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Data Model

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5 views

Data Model

Uploaded by

santoshdvg1997
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DBMS

Topperworld.in

Data Model

⚫ Data Model is the modeling of the data description, data semantics, and
consistency constraints of the data.
⚫ It provides the conceptual tools for describing the design of a database at
each level of data abstraction.
⚫ Therefore, there are following four data models used for understanding the
structure of the database:

1) Relational Data Model

• This type of model designs the data in the form of rows and columns
within a table. Thus, a relational model uses tables for representing data
and in-between relationships.

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DBMS

• Tables are also called relations.


• This model was initially described by Edgar F. Codd, in 1969.
• The relational data model is the widely used model which is primarily
used by commercial data processing applications.

2) Entity-Relationship Data Model

• An ER model is the logical representation of data as objects and


relationships among them.
• These objects are known as entities, and relationship is an association
among these entities.
• This model was designed by Peter Chen and published in 1976 papers. It
was widely used in database designing.
• A set of attributes describe the entities. For example, student_name,
student_id describes the 'student' entity.
• A set of the same type of entities is known as an 'Entity set', and the set
of the same type of relationships is known as 'relationship set'.

3) Object-based Data Model

• An extension of the ER model with notions of functions, encapsulation,


and object identity, as well.
• This model supports a rich type system that includes structured and
collection types.
• Thus, in 1980s, various database systems following the object-oriented
approach were developed.
• Here, the objects are nothing but the data carrying its properties.

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DBMS

4) Semistructured Data Model

• This type of data model is different from the other three data models
(explained above).
• The semistructured data model allows the data specifications at places
where the individual data items of the same type may have different
attributes sets.
• The Extensible Markup Language, also known as XML, is widely used for
representing the semistructured data.
• Although XML was initially designed for including the markup
information to the text document, it gains importance because of its
application in the exchange of data.

❖ Data model Schema and Instance


⚫ The data which is stored in the database at a particular moment of time
is called an instance of the database.

⚫ The overall design of a database is called schema.

⚫ A database schema is the skeleton structure of the database. It


represents the logical view of the entire database.

⚫ A schema contains schema objects like table, foreign key, primary key,
views, columns, data types, stored procedure, etc.

⚫ A database schema can be represented by using the visual diagram. That


diagram shows the database objects and relationship with each other.

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DBMS

⚫ A database schema is designed by the database designers to help


programmers whose software will interact with the database. The
process of database creation is called data modeling.

A schema diagram can display only some aspects of a schema like the name of
record type, data type, and constraints. Other aspects can't be specified through
the schema diagram. For example, the given figure neither show the data type
of each data item nor the relationship among various files.

In the database, actual data changes quite frequently. For example, in the given
figure, the database changes whenever we add a new grade or add a student.
The data at a particular moment of time is called the instance of the database.

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DBMS

❖ Some Other Data Models

1. Hierarchical Model

• The hierarchical Model is one of the oldest models in the data model
which was developed by IBM, in the 1950s.

• In a hierarchical model, data are viewed as a collection of tables, or we


can say segments that form a hierarchical relation.

• In this, the data is organized into a tree-like structure where each record
consists of one parent record and many children.

• Even if the segments are connected as a chain-like structure by logical


associations, then the instant structure can be a fan structure with
multiple branches.

• We call the illogical associations as directional associations.

2. Network Model

• The Network Model was formalized by the Database Task group in the
1960s.

• This model is the generalization of the hierarchical model.

• This model can consist of multiple parent segments and these segments
are grouped as levels but there exists a logical association between the
segments belonging to any level. Mostly, there exists a many-to-many
logical association between any of the two segments.

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DBMS

3. Float Data Model

• The float data model basically consists of a two-dimensional array of


data models that do not contain any duplicate elements in the array.

• This data model has one drawback it cannot store a large amount of data
that is the tables can not be of large size.

4. Context Data Model

• The Context data model is simply a data model which consists of more
than one data model.

• For example, the Context data model consists of ER Model, Object-


Oriented Data Model, etc.

• This model allows users to do more than one thing which each individual
data model can do.

5. Semi-Structured Data Model

• Semi-Structured data models deal with the data in a flexible way.

• Some entities may have extra attributes and some entities may have
some missing attributes.

• Basically, you can represent data here in a flexible way.

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DBMS

❖ Advantages of Data Models


• Data Models help us in representing data accurately.
• It helps us in finding the missing data and also in minimizing Data
Redundancy.
• Data Model provides data security in a better way.
• The data model should be detailed enough to be used for building the
physical database.

❖ Disadvantages of Data Models


• In the case of a vast database, sometimes it becomes difficult to
understand the data model.
• You must have the proper knowledge of SQL to use physical models.
• Even smaller change made in structure require modification in the entire
application.
• There is no set data manipulation language in DBMS.
• To develop Data model one should know physical data stored
characteristics.

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