CE 581

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Lecture 10: Seismic Design for RC
Framing Systems
Problem of Structural Engineers
• Estimate demands from various loadings on
structures approximately to design safe,
serviceable and economical structures and assess
existing structures and upgrade/demolish them if
needed.
•Uncertainity in loads (gravity, wind, earthquake
etc.)
• Use simplified models to estimate demands
•Seismic design/assessment remains to be an
important field due to the uncertain nature of
demands and capacities.
I’VE FOUND MOST PEOPLE THİNK CİVİL ENGİNEERİNG
RESEARCH İS BREAKİNG CONCRETE. CİVİL ENGİNEERS ARE
SEEN BY MANY AS THE ‘BRİCK LAYERS’ OF THE COMMUNİTY,
WHEN OFTEN WHAT WE DO İS FAR MORE SOPHİSTİCATED
AND MATHEMATİCALLY CHALLENGİNG THAN SOME OF THE
MORE ‘SEXY’ FİELDS OF ENGİNEERİNG."

Prof. Ian Gilbert

 Earthquake Engineering
• Earthquake: Any event that generates seismic waves
• Geological faults are the main sources
• Building damage due to earthquakes: shaking, fault
rupture, liquefaction, landslides, tsunami.
• First recorded motion 1933 Long Beach California
• Newmark, Blume,
 Earthquake Effects
- Earthquake Demands are calculated on simplified models.
SDOF (Single degree of Freedom) System:
Simplest (two paremeter) model to quantify seismic demands

Strong Motion

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SDOF Systems with Different Periods

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Response Spectrum
Davranış
Spektrumu

10 deprem kaydının ortalama spektrumu

7
 Design Spectrum

A simple to tool to estimate the expected elastic base shear force acting on
the building.

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 Period-Demand Relation
Earthquake demands are dictated by vibration periods.
Fundamental period is affected from mass and stiffness distribution.

Input Motion = 0.05g

MEDIAN
5 16TH PER
84TH PER
Spectral Amplification

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Period(sec)
10
 Damping
Mechanism of energy dissipation during vibrations
• Viscous damping: A velocity proportional damping usually
used to mimic the energy dissipation under small amplitude
vibrations.
• Hysteretic damping: Damage related damping under large
amplitude vibrations.

Damping
No damping

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Affect of Damping on Design Spectrum

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 Elastic Multi Degree of Freedom
m3
u3

Equation of Motion
k3 k3
m2

u2 Modal Coordinates:

k2 k2
m1
u1

k1
k1

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 Mode Shapes
 Geometrical vibration shapes that determine the response and
depends on mass and mass distribution, rigidity and its distribution.
 Every mode is defined by a period and shape
 Response of the system can be obtained from the combination
of the responses of modes.

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 How to determine the mode shapes
m3
u3
m1 0 0  2(k1  k2 )  2k 2 0 
k3 k3 M   0 m2 0  K    2k2 2(k2  k3 )  2k3 
m2  
 0 0 m3   0  2k 3 2k3 
u2
Eigenvalue problem
k2 k2
m1
u1 K   2M  0
k1
k1 Mode shapes

K   M   0
i
2
i

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 Modal Analysis
Displacement are written by using seperation of variables. Every mode
is analyzed as an SDOF system. Results are combined according to the
weights of the modes.

SDOF EOM for ith mode:

Modal Participation F:

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 Steps of Modal Analysis
1- Assemble mass and stiffness matrices
2- Solve the eigenvalue problem to solve vibration periods
and mode shapes
3- Solve the SOD system at ith mode
When response spectrum is used, static analysis of the
system under base shear and lateral force distribution
dictated by the spectrum.
4- Combine response quantities (displacements, forces,
moments, stresses (SRSS/CQCC) at the cost of loosing
signs.

