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Tiglao - Laboratory Exercise 5

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STEM 11-3 Johara Panganiban
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19 views4 pages

Tiglao - Laboratory Exercise 5

Uploaded by

STEM 11-3 Johara Panganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY


Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY


Department of Civil Engineering

LABORATORY EXERCSIE NO. 5


SYSTEM OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

NAME: KYLA FRANCINE B. TIGLAO STUDENT NUMBER: 202200317


COURSE/ YR & SEC: BSCE 2-2 GRADE:

I. INTRODUCTION
Nonlinear equation systems are fundamental in many scientific and technical domains
because of their capacity to describe complicated, actual-life occurrences. These systems
extend beyond basic linear relationships, frequently incorporating variables raised to powers,
multiplied together, or connected by nonlinear interactions. Their complexity demands
advanced methods for solving problems.

II. OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lab exercise are:
-to be able to define and identify nonlinear equations
-to discuss each method in solving nonlinear equations
-to differentiate each method

III. DISCUSSION
Define system of nonlinear equations.
A system of nonlinear equations is a system of two or more equations in two or more
variables containing at least one equation that is not linear. Recall that a linear equation can
take the form 𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶=0. Any equation that cannot be written in this form in nonlinear.
Nonlinearity means that the relationship between the variables cannot be expressed as a
linear combination. Formally, a system of nonlinear equations can be written as:
𝑓1(𝑥1, 𝑥2, . . . , 𝑥𝑛) = 0; 𝑓2(𝑥1, 𝑥2, . . . , 𝑥𝑛) = 0; 𝑓𝑚(𝑥1, 𝑥2, . . . , 𝑥𝑛) = 0, where 𝑓1, 𝑓2, . . . , 𝑓𝑚 are
nonlinear functions, and are the unknown variables. Solving such a system involves finding
values of that satisfy all the equations simultaneously. Moreover, the substitution method we
used for linear systems is the same method we will use for nonlinear systems. We solve one
equation for one variable and then substitute the result into the second equation to solve for
another variable, and so on.
What are the different methods of solving of nonlinear equations? (ex. Bisection, regula
falsi, fixed-point, etc). Explain each.
Numerical methods for solving nonlinear equations are broadly categorized into two
groups: closed domain (bracketing) methods and open domain methods. Closed domain
methods, such as the bisection method and the false position (regula falsi) method, start with
two values of x that bracket the root and systematically reduce the interval while keeping the
root trapped within it.

In bracketing methods, there are two methods used:

1. Interval Halving (Bisection Method)


- the bisection method is one of the oldest and simplest root-finding techniques.
It relies on the Intermediate Value Theorem, which ensures that a continuous
function changing sign over an interval must have a root within that interval.
Despite its simplicity and robustness, the bisection method converges slowly,
often requiring many iterations to achieve the desired accuracy.

2. False Position (Regula Falsi Method)


- in contrast, the regula falsi method seeks to accelerate convergence by
approximating the function with a linear interpolation between the points that
bracket the root. This method retains the bracketing advantage of the bisection
method while typically converging faster because the intervals used for
iterations progressively narrow around the root.

Open domain methods do not confine the root within a fixed interval. Instead, they
begin with an initial estimate and iteratively refine it to achieve better accuracy.

In open domain, there are several methods used:

1. The Fixed-Point Iteration Method


- the Fixed-Point Method is a numerical method which uses the fixed-point
algorithm with as an initial estimate for the root. An equation in the form may
be rearranged and expressed in the equivalent form. This shows that the
problem of solving for the roots of a nonlinear equation is equivalent
to finding the fixed points of the auxiliary function. Unfortunately, fixed point
methods do not always yield a sequence of estimates which converge to the
real root of the given equation.
-
2. Newton’s Method
- the Newton’s Method, or Newton-Raphson Method, is widely used for solving
nonlinear equations due to its rapid convergence. It approximates the function
with a linear interpolation and iteratively refines the estimate using the
function's derivative. Newton’s Method converges quadratically, effectively
doubling the accuracy with each iteration. However, it requires the function to
be well-behaved near the initial guess and may fail to converge if the initial
estimate is far from the root or if the function has inflection points.

3. The Secant Method


- the secant method is similar to Newton’s Method but does not require the
calculation of derivatives. Instead, it uses secant lines, derived from two initial
estimates, to approximate the root. This method offers a good balance between
the simplicity of bracketing methods and the rapid convergence of Newton’s
Method.
4. Muller’s Method
- the Muller’s method generalizes the secant method by starting with three initial
approximations and fitting a second-degree polynomial (a parabola) to them.
The quadratic formula is then used to find the root of this polynomial, providing
the next approximation. Muller's method can handle more complex root
structures and often converges faster than simpler methods.

In summary, while bracketing methods are robust and straightforward, they tend to
converge slowly. Open domain methods offer faster convergence but may require more
careful selection of initial estimates and are more sensitive to the function's behavior. Each
method has its own advantages and limitations, making the choice of method dependent on
the specific characteristics of the problem at hand.

Give examples and applications of system of nonlinear equations in Civil Engineering.


Nonlinear equations are commonly used in civil engineering in a variety of applications.
Here are some prominent examples and applications: structural analysis, soil mechanics, fluid
dynamics, pavement design, structural dynamics, geotechnical engineering, and others.
Nonlinear equations are important in structural analysis because they address massive
deformations, material nonlinearity, and stability difficulties.

To add, it has applications such as beam-column interaction (analyzing beam-


columns, which are structural elements subjected to both axial and lateral loads, involves
solving nonlinear equilibrium equations to predict buckling and post-buckling behavior), and
plasticity (modeling the plastic behavior of materials under high stress requires nonlinear
stress-strain relationships).

Moreover, soil response under load is essentially nonlinear in soil mechanics,


particularly when substantial stresses are applied. Some of its uses include settlement
analysis (predicting how soil compresses under load necessitates solving nonlinear equations
that describe soil deformation and consolidation), and slope stability (determining slope
stability necessitates solving nonlinear equations derived from soil strength parameters and
external forces).

Furthermore, nonlinear equations regulate the flow of fluids across porous media and
open channels, which is important in hydrology and environmental engineering. Some of its
applications include groundwater flow (the Richards equation, a nonlinear partial differential
equation that models unsaturated groundwater flow while accounting for soil properties and
moisture content), and contaminant transport (the advection-dispersion equation, which is
frequently nonlinear and used to model the spread of contaminants through soil and
groundwater).

IV. CONCLUSION
Solving nonlinear equation systems can be crucial for dealing with complicated
engineering issues, especially in civil engineering, where correct modeling of materials and
structures is essential. Various numerical approaches, such as the Bisection method, Regula
Falsi, fixed-point iteration, Newton-Raphson method, and Secant method, are effective tools
for addressing these difficulties. Engineers who master these approaches may design
buildings and systems that are safer and more efficient, reflecting the complexity and
nonlinearity of the real world.
V. REFERENCES
Bisection method, Regula falsi method, fixed point method, Newton’s method and Secant
method. Studocu. (n.d.). https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-luzon-state-
university/bsce/bisection-method-regula-falsi-method-fixed-point-method-newtons-method-
and-secant-method/42766202
Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Methods for solving a system of nonlinear equations | College
Algebra. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/methods-for-
solving-a-system-of-nonlinear-equations/ Studocu. (n.d.). Bisection Method, Regula Falsi
Method, Fixed point Method, Newton’s Method and Secant Method - Studocu.
Numerical methods for nonlinear equations. (n.d.).
https://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~kucera/Numerical_Methods_for_Nonlinear_Equations.pdf

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