(Warm-up 3-23-18)

Viruses
1. They need a host to reproduce - cannot reproduce
2. Non living
3. Very small
4. Dna or rna
5. Cannot grow and develop
6. Cannot obtain energy
7. Reproduce only within a host
8. Cannot respond to environment
9. Cell wall

Cells
1. Nucleus
2. Complex with many organelles
3. Living
4. Dna only
5. Obtain and use energy
6. Nucleus and many organelles
7. Reproduce
8. Growth and development
9. Cell membrane, cytoplasm

(Warm-up 3-23-18)
Name the three domains into which all living things are classified and
provide an example for each.

1. Bacteria - cell wall no nucleus

a. E. coli
2. Archaea - cell wall no nucleus
a.
3. Eukarya - lacks
a. People/animals
(Warm-up 3-27-18)
Under the classification system where would you place viruses?

LESSON 5&6 UNIT 2 - PROTIST

Kingdom Protista
1. What is a Protist? (P. 602)

A protist are eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or

fungi kingdoms.

2. Why are protists difficult to classify?

They have characteristics similar to prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

3. How are protists related to other eukaryotes?

Today’s protists include groups whose ancestors were among the very

last to split from the organisms that gave rise to plants, animals, and

fungi. The roots of all eukaryotic diversity, from plants to animals to fungi,

are found among the ancestors of the organisms that we call protists.

4. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and protists

Prokaryotes Protists

Kingdom Eubacteria, Protista

Archaebacteria

Cell type Single celled Unicellular/multicellular

Genetic code DNA in cytoplasm DNA enclosed in nucleus

Reproduction Asexual binary fission Sexual/asexual

Obtain & Use Chemoautotrophs, Photoautotrophs,

Energy heterotrophs, heterotrophs

photoautotrophs

Specialized Organelles
Identify and label cilia & flagella on the images below

Flagellum Cilia

5. Describe protist movement by cilia or flagella? (p. 607)

Motion by cilia is analogous to oars propelling a large rowboat forward

through the water. Motion by a flagellum is analogous to the back-and-

forth movement of a single long oar at the back of a boat, propelling it

forward

6. Describe amoeboid movement? (p. 606)

An amoeba moves by first extending a pseudopod away from its body.

The organisms cytoplasm then streams into the pseudopod. Amoebas also

use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey.

7. What is a pseudopod? (p. 606)

A pseudopod is a temporary cytoplasmic projection used by some

protists for movement.

8. What is passive movement in protists? (p. 607)

Passive movement is when protists that are nonmotile-they depend on air

or water currents and other organisms to carry them around.

9. What are spores?

In prokaryotes, protists, and fungi, any of a variety of thick-walled life

cycle stages capable of surviving unfavorable conditions.

Protists Reproduction

10. Describe amoeba reproduction (P. 608)

Amoebas reproduce by mitosis, they replicate their genetic material and

then simply divide into two genetically identical cells.

11. Describe paramecium reproduction

Paramecia and most ciliates reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division.

Under stress however, paramecia can remake themselves through

conjugation- a process in which two organisms exchange genetic material

12. Describe water mold reproduction

Water molds grow into long branching filaments consisting of many cells
formed by mitotic cell division. Water molds- and many other protists-
reproduce asexually by producing spores in a structure a sporangium-a
spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis.

13. Define conjugation (p. 608)

A process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic

information.
Ecological Importance of Protists

What is the ecological significance of photosynthetic protists? List all four

(p. 611).
- Feeding fish and whales - phytoplankton provides a direct source of
nourishment for organisms as diverse as shrimp and baleen whales
- Supporting coral reefs - protist algae known as zooxanthellae
provide most of the coral’s energy needs by photosynthesis
- Providing shelter - giant kelp/kelp forests
- Recycling wastes - when the amount of waste is excessive, however,
populations of protists like euglena can grow to enormous numbers
 and create an algal bloom-algal blooms can disrupt ecosystem
homeostasis

