Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC MACHINES LAB

OBJECTIVE:

To get familiar with all apparatus to be used in Electric Machines lab conduction.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Industrial Transformer Trainer.

 Single Phase Load Resistor.
 Synchronous Machines.
 Induction Machines.
 DC Machines.
 Watt Meter.

INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMER TRAINER:

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive)
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled
by the coil.

Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a
step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down
transformer) in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing
circuits. Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the voltage in equals the voltage
out, with separate coils not electrically bonded to one another.

Figure 1.1 shows the Industrial Transformer Trainer of Electric Machines Lab, consist of
three transformer on top row. Right most two transformers will be used for different labs
regarding transformer like turns ratio calculation, polarity etc. H-side is Primary or High
side and X-side is Secondary side or Low side. Figure 2.1 shows the Resistor load to
connect with transformer.
Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

Figure.1.1: Industrial Transformer Trainer

Figure.1.2: Single Phase R Load

Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES:
Synchronous Machine constitutes of both synchronous motors as well as synchronous
generators. An AC system has some advantages over DC system. Therefore, the AC system
is exclusively used for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. The
machine which converts mechanical power into AC electrical power is called as
Synchronous Generator or Alternator. However, if the same machine can be operated as a
motor is known as Synchronous Motor.

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the
shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly
equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multiphase AC
electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time
with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or
electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides
the second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor.

Fig1.3: Synchronous Machine

INDUCTION MOTOR:

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric

current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from
the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without
electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or
squirrel-cage type.
 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because
they are self-starting, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used
extensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans.

Fig1.4: 3-Phase Induction Motor

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR RATINGS:

IMOFA Cε (90S4S)

No: 92500
IP: 54
Kg: 12
 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

i. Delta Connection

Voltage 230 V
Frequency 50 Hz
KW 1.1
Current 5.2 A
Efficiency (η) 73
Lagging P.F 0.73
Minimum RPM 1395

ii. Y-Connection

Voltage 230V
Frequency 50 Hz
KW 1.1
Current 3A
Efficiency (η) 73
Lagging P.F 0.73
Minimum RPM 1395
 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I
iii. Y-Connection

Voltage 415-460 V
Frequency 60 Hz
KW 1.1
Current 3A
Efficiency (η) 73
Lagging P.F 0.73
Minimum RPM 1650

Fig1.5: 3-Phase Induction Motor Nameplate

.
Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I
3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BRAKE:

Figure.1.6: 3-Phase Induction Motor Brake.

DC MACHINE:

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism,
either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in
part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed
motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used
in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills.
The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors
possible in many applications.
Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

Figure.1.7 (a): DC Machine.

Figure.1.7 (b): DC Machine.

 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

DC MACHINE RATINGS:

DC Motor:

Voltage 200 V
Wattage 360 Watt
Current 3.12 A
Minimum RPM 1800
Field of I 0.18 A
Temperature 14 oC
Data 2008.01
Type Compound Motor
I ns. Class B

DC Generator:

Voltage 200 V
Wattage 360 Watt
Current 1.52 A
Minimum RPM 1800
Field of I 0.17 A
Temperature 14 oC
Data 2008.01
Type Compound Motor
I ns. Class B
Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

Figure.1.8: DC Machine Nameplate.

Figure.1.9DC Machine Nameplate.

 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I
WATT METER:

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of
electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic watt-meters are used for
measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for
radio frequency measurements.

A wattmeter reads the average value of the product v(t)i(t)

= p(t), where v(t) is the voltage with reference polarity in
the ± terminal with respect to the other terminal of the
potential (pressure) coil, and i(t) is the current with
reference direction flowing into the ± terminal of the
current coil.

METER DESCRIPTION:
 Electric Machines Lab Assignment-I

Student Task:

1. Why transformer ratings are in KVA, not in KW?

2. Enlist different types of transformer.
3. Why motor ratings are in KW, not in KVA?
4. Can we operate a 60Hz Transformer on 50Hz supply source and vice versa?
5. Enlist different types of watt-meter and their specifications.
6. Enlist different classes of insulation with properties.
7. Briefly discuss essential information you can find on Motor Nameplate.