Chapter 4 & Chapter 5 - Critical Thinking Assignment – 24.

5 Points

Carefully read & evaluate the following critical thinking questions for chapters 4 & 5. The
purpose of this assignment is to be able to apply the basic content of each chapter and use critical
thinking for some of the information to better understand the functionality of the information.
You are not to use external resources for your answers unless I am asking you to or I am asking
your opinion for a question.

Please use complete sentences, and make sure your answers are grammatically correct, clear, and
organized or else points will be deducted. All your work must be original and done
INDIVIDUALLY. Usually a few sentences are suitable in answering the questions.

Chapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

1.) Although this is pretty much copy & paste information from the book regarding the
reproductive system, it’s important to streamline this information somewhere to get a better
understanding of it for the quiz, and to filter out some of the information that we won’t need
to retain.

Simply provide the definitions the book provides for the following organs below (7.5 points):

The External Female Reproductive Organs:

 Vulva: the female external genitals.
The Mons Veneris:

In human anatomy, and in mammals in general, the mons pubis or pubic mound is a rounded
mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones.

The Labia Majora:

The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downward and
backward from the mons pubis to the perineum. Together with the labia minora they form the
labia of the vulva. …

The Labia Minora:

The labia minora, also known as the inner labia, inner lips, vaginal lips or nymphae are two flaps
of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva, situated between the labia
majora.

1. The Clitoris: an erectile female genital organ at the anterior end of the vulva, which
contains numerous sensory nerve endings and plays a major role in sexual arousal and
pleasure in women.

The Vestibule:
  In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In
humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix.

The Urethral Opening:

The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of
urine from the body of both females and males. In human females and other primates, the urethra
connects to the urinary meatus above the vagina, whereas in marsupials, the female's urethra
empties into the urogenital sinus.

 The Hymen: The hymen is a thin piece of mucosal tissue that surrounds or partially
covers the external vaginal opening.

The Internal Female Reproductive Organs:

The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function
in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at
birth

 The Vagina: The vagina is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that
provides lubrication and sensation. The vagina connects the uterus to the outside world.
The vulva and labia form the entrance, and the cervix of the uterus protrudes into the
vagina, forming the interior end.
 The Grafenberg Spot: The G-spot, also called the Gräfenberg spot (for German
gynecologist Ernst Gräfenberg), is characterized as an erogenous area of the vagina that,
when stimulated, may lead to strong sexual arousal, powerful orgasms and potential
female ejaculation.
The Uterus:

The uterus or womb is the main hormone-responsive, secondary sex organ of the female
reproductive system in humans, and most other mammals. Events occurring within the uterus are
described with the term in utero. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into
the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. It is within the
uterus that the embryo and later fetus develops during gestation. In the human embryo, the uterus
develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex
uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate
uteri known as a duplex uterus.

 The Endometrium: The endometrium is the innermost lining layer of the uterus, and
functions to prevent adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby
maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous
cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer.
  The Cervix: The cervix is a cylinder-shaped neck of tissue that connects the vagina and
uterus. Located at the lowermost portion of the uterus, the cervix is composed primarily
of fibromuscular tissue.
 The Fallopian Tubes: Fallopian tube: One of the two Fallopian tubes that transport the
egg from the ovary to the uterus (the womb).
The Ovaries: The ovary is a ductless reproductive gland in which the female reproductive cells
are produced. Females have a pair of ovaries, held by a membrane beside the uterus on each side
of the lower abdomen. The ovary is needed in reproduction since it is responsible for producing
the female reproductive cells, or ova.


2.) Breasts mean different things to different people. According to Marilyn Yalom, author of A
History of the Breast, "Babies see food. Men see sex. Doctors see disease. Business people
see dollar signs." Breasts hold a role in American society.

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in the year 2000, more than 108,000
women between the ages of 19 and 34 sought breast augmentation surgery. This represents a
more than 500% increase in the number of procedures since 1992. However, large breasts are
not the standard of beauty worldwide. In Brazil, breast reduction surgery is very popular, as
large breasts are seen as "low class." In a number of African tribes, drooping, pendulous
breasts are the ideal. Even in American society, the "ideal" breast size has changed. In the
20s, women would bind their breasts to achieve a more boyish shape.