LESSON 7&8 - FUNGI

(Warm-up 4-12-18)
1. What characteristics do fungi share?
- Most fungi are multicellular organisms - few are unicellular
- Possess a nucleus - often have multiple nuclei
- Have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
- They externally digest their food
2. Would fungi be considered prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Why?
Eukaryotes because they have a nucleus.
3. Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs? Why?
They would be counted as heterotrophs because they cannot create their
own energy, they rely on other organisms for their food.
4. How do fungi affect your life?
They are used to make antibiotics. Yeast makes bread rise, we eat bread
5. What roles do fungi play in the environment?
Fungi
 Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin; a
polymer made of modified carbohydrates
- Most fungi are multicellular, but some are unicellular
- More than 100,000 known species of fungi
- Unlike plants, fungi rely on other organisms for nutrients. Fungi are
heterotrophs
- Fungi have cell walls that contain chitin which is also found in the
the external skeletons of insects
- Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants
- Common fungi: mushrooms, morels, yeast cells, truffles
Bacteria Archaea Protists Fungi
- Prokaryotes - Prokaryotes - Eukaryotes - Eukaryotes
- Unicellular - Unicellular - Multicellular - Multicellular
- No nucleus - No nucleus and and
- Reproduce - Reproduce unicellular unicellular
asexually asexually - DNA enclosed - DNA enclosed
- Cell walls that - Cell walls that in a nucleus in a nucleus
contain lack - Reproduce - Reproduce
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan asexually or asexually or
- Autotrophs or - More closely sexually sexually
heterotrophs related to - Cell walls that - Cells walls
eukaryotes contain that contain
- Autotrophs or cellulose chitin
heterotrophs - Autotrophs or - heterotrophs
heterotrophs

Structure of a Mushroom
Mushrooms and most other fungi bodies are made up of long, thin
branching filaments called hyphae.
- Hyphae branch out to find and digest food
Mycelium: network of branching hyphae below the soil
- Hyphae makeup fruiting body and mycelium
Cross walls divide hyphae into compartments resembling cells, each
containing one or two nuclei
Fruiting body: reproductive structure of fungi
- Fruiting body grows from mycelium
Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
- Recall that spores are reproductive bodies capable of surviving in
unfavoring conditions
- Spores travel through the air or water
- When environmental conditions improve spores germinate and
develop into new organisms
 Yeast Reproduction
Reproduction in fungi can be sexual, asexual, or both
Asexual reproduction:
- Yeast are single celled fungi that reproduce asexually by binary
fission, commonly called budding
- Yeast are eukaryotes because they contain a nucleus and
specialized organelles
Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
Mushrooms and most other types of fungi can reproduce sexually
- Sexual reproduction in fungi involves two different mating types
called + and - instead of male and female
- The mating process begins when a + type hyphae meets a - type
hyphae and they fuse bringing + and - nuclei together in the same
cell
- The fusion of these haploid nuclei fuse to create a diploid nucleus
(zygospore)
- The diploid nucleus goes through meiosis to create haploid spores.
These spores will eventually grow into new hyphae
LESSON 9 UNIT 2 - AN OVERVIEW OF PLANTS
(Warm-up 4-20-18)
Brainstorm a list of plants that are common to your area. As you jot down
your list, name some plant characteristics that could be used try classify
them into a few larger groups.
- Cherry blossoms
- Dandelions
- Roses
- Shrubs
- Winterberry
- Baby breath
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Plants are…
- Eukaryotes (have a nucleus)
- Multicellular
- Have many specialized organelles
- Carry out photosynthesis using green pigment called chlorophyll
- Cell walls contain cellulose
- Most plants are autotrophs
History and Evolution of Plants
- For most of earth’s history, land plants simply did not exist. Life was
concentrated in oceans, lakes, and streams
 - Although photosynthetic prokaryotes added oxygen to our planet’s
atmosphere and provided food for animals and microorganisms,
true plants had not yet appeared on the land.
- Fossil record indicates that the ancestors of today's land plants
were water-dwelling organisms similar to today’s green algae.
First Land Plants
- Evidence shows that the first plants appeared over 500 million years
ago evolving from multicellular green algae that washed from the
ocean onto the shore
- The first land plants faced several challenges and developed several
adaptations in order to thrive out of the ocean.
- Land plants developed special structures for support.
- Developed special structures for reproduction
- Developed special structures to obtain nutrients
- Developed a way to retain water.
Over time, the demand of life onl and favored the evolution of
plants.
- More resistant to the drying rays of the sun
- Capable of conserving water
- And more capable of reproducing without water
- The appearance of plants on land changed the rest of life on Earth
enabling new species to evolve.
Turn And Talk
What are some advantages that plants gained from living on land instead
of in the ocean?
- More sunlight
- More carbon dioxide
- More space less competition
What Do Plants Need to Survive
- They need Nutrients
- Carbon dioxide
Plant Classification
- Recall that some protists have plant-like characteristics, such as the
ability to photosynthesize
- Scientists now classify the organisms in kingdom Plantae into five
main groups: green algae, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants and
flowering plants
Plant Life Cycle
Plants have distinct life cycle that sets them apart from most other
organisms
The life cycle of land plant has two alternating phases;
 - A diploid (2N) phase called the sporophyte generation
- A haploid (N) phase know as gametophyte generation
- These alternating phases are known as alternating generations.

