(SEE Ere 22-9) mo\ton CHAPTER 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Home wrk £2 2. Write the equation for yit) and solve for vy using y= hand t= 3, Find v from the components and gy from tan = My/tor = ) Write the general equation for v,(#) and solve for t when vy = 0. F ) Find the maximum height from Ay = ‘emark In this example, a hockey puck clears a lass wall 2.8 m high and 12 m distant. The puck vaches its maximum height after clearing the fall. Figure 3-30 shows several other cases of ini- al velocity and angle for which the puck would Iso ou the wan. Figure 3-30 Topic Remarks and Relevant Equations tors Definition Vectors ate quantities that have both magnitude and direction, Vectors add like dis- placements, Components “The component of a vector along a line in space is its projection on the line, If 2 makes an angle 8 with the taxis, is and y components are A= Acos8 Eas Ay = Asino B Megeiude A=Vav a 35 Adding vectors graphically ‘Any two vectors whose magnitudes have-the same units may be _~ by placing the tail of one arrow atthe headof the other.‘Adding vectors using components Untvectars Instntaneous-vel ly vector summary B ue 369 and 3b A vector can be written in terms of unit vectors jj, and &, which have unit magni tude and Ke along the x,y, and = axes, respectively Raaleag+ 7 ‘The position vector?” points from the origin ofthe coordinate system to te particle's position ‘The velocity vector isthe rate of change of the position vector. lis magnitude i the eed and it points in the direction of motion. 316 Relative Velocity Projactle Motion Independence of maton Ifa particle moves with velocity pa relative to a coordinate system A, which is in turn moving with velocity Ug relative to another coordinate system B, the velocity of the particle relative to Bis 344 In projectile motion, the horizontal and vertical motions are independent. The hori zontal motion has constant velocity. The vertical motion is the same as motion in one dimension with constant acceleration due to gravity g downward Exusion 2,09 = Pg XH) = 3 + thet = xp + Gp co8 HF 3200 2400 = Dy ~ gt = opin O— gt 3206 Pet are 321 poate \2ug Aanae argo whon intial an inal elovations ere equal The range is found by multiplying v, by the total time the projectile isin the air, ng y 5 by Pi R= “sina! 32 7h” HAPTER3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Problem-Solving Gui Surnmary of Worked Examples Type of Calculation 1 following are applicable to all types of problems: Begin by drawing a neat diagram that includes the important features of the problem. Choose a convenient coordinate system and indicate it on your sketch, Indicate the given information on your sketch. Procedure and Relevant Examples 1. Vectors Add (or subtract vector Find the dcaction of aresutant vector rs darvatves of veers, Add (or subtract) the components of individual vectors to find the components of the resultant vector. Example 3-2 ‘The angle made with the positive x direction is found from tan 6 = Examples 3-1, 3-2, 33 [Express the vector in component form using unit vectors, and take the derivative of each component separately. Examples 3.3, 3-5 2 Relative Velocity Express te velocity ofa particle ralatveto cooeinataeystam thai itself moving celaive ta another ‘uorciratesysten Fas: Example 3-4 1. Projovle Motion Find aprojctles tine ot ight 0 various postion. Find spoods and angles along 2 projectie's trajectory 1 the positon ofa projectie Calculate the tim at which a vertical position is reached by using constant accelera rmiulas. Calculate the time at which a horizontal position is reached by using astant velocity formulas. Examples 3.7, 3-8, 3-8, 3-10, 341 Find the and y components of te velocity from the constant acceleration formulas. Find the speed from = Ve! + of The angle ofa projetl's trajectory isthe angle of its resultant veloity vector at that mament Examples 38, 3-12 ~le here tis the time of flight Examples 3-7, 35, 3-9, 3412 Conceptual Problems Ina few problems, youare given more data than you actually need; ina few other problems, yon are required to supply data from your general knowledge, outside sources, of in- formed estimates. Problems tram Options and Explering sections * Single-concest, single-step, relatively aary Intermediata-eve, may raqure synthesis of coneapis Challenging, for sévenced stucente For all problens, use g = 8.81 m/s? for the acceleration due to gravity and neglect friction and air resistance wnless instructed fo do otherwise Vectors and Vector Addition 1» Can the magnitude of the displacement of