DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS

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Basic Differentiation Rules

d d d
1. [cu] = cu′ 2. [u ± v] = u′ ± v′ 3. [uv] = uv′ + vu′
dx dx dx
vu′ − uv′
4.
d u
dx v[]
=
v2
5.
d
dx
[c] = 0 6.
d n
dx
[u ] = nun−1u′

d d
7. [x] = 1 8. [ u ] = uu (u′), u ≠ 0
∣∣ 9.
d
[ln u] =
u′
dx dx ∣∣ dx u
d u d u′ d u
10. [e ] = e uu′ 11. [loga u] = 12. [a ] = (ln a)auu′
dx dx (ln a)u dx
d d d
13. [sin u] = (cos u)u′ 14. [cos u] = − (sin u)u′ 15. [tan u] = (sec2 u)u′
dx dx dx
d d d
16. [cot u] = − (csc2 u)u′ 17. [sec u] = (sec u tan u)u′ 18. [csc u] = − (csc u cot u)u′
dx dx dx
d u′ d −u′ d u′
19. [arcsin u] = 20. [arccos u] = 21. [arctan u] =
dx √1 − u2 dx √1 − u2 dx 1 + u2
d −u′ d u′ d −u′
22. [arccot u] = 23. [arcsec u] = 24. [arccsc u] =
dx 1 + u2 dx ∣∣
u √u2 − 1 dx ∣∣
u √u2 − 1
d d d
25. [sinh u] = (cosh u)u′ 26. [cosh u] = (sinh u)u′ 27. [tanh u] = (sech2 u)u′
dx dx dx
d d d
28. [coth u] = − (csch2 u)u′ 29. [sech u] = − (sech u tanh u)u′ 30. [csch u] = − (csch u coth u)u′
dx dx dx
d u′ d u′ d u′
31. [sinh−1 u] = 32. [cosh−1 u] = 33. [tanh−1 u] =
dx √u2 + 1 dx √u2 − 1 dx 1 − u2
d u′ d −u′ d −u′
34. [coth−1 u] = 35. [sech−1 u] = 36. [csch−1 u] =
dx 1 − u2 dx u√1 − u2 dx ∣∣
u √1 + u2

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫ ∫
kf (u) du = k f (u) du 2. ∫ [ f (u) ± g(u)] du = ∫ f (u) du ± ∫ g(u) du

3. ∫ du = u + C 4. ∫ u n du =
u n+1
n+1
+ C, n ≠ −1

5. ∫ du
u ∣∣
= ln u + C 6. ∫ eu du = eu + C

7. ∫ au du =
1
( )
ln a
au + C 8. ∫ sin u du = −cos u + C

9. ∫ cos u du = sin u + C 10. ∫ ∣

tan u du = −ln cos u + C ∣
11. ∫ ∣
cot u du = ln sin u + C ∣ 12. ∫ ∣
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C ∣
13. ∫ ∣
csc u du = −ln csc u + cot u + C ∣ 14. ∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C

15. ∫ csc2 u du = −cot u + C 16. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C

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17. ∫ csc u cot u du = −csc u + C 18. ∫ du

√a2 −u2
u
= arcsin + C
a

19. ∫ du 1
a2 + u2 a
u
= arctan + C
a
20. ∫ du
u√u − a
2 2
1
= arcsec
a
u
a
+C
∣∣

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 TRIGONOMETRY

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 < θ < π 2. y
opp hyp
sin θ = csc θ =
Hy
pot
e n use Opposite hyp opp (− 12 , 23 ) π (0, 1) ( 12 , 23 )
adj hyp
(− 22 , 22 ) 3π 23π 2 π3 π ( 22 , 22 )
90°
cos θ = sec θ =
θ hyp adj
120° 60°
Adjacent
tan θ =
opp
adj
cot θ =
adj
opp
(− 23 , 12) 56π 4150°135° 45°
4 π
30°
6 ( 23 , 21)
Circular function definitions, where θ is any angle. 0° 0 x
y y r (− 1, 0) π 180° 360° 2π (1, 0)
sin θ = csc θ = 210° 330°
r y
(x, y)
r = x2 + y2
x r (− 23 , − 12) 76π 5π 225°240° 300°315°7π 116π ( 23 , − 21)
r cos θ = sec θ =
y
x
θ
x y
r x
x
(− 22 , − 22 ) 4 43π 270° 32π 53π 4 ( 22 , − 22 )
tan θ =
x
cot θ =
y (− 12 , − 23 ) (0, − 1) ( 2 , − 2 )
1 3