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Inelastic Response
• Parameters for elastic SDOF: T, 𝜉
• Paramters for inelastic, SDOF: R, 𝜇,
hystertic relations

R: Response Modification Factor

𝜇: Ductility Demand

𝑉𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑅= =
𝑉𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐵𝑆 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

Δ𝑢 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝜇= =
Δ𝑦 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝.
Inelastic Displacement Demands
Inelastic Dis Demand/Elastic Disp Demand

An empirical rue: EDR

Response Modification factor is associated with
the ductility demand!
For a cantilever beam

R→ 𝜇𝛿 → 𝜇∅ → 𝜖𝑐𝑢 →Confinement, Detailing

 Inelastic Response of Frames
Design for E is impractical and uneconomical.
Vb

E
F3

F2

F1

Kat Ötelenmesi, 
 Energy Dissipation
Input energy from shaking is dissipated through inelastic
action. Energy absorbtion capacity is proportional to
ductility.
Yük

Fy μ = Δu / Δy

Et = Fy Δy (μ – 1 )

Ey = Fy Δy (μ – 1/2 )

Δy Δu Deplasman

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 Where to dissipate energy?
Plastic hinge regions at the end of beams, columns and walls
are suitable to dissipate energy energy at the cost of sustaining
damage.

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 Design Forces
Factors contributing to overstrength:
• Design conservatism in loads
• Design conservatism in strength
• Strain hardening
• 3D interactions between structural
and nonstructural elements not
considered in design

(1.5-3)

R= Response Modification Factor (5-8)

Reff=Ductility associated force reduction factor (2-6)
 Structural Systems
• Frame Systems
• Wall Systems
• Dual Systems
How are the earthquake forces trasmitted?
 Experience!

If we learned much from testing and research we learned a lot from earhquake
experiences!!
Seismic Design
 Prescriptive Design

• Codes provide loads,

combinations, analysis rules,
calculation of member strength,
detailing rules, displacement
limits.
• Easy to apply and check
• No definite performance spelled
out!!
Ensure Desired Mechanisms
 Loads
• Loads can not be estimated purely with a deterministic
approach a stochastic process is involved.
• When we insist on using a deterministic approach, we must use
relatively high load factors.
TS-500-2000 Load Combinations

Load Factors Gravity Live Wind Earthq.

1.4G+1.6Q √ √
1.0G+1.3Q+1.3W √ √ √
0.9G+1.3W √ √
1.0G+1.0Q±1.0E √ √ √
0.9G+1.0E √ √
 Ultimate Strength Design
• Members are designed to take inelastic action as they reach to their
ultimate strength
• Effects can be determined from elastic analysis
• Member strengths are calculated by considering inelastic action.
• Material strength is assumed.

1. Servieceability: Avoid excessive deflections

2. Strength: Check ultimate strength
3. No collapse: Robustness provided at the system and member level, through
ductility, by using redundancy and fuses
 Performance Based Design
• Performance objectives are dictated in prescriptive design
methods.

An Example from Turkish Earthquake Code

Chapter 7 is intended as a performance based assessment approach.

 Performance Based Design
Is alternative design allowed? If so under which conditions it isneeded?
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2011)
Performance Based Design
 Performance Based Design
• Design by Testing in Eurocode-8 Annex D
 Performance Based Design
• Provides flexibility for new materials, structural systems
• Requires ‘testing/simulation’ of materials/structures under
scenarios
• Expertise in judging the acceptability (peer review)
• Requires definition of performance limits for members/structures
• Possible to apply for:
- tall buildings
- existing structures
- seismic effects
- energy efficiency
 Prescriptive Seismic Design
• Define minimum strength requirements (economy/safety)
• Select a target yielding mechanism
• Provide strength/ductility for yielding elements (post yield deformation capacity)
Rely on deformation capacity by providing ductility
• Non-yielding elements must have sufficient strength
Rules of Capacity Design Principles
(Strength is important otherwise unnecessary)
 Performance Based Seismic Design
• Select performance levels for investigation (First proposal by SEASOC 1995)