a parti- cle be less than the distance traveled by the particle along its path? Can its magnitude be more than the distance traveled? | Explain,2 ® Givean example in which the distance traveled isa significant amount yet the corresponding displacement is 3+ The magnitude of the displacement of a particle is the distance the object has traveled. (ay larger than (oystmaller than (o) cither larger or smaller than @thesame as (e) smaller than or equal to + Abear walks northeast for 12 m and then east for 12 m. Show each displacement graphically, and find the 20- sultant displacement vector. @ __ + Amen walks along acircalar are from the post Gon x= 51, =Otoa final position x = 0,y = Sim Whaeis Is displacement? @) second man walks ftom the same in fal positon along the x axis tothe origin ane hen along the yads oy=Smand1=0, What ishisenplacemen? ¢ Acircle of radius & m has its center on the y axis at y= 8 m You start at the origin and walk slong the circle ata eady speed, returning to the origin exactly I min after you. started. (o) Find the magnitude and direction of your dis- placement from the origin 15, 30, 45, and 60's after you start. ( Find the magnitude and ditection of your displacement for each of the four successive 15-s intervals of your walk (0 How is your displacement for the first 15 s related to that for thesecond 15 s2 (d) How is your displacement for the s ond 15-s interval related to that for the last 15-s interval? * For the two vectors @ and Bin Figufe 3-31, find following graphically: (a) A’ +B, Q) A ~ B, () 24+ B, OB ~ 2,028 - 2. Figure 3-31 Problem7 8 A scout walks 24 km due east from camp, then turns left and walks 24 km along the arc of a circle centered at the campsite, and finally walks 15 km directly toward camp. (2) How far is the scout from camp at the end of his, ‘walk? (b) In what direction is the scout’s position relative to ‘the campsite? (e) What is the ratio of the final magnitude of the displacement to the total distance walked? Adding Vectors by Components 9» Cana comporient of a vector have a magnitude greater than the magnitude of the vector? Under what cir- cumstances can a component of a vector have a magnitude equal to the magnituce of the vector? nT Problems 75 19» Cana vector be equal to zero and still have one or more components not equal to zero? 11 Ate the components of C'=245" necessaily larger than the corresponding components of either or FY * The components of a vector are A, = ~10 m and 4, ~ 6m, What angle does this vector make with the positive (31 3" (0) 180° ~ 31° (a180° +31" (e)90° ~ 31° D+ Areaty veers an component of 85 m/s Lay component of a5 m/s Wek agra i Bre 3-32 gives the direction ofthe vector? Figure 3-32 Problem 13 @ © c a (€)None of the above # Three vectors 2, Yeomponents: lowing x and xcomponent #5 =3 yeomponent 3 +4 The magnitude of + B+ 2 is__ @33 50 on (ors ou @ + Bind the rectangular Fmponents of the following vectors 4, which lie in the 2y plane, and make an angle 8 swith the x axis (Figure 333) if @A= 10m, 0= 50%; 0)4 = 5m, 8= 45%) A=7 km, 0= @ 60 @ A= 5 km, 0 = 90%; Figure 3-33 Problem 15 @ A= 15 kan/s, 0 = 150%; (DA =10 m/s, 8 = 240%; and DA = 8m/st, 0= 270" + Vector hasa magnitude of 8m at an angie of 7° Ath the x axis vector B= 3mi - 5m f; vector C ~5mi+3mj, Find the following vectors: @) B= # + WE =B ~ A; (0) F = A - 28 + 37; @) A vector such that @~ B= a+ 20 + 3276° CHAPTERS Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Unit Vectors ® + Find the magnitude and direction of the fllow- vecters () F=5 +3/; @ B= 1! -7; 0 © aa 3) +4 ©, + Find the magnitude and direction of 2, H, and B for (a) A= —40 — 7,8 =3i — 2, and (b) X= Wap Beat 6. 18 ® Describe the following vectors using the unit vee- und j= (2) a velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of elevation cf 60°; (bYa vector A of magnitude A = Smand 6 = 225°;()a displacement from the origin to the point x = 14 m, y = ~5m, 20» For the vector = a7 +f find any three other vectors B that also lie in the xy plane and have the property that A = B but A # B. Write these vectors in terms of their components and show them graphically. G)_- utest-g ana t sielating A to B 75t + 6, write an 2 “+ Thefaces of a cube of side 3m are paralla to the co- ordinate planes with one corner at the origin. A fly begins at the origin and walks along three edges until itis at the far comer. Write the displacement vector ofthe fly using the unit vectors fj, and &, and find the magnitude of this displace- ment, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 23» For an arbitrary motion of a given particle, does the direction of the velocity vector have any particular rela- tion to the direction of the position vector? 