Discuss at least 3 societal forces you personally think might influence the desired breast size
in American women in modern society (3 points).
Three things I can say it’s a reason why some men prefer breast over anything else is because of
commercials. Commercials show a naked lady, and the first thing people see are breast and its
usually beer or alcohol commercials. The second one would be probably from what they learned
growing up and how boobs are sensitive and things of that nature and people entering puberty.
The third thing is probably what they seen as a child and how it’s just a part of their social
construct and they just have a preference.
3.) According to the text, please explain what happens in each phase of the menstrual
cycle (3 points)
1. Proliferative phase: The proliferative phase is commonly known as the follicular
phase since it’s also the phase when the ovarian follicles mature. At the beginning
of the follicular phase, many follicles are developing and vying for dominance.
They’re surrounded by granulosa cells that help protect them.
2. Secretory phase: he second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the
corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the
implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow
begins luteal phase
 Menstrual phase: The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by many different
glands and the hormones that these glands produce.
 Chapter 5: Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

4.) Although this is pretty much copy & paste information from the book regarding the
reproductive system, it’s important to streamline this information somewhere to get a better
understanding of it for the quiz, and to filter out some of the information that we won’t need
to retain.

Simply provide the definitions the book provides for the following organs below (6 points):

The External Male Reproductive Organs:

 The Penis: the male genital organ of higher vertebrates, carrying the duct for the
transfer of sperm during copulation. In humans and most other mammals, it
consists largely of erectile tissue and serves also for the elimination of urine.
 Meatus: a passage or opening leading to the interior of the body:
 Foreskin: the retractable roll of skin covering the end of the penis. Also
called prepuce
1. The Scrotum: a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

The Internal Male Reproductive Organs:

1. The Testes: an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells). Compare
with testicle.

1. The Urethra: the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and
which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.
 The Pathway of the Sperm
- Epididymis: A structure within the scrotum that is attached to the back side of
the testis. The epididymis is a coiled segment of the spermatic ducts that
stores spermatozoa while they mature and then transports the spermatozoa
between the testis and the tube connecting the testes with the urethra (vas
deferens).
- Vas Deferens: Ductus deferens, also called vas deferens, thick-walled tube in
the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis,
where the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation. Each ductus deferens ends in
an enlarged portion, an ampulla, which acts as a reservoir.
- Seminal Vesicles: The main function of the seminal vesicles is to produce a
fluid that is high in fructose, a sugar that provides nutrients for sperm cells, as
well as other proteins, enzymes, and mucus
- Ejaculatory process: Ejaculation is an important part of the male reproductive
cycle. It is simply a release of semen. The ejaculation process is completed
during masturbation and sexual intercourse.
1. Prostate Gland: a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and
releasing prostatic fluid.
 1. Cowper’s Glands: either of a pair of small glands which open into the urethra at the base
of the penis and secrete a constituent of seminal fluid.

5.) According to the text or based on your own research, discuss 1 reason that supports
circumcision, and 1 reason that doesn’t support circumcision (pg. 142-145). How do you
personally feel about the topic? (3 points) . It's actually a bad thing because there isn't any
reason to do it. When you circumcise a baby you are removing the skin meant to protect him
from infections and exposing it directly to feces and urine.

Me personally I don’t care about the argue of circumcision and uncircumcision aslong as it
works it shouldn’t matter.
6.) Going off of the discussion from chapter 4 regarding societal views on breast size, I want to
flip the conversation now to the discussion of societal views on penis size. The notion of
penis size has generally been shown in research to be of little importance to women.
7.) Its because its usually not the first thing a person looks at it tends to be chest up for everyone
so looking lower can lead to unnecessary obstacles

In your personal opinion, list at least 2 reasons why you think penis size continues to be a
matter of jokes & apprehension among men? (2 points)

One reason being the perverts on the street, and it leads to a bad rep on all men no
matter who
Second reason being the quota of big dick energy and little dick energy so jokes will be
made towards a childish induvial rather than a well put individual