TBI (2011) Performance Objectives

 Performance Based Seismic Design
• Conduct initial design by using prescriptive design rules
• Conduct nonlinear analysis to assess performance

Nonlinear Static Analysis Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

 Building Systems
• Frame systems
- special moment resisting frames
- ordinary (gravity) moment resisting frames
• Wall systems
• Flat plate systems (must havea LFR System)
• Dual systems
 Special Moment Resisting Frames
• Composed of beams, columns, beam-column joints
• Can be pre-stressed or non-prestressed
• Provides architectural flexiblity
• Typical spans 4 to 9 m
• Story heigts 3 to 6 m
• Designed with R=8 (extensive inelastic action expected)
Beams:
• l/h> 4 for beams to ensure flexure dominated response (ACI)
• Deepth h>300 mm
• Beam width b>250 mm, 0.3h
Columns:
• Aspecr ratio limit 4 (ACI), 7 (TEC), 5 (RBTEİE)
• Usually minimum dimension around 300 mm
Limits on Beams in TS 500
Limits on Columns in TS 500
 Design of Special Moment Resisting
Frames under EQ Demands
Significant inelasticity is expected. Therefore;
• Detail a strong column-weak beam system
• Detail beams and columns for ductile flexural response
• Avoid brittle failure modes suchas shear, bond, connection
• Avoid interaction with non-structural components
 Strong Column-Weak Beam

Story Mechanism Intermediate Mechanism Beam Mechanism

Columns support all stories above, whereas beams support only the floor:
Column failure is of greater consequence than beam failure
• If beam moment capacity eceeds column moment capacities: SM
• If column moment capacity exceeds beam moment capacities by a small margin: IM
• If column moment capacity exceeds beam moment capacities several times: BM
BM is not always economical so we must have seismic detailing
Example
 Examples

Kobe Earthquake (1995) Van Earthquake (1995)

 Ductility by Detailing
• Beam hinging and some column hinging is
expected.
Nonductile failure modes
 Column Axial Failure

Column axial failure trigger progressive collapse as axial

load from an overloaded column is transferred to
adjacent columns leading to collapse of the whole
story. Estimation of axial collapse is difficult:
- Time variation of force
- Disintegration of materials
- Multi directional effects
- Local-large deformations
Connections
 Frame Yielding Mechanism
Reasons of column hinging
- Beam overstrength (oversizing, slab, strain
hardening, material)
- Collapse mechanism with minimum load!!
- Biaxial Loading
 Plastic Collapse Mechanism

• Correct mechanism found for 6 story case.

• Results are close that could make other mechanisms possible in reality due to change in
moment capacities, lateral force distribution.
• During earthquake, mechanisms can shift.
Effect of column to beam capacities
 Higher Modes

At certain times during the ground motion, moment strength of a single column can be
equal to the sum of beam moment strengths.
Biaxial Loading
Beam Yielding Mechanism
To Ensure Reversed Beam Hinges
Member Forces
 Beam Shear

Mpr is computed by multiplying the design moment by 1.25 x 1.15=1.4

 Column Shear

Too conservative when beam yielding takes place!!

Column Shear
 Comparison of Column Shears
(10 Story building by Visnjic et. al. 2014)
 Column Axial Forces From Limit Analysis

Good for single mode low to midrise buildings!!

 Member Deformation Demands
• Reuqires nonlinear dynamic analysis
- Model calibration
- Representative ground motions
- Tim for pre-post processing
 A simple Approximation for Beams

• Code interstory drift ratio limit: 2% for

design earthquake.
• For extreme events (1.5 factor) the limit
is 3%.
Beam Deformation Capacities
Column Deformation Capacities

Current code requirements of TEC (2007)

and ACI 318-11 (and before) provide
sufficient deformability.
The upper axial force limit of 0.5fck Ag
controls relatively low deformation capacity
of columns under high axial forces.
Detailing Rules Acc.to TEC (2007) Chapter 3
≥
≤
Detailing
Examples
Constructability
Constructability