24 © Giveexamplesin which the directions of the veloc- ity and position vectors are (2) opposite, (b) the same, and (c) mutually perpendicular. 25 © Howisit possible for a particle moving at constant speed to be accelerating? Can a particle with constant veloc- ity?) \ccelerating at thesame time? 25 fan object is movi rection isits acceleration? @North East (oWest (South (© May be any direction ig toward the west, in what di 27 ¢# Consider the path ofa particle as it moves in space. (a) How is the velocity vector related geometrically to the path of the pauticle? (b) Sketch a curved path and draw the velocity vector for the particle for several positions along the path. 2 + A dart is thrown straight up. After it leaves the player's hand, it steadily lases speod as it gains altitude until itlodges in the ceiling ofthe game room. Draw the dart’s ve- locity vector at timos fy and fg, where At = f ~ ty is small From your drawing find the direction of the change in veloc- ay Ad = 3, ~ #,, and thus the direction of the acceleration vector 23+ Asa bungee jumper approaches the lowest point in her drop, she loses speed as she continues to move dovn- van, Draw the velocity vectors ofthe jumper at times fy and fg, where At = ty ~ fs small. From your drawing find the direction of the change in velocity Av = 3 ~ ¥}, and thus the direction ofthe acceleration vector 30. *» After reaching the lowest point in her jump at time Foy the bungee jumper in the previous problem then moves upward, gaining speed for a short time until gravity again dominates her motion. Draw her velocity vectors at times t and ty, where At = ty ~ fis small and by < hoy <6. From your dravving find the direction of the change in velocity = Ty ~ By, and thus the direction of the acceleration vector 31 # Astationary radar operator determines that a ship is 10-km south of him. An hour later the same ship is 20 km, southeast. IF the ship moved at constant speed and always in the same direction, what was its velocity during this time? 32 * A particie’s-position coordinates (x, y) are (2 m, 3m) att = 0; (6 m,7 m)att = 2s;and (13 m, 14 mat! = 5s. (a) Bind ayy from 28. (b) Find 0g, from f= 0 to 135s, ©. + Apericemovingst 0m/sin the postive dee Won is given an acceleration of 3.0 m/s? in the positive y di- seen or 2.05 The ial pend of te poies to -20m/s thramys oeom/s toitm/s (None ste 2 + Abullisthrown directly upward. Consider the 2s interval At = fy ~ h, where fy is 1 5 before the ball reaches its highest point and fis 1s alter it reaches its highest point. For the time interval dt find () the ckange in speed, (0) the change in velocity, and (c) the average acceleration above 35 + Initiallya particle s moving due west witha speed of 40 m/s;5 slater itis moving north with a speed of 30 m/s. (@) What was the change in the magnitude of the particle's velocity during this time? (b) What was the change inthe di- rection ofthe velocity? (c) What are the magnitude and direc- tion of AG for this interval? (€) What are the magnitude and dlirection of iy for this interval? 36 * Att=0,a particle located at the origin has a valoc- ity of 40 m/sat 9= 45°. Att = 3, the particleisatx = 100m and y = 80 mwith a velocity of 30 m/s at # = 50°. Calculate (a) the average velocity and (b) the average acceleration of the particle during this interval. Be A arte moves a ype wh constant SEration, At time zero, the particle is atv= 4m,y = 3m, and has velocity # = 2 m/s i ~9 m/s}. The acceleration is given by the vector # = 4 m/sti + 3n/s*7. (0) Find the velocity vector at = 2s () Find the position vecorat! = 4's Give the magnitude and direction of the position vector. 28 s+ A particle has a position vector given by 7 3047 + (40! ~ 512)f, where r is in meters and in seconds. Find the instantaneous-velocity and instantaneous-accelera tion vectors as functions of time f1 A._pattde has a constant acceleration of = (61 + 47) m/s? At time ¢ = 0, the velocity is zero and the postion vectors) ~ (10m). @) Find the velocity an position vectors at any time f() Find the equation ofthe particles path i thexy plane and sketch the path Mary and Robert decide to rendezvous on Lake Michigan. Mary departs in her boat from Petoskey at 9:00 ‘Au, and travels due north at § mi/h. Robert leaves from his Jhome on the shore of Beaver Island, 26 mi 30° west of north of Petoskey, at 1:00 A.M. and travels at a constant speed of 6 mi/h. In what direction should Robert be heading