LESSON 10 UNIT 2 - SEEDLESS PLANTS

Warm Up
- Read the grolier article “The Algae” and record characteristics that
set algae apart from plants
- They are not true plants. Algae are built different from plants.
Algae lack specialized plant tissues such as roots, leaves, and
stems. Nor are their cell walls always made of cellulose, as are
those of all plants. Algae also possess a far greater variety of
photosynthetic pigments than do plants. Algae reproduce
differently than plants, they depend on water for reproduction.
CAN PHOTOSYNTHESIZE.
- Draw a t-chart in your notebook to compare algae and plants.

Plants and Algae

Characteristics of Green Algae

Green algae share many characteristics with larger, more complex plants
- Green algae are mostly aquatic (found in fresh or salt water, and in
moist areas on land)
- Most green algae are single cells or branching filaments
- Have photosynthetic pigments
- Cell wall not always made of cellulose
- Green algae absorb nutrient directly from their surroundings,
therefore lack specialized plant tissues such as roots, leaves and
stems
- Reproduce by releasing spores that can swim
 Life Cycle of Green Algae
Like plants, many green algae have life cycles that alternate between
haploid and diploid phases
- As long as conditions are favorable, single cell algae reproduce
asexually by mitotic divisions
- When conditions become unfavorable, green algae reproduce
sexually
- Produce gametes that fuse into a diploid zygote (sporophyte)
- A thick protective wall shields the zygote; permitting survival in
dry or freezing conditions.
Single-celled to Multicellular Plants
The algae are a large and varied group of simple plantlike
organisms. Algae also include the many tiny microorganisms that
gather just below the sea surface as “phytoplankton”
- Biologists apply the name algae to any photosynthetic
eukaryotes other that land plants
- As a result, some algae are classified as protists, and other are
classified as plants.
- Those algae that are grouped with plants are called green
algae
- Fossil evidence suggests that green algae were the first plant
on earth before land plant emerge
Multicellularity
- Many of the green algae form colonies, providing a hint as to how
the first multicellular plants may have evolved
- Cells of these organisms are connected to one another, enabling
them to communicate

Nonvascular Plant Vascular Plant

 LESSON 11 UNIT 2 - SEED PLANTS
(Warm-up 4-26-18)
Compare and contrast bryophytes and tracheophytes using a T-chart or
venn diagram, list at least three of each group of plants.

Identify the characteristics of seedless plants and how they differ or are
similar to seed plants.

Seedless Plants Similarities of Both Seed Plants

Examples of seedless Not sure Examples of seed

plants would be plants would be
- Ferns - Dandelion fuzz
- Mosses balls
- Horsetails - Pine Nuts
- Peas
Seeds can survive
extreme heat, cold and
drought and last for a
millenia.

