1

Homework III
Due: Dec. 7. (Tue) 23:59 PM

I. REMARK 8) Let A be a real 2 × 2 matrix with a complex eigenvalue

• Reading materials: Ch 1-6 in the textbook. λ = a − bi (b 6= 0) and an associated eigenvector v in
• Don’t write just an answer. Please describe enough pro- C2 .
cesses to justify your answer (Korean is also OK!!). a) Show that A(Re v) = a(Re v) + b(Im v) and A(Im
• Better the last smile than the first laughter. v) = −b(Re v) + a(Im v).
b) Verify that if P and C are given as in Theorem 9
in Ch. 5.5, then AP = P C.
II. PROBLEM SET
1) Let M2×2 be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices, and 9) Classify the origin as an attractor, repeller, or saddle
define T : M2×2 → M2×2 by T (A) = A + AT , where point of the dynamical system xk+1 = Axk . A is given
as
 
a b
A=
 
c d 0.3 0.4
A=
−0.3 1.1
a) Show that T is a linear transformation.    
b) Show that the range of T is the set of B in M2×2 2 4
10) Let y= and u = . Write y as the sum of two
with the property that B T = B. 3 −7
c) Describe the kernel of T . orthogonal vectors, one in Span {u} and one orthonal
to u.
2) Find a basis for the set of vectors in R3 in the plane
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0. 11) Find the best approximation to z by vectors of the form
c1 v1 + c2 v2 . Also, find the distance from z to the plane
3) Let P2 be the set of polynomials where the degree of spanned by v1 and v2 .
polynomials is 2.  
3
 
2
 
1
a) The set B = {1 − t2 , t − t2 , 2 − 2t + t2 } is a basis −7 −1 1
for P2 . Find the change-of-coordinates matrix from z=  2  v1 = −3 v2 =  0 
    
the basis B to the standard basis C = {1, t, t2 }. 3 1 −1
b) Find the coordinate vector of p(t) = 3 + t − 6t2
relative to B.
12) Find an orthogonal basis for the column space of the
4) Show that the set of polynomials {1, 1 − t, 2 − 4t + matrix (Use the Gram-Schmidt process).
t2 , 6 − 18t + 9t2 − t3 } is a basis of P3 .  
3 −5 1
1 1 1
5) Diagonalize the matrix if possible.  
−1 5 −2
 
4 2 2 3 −7 8
A = 2 4 2
2 2 4
13) Find a least-squares solution of Ax = b.
6) Assume the mapping T : P2 → P2 defined by T (a0 +    
a1 t+a2 t2 ) = 3a0 +(5a0 −2a1 )t+(4a1 +a2 )t2 is linear. −1 2 4
Find the matrix representation of T relative to the basis A =  2 −3 , b = 1
B = {1, t, t2 }. −1 3 2
7) Let T : P2 → P4 be the transformation that maps a
polynomial p(t) into the polynomial p(t) + t2 p(t).
14) Find the equation y = β0 + β1 x of the least-
a) Find the image of p(t) = 2 − t + t2 .
squares line that best fits the given data points.
b) Show that T is a linear transformation.
{(0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2)}.
c) Find the matrix for T relative to the bases
{1, t, t2 } and {1, t, t2 , t3 , t4 }.
15) For x and y in P3 , define < x, y >= x(−3)y(−3) +
x(−1)y(−1) + x(1)y(1) + x(3)y(3). Let p0 (t) = 1,
p1 (t) = t, and p2 (t) = t2 .
 2

a) Compute the orthogonal projection of p2 onto the

subspace spanned by p0 and p1 .
b) Find a polynomial q that is orthogonal to p0 and
p1 , such that {p0 , p1 , q} is an orthogonal basis
for Span {p0 , p1 , p2 }. Scale the polynomial q
so that its vector of values at (−3, −1, 1, 3) is
(1, −1, −1, 1).