to inter- cept Mary, and where ancl when will they meet? Relative Velocity 415 Ariveris076 in wide. The banks are straight and parallel Figure 3-30, The curtentis 50 kin/h and ispaalel fo the banks, A bost has amaximum speed of 3 km/in sil water. The pilot of the bost wishes to go on a straight line trom Ato B, where AB is perpendicular tothe banks The pi Iotshould (tena cirecty across the river, (Wiead 66° upstream from the line AB. (@)head 22° upstream from the lin AB. (give up-the tip from A to B is not possible with this Boat (© do none ofthe above Figure 3-34 Problem 1 42 _ #8 Aplane flies at a speed of 250 km/h relative to still air. There is a wind blowing at 80 km/h in the northeast di- rection at exactly 45°to the east of north. (a) In what direction should the plane head so as to fly due north? (b) What is the speed of the plane relative to the ground? 43 e+ A swimmer heads direcily across a river, swim- ming at 1.6 m/s relative to still water. She arrives at a point, 40 m downstream fom the point directly across the river, which is 80 m wide. (a) What is the speed of the river current? () What is the swimmer's speed relative to the shore? (c) In what direction should the swimmer head so as to arrive at the point direetly opposite her starting point? 44 + Assmall plane departs from point A heading for an airport at point B 520 km due north. The airspeed of the plane is 240 km/h and there is a steady wind of 50 km/h blowing northwest to southeast. Determine the proper head- ing for the plane and the time of flight. Problems n 45 ++ Two boat landings are 2.0 km apart on the same bank of a stream that flows at 14 km/h. A motorboat makes the round trip between the two landings in 50 min, What is the speed of the boat relative to the water? 45 ++ A model airplane competition has the following rules: Each piane must fly to a point I km from the start and then back again. The winner is the plane with the shortest round-trip time, The contestants are free to launch their planes in any direction, so long as the plane travels exactly 11 km out and then returns. On the day of the race, a steady wind blows from the north at5 m/s. Your plane can maintain, an airspeed (speed relative to the air) of 15 m/s, and you know that starting, stopping, and turning times will be negli- gible. The question: Should you plan to fly into the wind and against the wind on your round-trip, or across the wind fly ing east and west? Make a reasoned choice by working out the follovring round-trip times: (1) The plane goes 1 km due north and then back; (2) the plane goes to point km due east of the start, and then back. 4796 Car Ais traveling east at 20 m/s. As.car A crosses ‘the intersection shown in Figure 3.35, car B starts from rest 40 m north of the intersection and moves south with a con: stant acceleration of 2 m/s?. (a) What is the position of B rela- tive to A6 s after A crosses the intersection? (b) What is the velocity of B relative to A for ¢ = 6 ? (c) What isthe accelera- tion of B relative to A fort Figure 3-35 Problem 47 48 4» Bemie is showing Margaret his new boat and its autonavigation feature, of which he is particularly proud. “That island is 1 kio east and3 km north ofthis dock. So just, punch in the numbers like this, and we get ourselves a re- freshment and enjoy the scenery.” Forty-five minutes later, they find themselves due east of the island. “OK, something went wrong, TI just reverse the instructions, and we'll go ‘ack to the dock and try again.” But 45 min later, the boat is 6 km east of their original position at the dock, “Did you al low for the current?” asks Margaret. “For the what?” (a) What is the velocity of the current in the waterway where Bernie ‘and Margaret are boating? (5) What is the velocity of theR22 TS 7 (CHAPTER 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions boat, relative to the water for the first 45 min? (<) What is the velocity of the boat relative to the island for the first 45 min? 49. se» Airports Aand Bare on the same meridian, with B 6241km south of A. Plane P departs airport A for B at the same time thal an identical plane, Q, departs airport B for A. A steady 60 km/h wind Is blowing from the south 20° east of north, Plane Q arrives at airport A 1 h before plane P arrives at airport 8. Determine the airspeeds of the two planes (assuming that they are the same) and the heading of each plane. Projectiles 50 _# Whatis the acceleration of a projectile at the top of its fight? 