Evolution Of Plant Continued

- Fossils of seed-bearing plants exist almost 360 million years ago
- The need for water to reproduce excluded early plants from a large
number of terrestrial locations
- In order to branch out into others, less crowded ecosystems, plants
needed to develop a way to reproduce without standing water
- Those adaptations were seeds and pollen
- A seed contains a young, living diploid plant that is ready to
grow as soon as conditions are favorable
- A seed also contains food supply enclosed in a protective
covering
What are Seeds?
A seed is a plant embryo and food supply encased in a protective
covering
 - The living plants within the seed represents the early developmental
stage of the sporophyte phase of the plant life cycle
Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water
include;
- A reproductive process that takes place in cones or flowers
- The transfer of sperm by pollination
- The protection of embryos in seeds
Seeded Plants
- Seed-bearing plants, including both flowering and cone-bearing
plants
- In seed plants, the male and female gametophyte grow and mature
directly within the sporophyte
- Gametophyte develop into reproductive structure known as cones or
flowers
Seed plants are divided into two groups based on which structures they
have:
- Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants): bear seeds directly on scales of
cones
- Angiosperms (flowering plants): bear seed in flowers inside a layer of
tissue that protects the seed
Pollen Grains & Seeds
Pollen grains is a structure that contains the entire male gametophyte in
seed plants
- Sperm produced by the male gametophyte do not swim through
water; instead they are carried to the female gametophyte by the
wind or animals
- The transfer of male reproductive structure to the female
reproductive structure is called pollination
Seeds: after fertilization, the zygote contained within a seed grows into a
tiny plant
- The embryo stops growing while it is still inside the seed
- A tough seed coat surround and protect the embryo
- The seed can survive weeks, months, even years, in bitter cold,
extreme heat, or drought
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
The word gymnosperm means “naked seed”. Cone-bearing plants are
called gymnosperm because their seeds develop directly on the scales of
a cone.
- Reproduction in cone-bearing plants takes place in cones, which are
produced by mature sporophyte.
- Cone-bearing plants produce two types of cones:
- Polled cones or male cones
- Seed cones or female cones; generally much larger than male cones
- Ovule: Structure in which female gametophyte develop
- Inside the ovule, meiosis produces female gametophytes that mature
and contain a few large eggs ready for fertilization by sperm
Pollination & Fertilization
- Once pollen grains reach the female cones, the pollen are caught in
a sticky secretion on the scales of female cones and pulled inside
towards the ovule
- The direct transfer of pollen to the female cone allows fertilization to
take place without the need for gametes to swim through standing
water
- Fertilization: Process in sexual reproduction in which male and
female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
- Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive
structure to a female reproductive structure
Development Inside Seeds
- When pollen grains land near the ovule, the grain splits open and
begins to grow a structure called a pollen tube
- Once the pollen tube reaches the newly developed female
gametophyte, one sperm disintegrate and the other fertilizes the
egg
- Fertilization produce a diploid zygote which grows into an embryo
 LESSON 12 UNIT 2 - FLOWERING PLANTS
(Warm-up 4-30-18)
Using a T-chart, your notes, textbook, and Connexus, compare and
contrast Gymnosperm and Angiosperms
- U2L12: slide
Angiosperms Both Gymnosperms

- Cone-bearing - Photosynthesis -Flowering Plants

plants - Vascular plants -Covered seeds
- Naked seeds - Specialized -Most abundant plant
- Lack vessel organelles; rods in kingdom plantae
elements stems, leaves, - Vessel elements
- Cone xylem, vessel, - Flowers/fruits
phloem

Angiosperms a.k.a Flowering Plants

- Flowering plants or angiosperms are the most abundant organisms
in the plant kingdom; roughly 250 thousand known species
- The word angiosperms means “vessel seed” or “covered seed”
- The first primitive flower was probably “to be continued”
Evolution and Adaptation of Flowering Plants
To conquer land, flowering plants developed a unique reproductive organ
known as flowers
- Flowers attract animals, which carry pollen from flower to flower;
Pollination by insect is more efficiently and specification than
pollination by wind
- Flowers contains ovaries which surround and protect the seeds
- The structure that protects the seeds develops into a fruit basket
Advantages of Flowers and Fruits
Flowers Fruits

Flowers attract animals such as The angiosperms fruits is a

bees, moths, hummingbirds by their structure containing one or more
color, scene and even shape mature ovaries

These animals carry pollen from The wall of the fruit helps protect
flower to flower and disperse the seeds, carrying it
away from the parent plant.

Pollination by insects is much more Using fruits, flowering plants

efficient than pollination by wind increase the ranges they inhabit,
spreading seeds over hundreds of
 square kilometers.

Angiosperms Classification
- The great diversity of angiosperms has made them especially
difficult to classify
- For many years, angiosperms were classified based on the number
of seed leaves in their embryo
- Today, angiosperms are often grouped according to the number of
their seed leaves, the strength and composition of their stems, and
the number of growing seasons they live
Some of these categories can overlap
Flowering Plant Reproduction
Pollination: In flowering plants, the male reproductive structure (pollen
grain_ is carried by wind and insectes to the female reproductive structure
(Ovary)