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Class 12 Maths ch-5 Notes

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Class 12 Maths ch-5 Notes

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Ch-5 CONTINUITY AND


DIFFERENTIABILITY

 Continuity
Definition 1-
Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point in
the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if
𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)= 𝒇𝒇(𝒄𝒄)
𝒙𝒙→𝒄𝒄

(Naively, we may say that a function is continuous at a fixed point if we can draw
the graph of the function around that point without lifting the pen from the plane
of the paper.)
Definition 2-
a function is continuous at x = c if the function is defined at x = c and if the value
of the function at x = c equals the limit of the function at x = c. If f is not
continuous at c, we say f is discontinuous at c and c is called a point of
discontinuity of f.

Example– Examine whether the function f given by f(x) = 𝑥𝑥2is continuous at x = 0.


Solution
First note that the function is defined at the given point x = 0 and its value is 0.
Then find the limit of the function at x = 0. Clearly
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑥𝑥2 = 02 = 0
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

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lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 = 𝑓𝑓(0)


𝑥𝑥→0

Hence, f is continuous at x = 0.
Definition 3-
A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every point in the
domain of f.
Continuity of f at a means
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

and continuity of f at b means


lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏)
𝑥𝑥→𝑏𝑏

Example-
Discuss the continuity of the function f given by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑥𝑥2 − 1.
Solution
Clearly f is defined at every real number c and its value at 𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐3 + 𝑐𝑐2 − 1.We also
know that
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑥𝑥2 − 1) = 𝑐𝑐3 + 𝑐𝑐2 − 1
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐

Thus lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐), and hence f is continuous at every real number. This
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐
means f is a continuous function.

Algebra of continuous functions-


Theorem 1. Suppose f and g be two real functions continuous at a real number c.
(1) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(2) f – g is continuous at x = c.
(3) f . g is continuous at x = c.

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𝑓𝑓
(4) { } is continuous at x = c, (provided g (c) ≠ 0).
𝑔𝑔

• every rational function is continuous.


• LHL(Left hand limit)=RHL(Right hand limit), for continuous function
Theorem 2.
Suppose f and g are real valued functions such that (f o g) is defined at c. If g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at c.
Example-
Find all the points of discontinuity of the function f defined by
𝑥𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 < 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = { 0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑥𝑥 − 2, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 > 1
Solution
As in the previous example we find that f is continuous at all real numbers x ≠ 1.
The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→1

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is


lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 1 − 2 = −1
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→1

Since, the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not coincide, f is not continuous
at x = 1. Hence x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

 Differentiability

𝑑𝑑
Derivative of f at c is denoted by f ′(c) or (𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)).The derivative of f at c is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
defined by

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𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐 + ℎ) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Left hand derivative at (x = a) = Right hand derivative at (x = a)
i.e. LHD at (x = a) = RHD (at x = a)
The process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation. We also use
the phrase differentiate f(x) with respect to x to mean find f ′(x).
The following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives:
(1) (u ± v)′ = u′ ± v′
(2) (uv)′ = u′v + uv′ (Leibnitz or product rule)
𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑢𝑢𝘍𝘍𝑣𝑣−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′
(3) ( ) = , wherever v ≠ 0 (Quotient rule)
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣2

A function is said to be differentiable in an interval [a, b] if it is differentiable at


every point of [a, b]. As in case of continuity, at the end points a and b, we take
the right hand limit and left hand limit, which are nothing but left hand derivative
and right hand derivative of the function at a and b respectively. Similarly, a
function is said to be differentiable in an interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at
every point of (a, b).
• Corollary 1- Every differentiable function is continuous
• (Chain Rule)
Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but every continuous function is
not differentiable.
Differentiation of Functions in Parametric Form: A relation expressed between
two variables x and y in the form x = f(t), y = g(t) is said to be parametric form with
t as a parameter, when (whenever dx/dt≠0)
Rolle’s Theorem: Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a,
b) such that f(a) = f(b), where a and b are some real numbers. Then, there exists at
least one number c in (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.
Mean Value Theorem: Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous function on [a, b]and
differentiable on (a, b). Then, there exists at least one number c in (a, b) such that
Note: Mean value theorem is an expansion of Rolle’s theorem.

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Derivatives of implicit functions-


a relationship between x and y is expressed in a way that it is easy to solve for y
and write y = f(x), we say that y is given as an explicit function of x.
implicit that y is a function of x and we say that the relationship of the second
type, above, gives function implicitly.
Example-
Find dy/dx , if y + sin y = cos x.
Solution
We differentiate the relationship directly with respect to x, i.e.,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑(sin 𝑦𝑦)
+ = 𝑑𝑑(cosX)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
which implies using chain rule
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = − sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This gives
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
=−
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + cos 𝑦𝑦
y ≠ (2n + 1) π
Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions-
Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domains):
𝒅𝒅(𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔−𝟏𝟏𝒙𝒙) 𝟏𝟏
1. =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝟏𝟏−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅(𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕−𝟏𝟏𝒙𝒙) 𝟏𝟏
2. =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝟏𝟏+𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄−𝟏𝟏𝒙𝒙) 𝟏𝟏
3. =−
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝟏𝟏−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅(𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙)
4. = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

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𝒅𝒅(𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒙𝒙) 𝟏𝟏
5. =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒙𝒙

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions-

𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃𝒑𝒑
1. 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒂 𝒑𝒑 =
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃𝒂𝒂
2. 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑 + 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃𝒒𝒒
3. 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑
4. 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒏𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑
𝒙𝒙
5. 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 − 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒃𝒚𝒚

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