51s True or false: When a bullet is fired horizontally it ‘takes thesame amount of time to reach the ground as a bullet dropped from rest from the same height 52__* A golfer drives her ball from the tee a distance of 2{ ards down the fairway in « high arcing shot. When the bawis at the highest point of its flight, (a) its velocity end acceleration are both zero. (pits velocity is zero but its acceleration is nonzero. @ its velocity is nonzero but its acceleration is zero. Wits velocity and acceleration are both nonzero. (@) insufficient information is given to answer correctly 53 © A projectile was fired at 35° above the horizontal. ‘At the highest point in its trajectory, its speed was 200 m/s. ‘The initial velocity hada horizontal component of wo, (6) 200 cos(35") m/s. (2200 sin(35°) m/s. (200 m/s)/cos(359), (6200 m/s, 5¢ + Figure 3-36 represents the parabolic trajectory of a ball going from A to £. What is the direction of the accelera- tionat point B? (2) and to the right (i wnand to the eft (© Straight up (Straight down (e) The acceleration of the ball is zero, Figure 3:36 Problems Stand 55, 55. Referring to Figure 3-36, (a) at which point(s) isthe speed the greatest? (b) At which point(s) isthe speed the low- 23? (€) At which two points is the speed the same? Ts the ve- locity the same at those paints? G) + Atnthtisfredioressnlywithan nia vlochy is ifs Tae gun ss ciebona oe eal Hog ee the bulletin thes? @Q +A pitcher throws & fastball at 140 km/h towand ne plate, whichis 184 m away. Neglecting ai resistance (aot a good iea if you ate the batter), find how fr the bal drops because of gravity by the time reackes home plate 58+ Aprojectileis launched with speed vp at anangle of % with the horizontal. Find an expression for the maximum height it reaches above its starting point in terms of vp, 8, and g. 59 * A projectiles fired with an initial velocity of 30 m/s ‘at 60° above horizontal. At the projectle’s highest point, what isits velocity? Its acceleration? 60 ++ A projectile is fired with initial speed vat an angle 30° above the horizontal from a height of 40 m above the ground. The projectile strikes the ground with a speed of 120. Find 2 61 ee If the tree in Example 3-11 is 50 m away and the ‘monkey hangs from a branch 10 m above the mazzle posi- tion, what is the minimum initial speed of the dart if it is to bit the monkey before hitting the ground? 62 #8 A projectiles fired with an initial speed of 53 m/s. Find the angle of projection such that the maximum height of the projectile is equal to its horizontal range. 63 +9 A ball thrown into the air lands 40 m away 244 s later. Find the direction and magnitude of the intial velocity 64 +» Show that ifan object is thrown with speed zpat an angie @ above the horizontal, its speed at some height his in dependent of 8 65 +9 Athalfits maximum height, the speed of a projec- file is three-fourths its initial speed. What is the angle of the Initial velocity vector with respect to the horizontal? 66 ev» Wally and Luke advertise their citcus act as “The Human Burrs—Trapece Artists for the New Millennium.” ‘Their specialty involves wearing padded Velero suits that cause them to stick together when they make contact in midair. While working on their act, Wally is shot from a can- zon with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 30° above the hori- zontal. At the same moment, Luke drops from a platform having (x,y) coordinates of (8 m, 16 m), ifthe cannon is taken to sitat the origin. (a) Will they make contact? (b) What is the minimum distance separating Wally and Luke during their flight paths? (0 At what time does this minimum separation ‘occur? (dl) Give the coordinates of each daredevil at that time. Projectile Range 57» Accargo plane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 12.km with a speed of 900 km/h when a battle tank falls out of the rear loading ramp. (e) How long does it take the tank to hit the ground? (b) How far horizontally is the tank from where it fell off when it hits the ground? (2) How far is. ‘he tank from the aircraft when the tank hits the ground, as- suming that the plane continues to fly with constant veloc- ity? 68 © Accannon barrel is elevated at an angle of 45°. The cannon fires a ball with a speed of 300 m/s, () What height does the ball reach? (b) How long is the ball in the aiz? (©) What isthe horizontal range of the cannon?