Reciprocal Identities Double-Angle Formulas

1 1 1 sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
sin x = sec x = tan x =
csc x cos x cot x cos 2u = cos2 u − sin2 u = 2 cos2 u − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 u
1 1 1 2 tan u
csc x = cos x = cot x = tan 2u =
sin x sec x tan x 1 − tan2 u
Quotient Identities Power-Reducing Formulas
sin x cos x 1 − cos 2u
tan x = cot x = sin2 u =
cos x sin x 2
1 + cos 2u
Pythagorean Identities cos u =
2
2
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 1 − cos 2u
tan u =
2
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x 1 + cos 2u
Cofunction Identities Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin(π2 − x) = cos x cos(π2 − x) = sin x sin u + sin v = 2 sin(u +2 v) cos(u −2 v)
u+v u−v
sin u − sin v = 2 cos( ) sin(
2 )
π π
csc( − x) = sec x tan( − x) = cot x
2 2 2
u+v u−v
cos u + cos v = 2 cos(
2 )
cos(
2 )
π π
sec( − x) = csc x cot( − x) = tan x
2 2
u+v u−v
cos u − cos v = −2 sin(
2 ) ( 2 )
Even/Odd Identities sin
sin(−x) = −sin x cos(−x) = cos x
csc(−x) = −csc x tan(−x) = −tan x Product-to-Sum Formulas
1
sec(−x) = sec x cot(−x) = −cot x sin u sin v = [cos(u − v) − cos(u + v)]
2
Sum and Difference Formulas 1
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cos u cos v = [cos(u − v) + cos(u + v)]

sin(u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 2
cos(u ± v) = cos u cos v ∓ sin u sin v 1
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u − v)]
2
tan u ± tan v
tan(u ± v) = 1
1 ∓ tan u tan v cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) − sin(u − v)]
2

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 ALGEBRA

Factors and Zeros of Polynomials

Let p(x) = an x n + an−1x n−1 + . . . + a1x + a0 be a polynomial. If p(a) = 0, then a is a zero of the
polynomial and a solution of the equation p(x) = 0. Furthermore, (x − a) is a factor of the polynomial.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

An nth degree polynomial has n (not necessarily distinct) zeros. Although all of these
zeros may be imaginary, a real polynomial of odd degree must have at least one real zero.

Quadratic Formula
If p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and 0 ≤ b2 − 4ac, then the real zeros of p are x = (−b ± √b2 − 4ac)2a.

Special Factors
x2 − a2 = (x − a)(x + a) x3 − a3 = (x − a)(x2 + ax + a2)
x3 + a3 = (x + a)(x2 − ax + a2) x 4 − a4 = (x − a)(x + a)(x2 + a2)

Binomial Theorem
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (x − y)3 = x3 − 3x2y + 3xy2 − y3
(x + y)4 = x 4 + 4x3y + 6x2 y2 + 4xy3 + y 4 (x − y)4 = x 4 − 4x3y + 6x2y2 − 4xy3 + y 4
n(n − 1) n−2 2 . . .
(x + y)n = x n + nx n−1y + x y + + nxy n−1 + yn
2!
n(n − 1) n−2 2 . . .
(x − y)n = x n − nx n−1y + x y − ± nxy n−1 ∓ y n
2!

Rational Zero Theorem

If p(x) = an x n + an−1x n−1 + . . . + a1x + a0 has integer coefficients, then every
rational zero of p is of the form x = rs, where r is a factor of a0 and s is a factor of an.

Factoring by Grouping
acx3 + adx2 + bcx + bd = ax2(cx + d) + b(cx + d) = (ax2 + b)(cx + d)

Arithmetic Operations
a c ad + bc a+b a b
ab + ac = a(b + c) + = = +
b d bd c c c

(ab) a d ad ()a
= ( )( ) =
b a a ac
= =
(d) b c bc
c c bc
()b
c
b

a−b b−a ab + ac
a( ) =
b ab
= =b+c
c c c−d d−c a

Exponents and Radicals

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ax
a0 = 1, a ≠ 0 (ab) x = a xb x a xa y = a x+y √a = a12 = a x−y n a = a1n
√
ay

(ab) = ab √ab = √√ab

x x 1 n
x
n a m = a mn
√ a−x = n ab = √
√ n a√
n b (a x) y = a xy n
ax n

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 FORMULAS FROM GEOMETRY

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Triangle Sector of Circular Ring
h = a sin θ ( p = average radius, p
c a
1 h w = width of ring,
Area = bh θ θ
2 b θ in radians) w
(Law of Cosines)
Area = θpw
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ

Right Triangle Ellipse

c
(Pythagorean Theorem) a Area = πab b
a
c2 = a2 + b2
√a +b
2 2
b Circumference ≈ 2π
2
Equilateral Triangle Cone
√3s (A = area of base)
h= s s h
2 h Ah
√3s2 Volume =
Area = 3 A
4 s

Parallelogram Right Circular Cone

Area = bh h πr 2h h
Volume =
3
r
b Lateral Surface Area = πr√r 2 + h2

Trapezoid a Frustum of Right Circular Cone r

h π (r + rR + R )h
2 2
Area = (a + b) h b Volume = s
2 3
a h R
b h Lateral Surface Area = πs(R + r)

Circle Right Circular Cylinder r

Area = πr 2 r Volume = πr 2h
h
Circumference = 2πr Lateral Surface Area = 2πrh

Sector of Circle Sphere

(θ in radians) 4
s Volume = πr 3 r
θr 2 3
Area = θ
2 r Surface Area = 4πr 2
s = rθ

Circular Ring Wedge

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( p = average radius, (A = area of upper face, A

r
w = width of ring) w B = area of base)
p
Area = π (R2 − r 2) R A = B sec θ θ
= 2πpw B

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202