/sh
a=355
b=353
if [ $a -eq $b ]
then
echo "a & b are equal"
else
echo "a & b are not equal"
fi

sh condition.sh

Document Name
TCS Internal
 Thank You!!

TCS- INTERNAL