§9 4+ Astone thrown horizontally from the top of a 24-m tower hits the ground at a point 18 m from the base of the tower: (a) Find the speed at which the stone was thrown, (@) Find the speed of the stone just before ithits the ground, Go) +» A projectile is fied into the wr from the top ofa sm aif above valley (igure 37) ls inal velo is 6 m/sa1 6 above ie horizontal Where does the projectile tana? Figure 3.37 Problem 70 11_ 4 The range of a projectile fired horizontally from 2 cliff is equal to the height of the cliff. What isthe direction of the velocity vector when the projectile strikes the ground? 7+» Find therange of the projectile of Problem 60. 73+ Compute dR/d0 from Equation 3-22 and show that setting ¢R/é8 = O gives @ = 45° for the maximum range. 74 #2 Arockis thrown from the top of a 20-m building at an angle of 53° above the horizontal. Ifthe horizontal range of the throw is equal to the height of the building, with what speed was the rock thrown? What is the velocity of the rock just before it strikes the ground? 15 ¢» Astoneis thrown horizontally from the top of an incline that makes an angle $ with the horizontal. If the yne's initial speed is v, how far down the incline will it and? 16 48 A flock of seagulls has decided to mount an orga- nized response to the human overpopulation of their favorite beach. One tactic popular among the innovative radicals is bombing the sunbathers with clams. A gull dives with aspeed of 16 m/s, at an angle of 40° below the horizontal. He re- Joases a projectile when his vertical distance above his target, a sunbather’s bronzed tummy, is 8.5 m, and scores a bull’ eye. (a) Whereis the sunbather in relation to the gull at the in- stant of release? (3) How long is the projectile in the air? (©) ‘What is the velocity of the projectile upon impact? gil throws baat vertical wall dm away ig 196 3.08). The ballis 2m above the ground when it leaves the fs band with an initial velocty of % = (10) + 10;) m/s. ‘When the ball hits the wall, the horizontal component of its welodty is revered; the verial component Femains un- changed. Where does the ball hitthe ground? Problems 79 Jumping Gaps; Hitting Targets; Clearing Fences 73 + A boy uses a slingshot to project a pebble at a shoulder-height target 40 m away. He finds that to hit the tar- iget he must aim 4.85 m above the target. Determine the ve- locity of the pebble on leaving the slingshot and the time of Aight. 79.44 The distance from the pitcher's mound to home plate is 18.4 m. The mound is 0.2 m above the level of the field. A pitcher throws a fast ball with an initial spesd of 37.5m/s.At the moment the ball leaves the piteher’s hand, i is2.3 mabove the mound. What should the angle between ‘and the horizontal be so that the ball crosses the plate 0.7 m above ground? 82 Suppose the puck in Example 3-12 is struck in such ‘2 way that it just clears the Plexiglas wall when it is at its [highest point, Find vpy, the time f to reach the wall, and t;, ‘9p, and Op for this case, red cater niaeas agape da Tal speed of 20 m/sat an angle of 45° with the horizontal. At the moment the ball is thrown, the player is 5 m from the coach. At what speed and in what direction must the player run to catch the ball at the same height at which it was re- leased? : 82 #4 Carlosis om his tral bike, approaching a creek bed that is 7 m wide. A ramp with an incline of 10° has been built for daring people who try to jump the creek. Carlos is travel- ing at his bike's meximum speed, 40 km/h. (a) ould Carlos ‘attempt the jump or emphatically hit the brakes? (6) What is the minimum speed 2 bike must have to make this jump? (Assume equal elevations on either side of the reek.) 82 I's the bot swinning runs on ba: sm of the ninth with two outs and the You hit a knee-high fastball that just clears the leaping third baseman’s glove. Hes standing 28 m from you and his glove reaches to 32 m above the ground. The flight time to that point is 0.64 s. Assume that the balls initial height was 0.6 m. Find (a) the initial speed and direc: tion of the bal; (6) the time at which the ball reaches its maxi- ‘mum height; (c) the maximum height ofthe ball Figure 3-38 Problem 77 ° pa80 CHAPTER 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions et ee Noobus is a death-defying squirrel with miracu- Tous jumping abilities. Running to the edge ofa flat rooftop, she leaps horizontally with a speed of 6 m/s. Ifshe just clears the 3-m gap between the houses and lands on the neighbor's roof, whatis her speed upon landing? 85 eee [fa bullet that leaves the muzzle ofa gun at 250 m/s is to hit target 100 m away at the level of the muzzle, the gun must te aimed at a point above the target. How far above the target is this point? 86 eee Abaseball just clears a 3-m wall that is 120 m from home plate. Ifthe ball leaves the bat at 45° and 1.2.m above the grourd, what must its intial speed be? 87 ese A baseball is struck by a bat, and 3 5 later it is caught 30 m away. (a) If the baseball was 1 m above the ground when itwas struck and caught, what was the greatest height it zeached above the ground? (b) What were the hori- zontal and vertical components of its velocity when it was struck? (6) What was its speed when it was caught? (@ At ‘what anglewith the horizontal did it leave the bat? as(__)+ Abaseball player hits a baseball that drops into the stands 22 m above the playing field. The ball lands with a velocity of 50 m/s at an angle of 35° below the horizontal, (@) If the batter contacted the ball 12 m above the playing field, wht was the velocity of the ball upon leaving the bat? (®) What was the horizontal distance traveled by the ball? (©) How long was the ballin the air? General Problems 9 © Tueorfalse (a) The magnitude of the sum of two véctors must be greater than the magnitude of either vector (®)If the speed is constant, the acceleration must be zero. (©)If the acceleration is zero, the speed must be constant. $0 © The initial and final velocities of an object are as shown in Figure 3.39. Indicate the direction of the average acceleration, Figure 3-39 Problem 90 jure 3-40 Problem 91 91 @ The velocities of objects A and B are shown in Fig- ure 3-40. Draw a vector that represents the velocity of B rela tivetoA. 22 #9 A-voctor Ait) has a constant magnitude but is changing direction in 2 uniform way. Drawr the vectors Ale + Ad) and AQ) fors small ime interval At, and find the difference A¥ = A + At) ~ X( graphically: How isthe di- rection of Ad’ related to A’ for small time intervals? 93s» The automobile path shown in Figure 3-41 is made up of straight lines and ares of circles. The automobile starts from rest at point A. After it reaches point B, it travels at con- stant speed until it reaches point . It comes to rest at point F (a) At the middle of each segment (AB, BC, CD, DE, and EF), what is the direction of the velocity vector? (@) At which of these points does the automobile have an acceleration? In those cases, what is the direction of the acceleration? (c) How do the magnitudes of the acceleration compare for segments BCand DE? Figure 3-41 Problem 93, s+ The displacement vectors A’ and Win Figure 342 both have a magnitude of 2m (2) Find their = and y com: ponents. @) Find the compo- nents, magnitude, and dizec- tion of thesum # + B.(0 Find the components, magnitude, and direction of the difference a-E Figure 3-42 Problem 9¢ 95 + Aplane is inclined at an angle of 30° from the hori- zontal. Choose the x axis pointing down the slope of the plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane. Find the x and y components of the acceleration of gravity, which kas the magnitude 981 m/s? and points vertically down, 96» Two vectors H and H lie in the sy plane. Under ‘what conditions does the ratio A/B equal A,/B,? 87» The position vector of a particle is given by Fe Sel + 10ef, where ¢ is in seconds and Fis in meters (a) Draw the path ofthe parti- cle in the ay plane, (b) Find # jn component form and then find its magnitude 98+ Off the coast of Chile, a spotter plane sees a school of tuna swimming at a steady 5 km/h northwest (Figure 3-43). The pilot in- formsa fishing trawler located 100 km due south of the fish, ‘The trawler sails at full steam along the best straight-line course and intercepts the tuna after 4h. How fast did the trawler move? Figure 3-43 Problem 9899 ¢+ Aworkeron the roof of a house drops her hammer, ‘which slides down the roofat a constant speed of 4 m/s. The roof snakes an angle of 30° with the horizontal, and its lawest point is 10 m from the ground. What is the horizontal dis- tance traveled by the hammer after it leaves the roof of the house and before it hits the ground? 100 e+ A freight train is moving at a constant speed of 10:m/s. Aman standing on a flatcar throws a ball into the ait and catches it as it falls. Relative to the flatcar, the inital v locity of the bal is 15 m/s straight up. (a) What are the mag- nitucle and direction of the initial velocity of the ball as seen bya second man standing next to the track? (b) How long is the ballin the air according to the man on the train? Accord ing to the man on the ground? (c) What horizontal distance has the ball traveled by the time it is caught according to the man on the train? According to the man on the ground? (@) What is the minimum speed of the ball during its fight according to the man on the train? According to the man on the ground? (e) What is the acceleration of the ball according to the man on the train? According to the man on the ground? \../ ee Estimate how far you can throw a ball if you throw it (2) horizontally while standing on level ground; () at 9 = 45° while standing on level ground; (c) horizontally from the top of a building 12.m high; (@) at @ = 45° from the top of a building 12 m high. A stunt motorcyclist wants to jump over 10 cars ed side by side below a horizontal launching ramp, as shown in Figure 3-44, With what minimum horizontal speed ‘vp must the cyclist leave the ramp in order to clear the top of the last car? Figure 3.44 Problem 102 403 ¢» In 1978, Geolf Capes of Great Britain threw a heavy brick a horizontal distance of 44.5 m. Find the velocity of the brick at the highest point ofits fight. 106 ¢» In 1940, Emanuel Zacchini flew about §3 masa hu- man cannonball, a record that remains unbroken. His initial velocity was 242 m/sat an angle @. Find Band the maximum, height i Emanuel achieved during the record flight. 105 6 A particle moves in the 2y plane with constant acceleration. Att = 0 the particle is at 7 = 4m? +3mj, with velocity 3. At € = 2s the particle has moved to %=1Wmi-2mj, and ts velocity has changed to a= Smmjsf ~ 6an/sf. (2) Find, (2) Whatis the accelera- tion ofthe particle? (c) What i the velocity of the particle asa funetion of time? (2) What isthe position vector of the par dleas a fanction of ime? Problems a 106 #2 A small stee! ball is projected horizontally off the top landing of a long rectangular staircase (Figure 3-45). The initial speed of the ball is 3 m/s. Each step is 0.18 m high and (0.3 mide. Which step does the ball strike first? w=3m/s Figure 3-45 Problem 15 107 + Asaccar travels down'a highway at 25 m/s, a pas- senger flips out a can at a 45° angle of elevation in a plane perpendicular to the motion of the car. The initial speed of the can relative to the car is 10 m/s. The can is released at a height 1.2 m above the road. (a) Write the initial velocity of the can (relative to the road) in terms of the unit vectors fj, and &. (6) Where does the can land? 18+ Suppose you can throw a ball a distance sy when standing on level ground. Hovr far can you throw it from a building of height = x if you throw it at (a) 0° (8) 30° (0) ae tos + A baseball hit toward center field will land 72m away unless it is caught first. At the moment the ball is hit, the center fielder is 98 m away. He uses 0.5 s to judge the flight of the ball, then races to catch it. The balls speed as it leaves the bat is 35 m/s. Can the center fielder catch the ball fore it hits the ground? + Darlene isa stunt motorcyclist ina traveling circus, °F the climax of her show, she takes off from the ramp gle 6, clears a fiery ditch of width x, and lands on an elevated platform (height H) on the other side (Figure 3-46). Darlene notices, however, that night after night, the circus owner keeps raising the height of the platform and the flames to make the jump more spectacular. She is beginning to worry about how far this trend can be talken before she becomes a spectacular casualty, so she decides that it is time for some calculations. (a) For a given angle 9 and distance x, what is the upper limit Hina, such that the bike can make the jump? (8) For Hf less than Hiya, What is the minimum takeoff speed necessary for a successful jump? (Neglect the size of the ike) Figure 3.46 Problem 11082 CHAPTER3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 111 e¢ A sinall boat is headed for a harbor 32 km north ‘west of its current position when it is suddenly engulfed in heavy fog. The captain maintains a compass bearing of northwest and a speed of 10 km/h relative to the water. Three hours later, the fog lifts and the captain notes that he is 4.0 km south of the hazbor. (a) What was the av erage velocity of the current during those three hours? (b) In what direction should the boat have been heading to reach its destination along a straight course? (c) What would its travel time have been ifit had followed a straight course? nowy exact 112 ee Galileo showed that, if air resistance is neglected, the ranges for projectiles whose angles of projection exceed or fall short of 45° by the same amount are equal. Prove Galileo's result. Two balls are thrown with equal speeds from top of a cliff of height #. One ball is thrown upward at an gle « above the horizontal. The other ball is thrown down- ward at an angle 8 below the horizontal. Show that each ball strikes the ground with the same speed, and find that speed interms off and the ntl speedo