~ '

Sa lie nt Fe at ur es
St ru ctu re of an at om
• !!:~i:~::;~~~:~t in sp ec ifi c or bi ts , w ith ou t radi
atin g energy. So th es e are
• 111 ea ch sh el l, el ec tro ns ha ve a de fin ite energy
• M ax nu m be r of el ec tro
ns is 2n 2
• W ith in cr ea se in n , th e en er gy of el ectrons increase
• C ha rg e o f e is -1 .6 xl O 19
- c.
• M as s is 9. 1 x 10 - 31
kg w hi ch is 1/ 18 40 of th e mass of a proton
• P ro to ns an d ne ut ro ns
to ge th er are calle d nu cl eo ns
kg an d eq ua l . M as s of pr ot on is 1. 67 x 10-21
to m as s of ne ut ro n
• A to m ic nu m be r.Z is nu m be r of pr ot on s ( eq ua l to electrons).
• M as s nu m be r A is th e
to ta l nu m be r of nu cl eo ns
ne gl ig ib le co m pa re d to m {p + n). M as s of an electron is
ass of pr ot on or ne ut ro n. He
m as s o f pr ot on + _mass of nc e, to ta \ mass of at om =
ne ut ro n.
• An at om is re pr es en te d as A 2X ·
• T he lig ht es t at om is hy
dr og en w he re A =l ·a nd Z= l, ne xt he lium, He A=4 and Z=2
 Isotopes
Ato ms of the same element,
Un.stable isotopes:
Ha vin g same Z bu t diff ere nt A
• No of neutrons are mu ch mo re tha n
• Same no of electrons and pro ton s
the no of pro tons.- the y become unstable
• Dif fer ent no of neu tron s
and radioactive
• Chemical properties are same
• Eg. Pro tium , Deuterium, Tri tium
Eg. 238 92U
• Usually, 1 isotope is mo re abu nda nt
tha n
the oth ers 235 LJ
92
• Tin (Sn) has the largest num ber of iso
topes
• 2 typ es -st ab le and unstable
Z= 92 ( bot h radioactive)
C12, C13, C14 l C14 is radioactive)
Isobars
Ato ms of diff ere nt ele me nts wit h same
A bu t
1
diff ere nt Z.
Nu cle ons same, p and e diff ere nt, A-Z neu
tron s diff ere nt
 l
. /Definition: It is the proce f Radioactivity ·
th ss o spontaneous emis .
e nucleus of atoms during their dee I . s1on of alpha, beta and_gamma radiations from
ay. tis a nuclear phenomenon.
• Discovere d by Henry Becquerel
• Photograp hic plate got affected by uranium
- in 1896
• : ~ypes of radiation - +ve ly charged a
, -ve ly charges 13 , uncharged y
• 1t 1s spontaneo us emission
• Isotopes of elements above lead Z=82, are radioactive.
• It is a nuclear phenomen on
• Cannot be predicted which or when a nucleus will disintegrate. Hence, it is a
random phenomen on.
• Almost all elements with Z > 82 show radioactive properties,
because of high no of neutrons than no of protons
• Any physical change (like, temperatu re, pressure etc) or chemical change (like heating,
oxidation. , action of electric and magnetics field) does not affect nature of radiation
-emitted by a radioactive substance
.
,
 :Alpha parti cles
4
2
He or He
2
+ GD
2p
2n ·

Beta particles _ ~
o -1P or o -1e

Gamma radiations
Fast moving or energetic High energy electromagnetic radia tions
elect rons
Alpha parti cle or Helium nucleus
Unstable nucleus converts a neutron
Follow alpha and beta emission
·to a proto n. An elect ron ( cann ot rema in EM radiations of very low wave leng th
(An unst able nucl eus with more In the nucleus) is emit ted.
from excited nucleus, extra enecg\'
neut rons emit positively char ged High spee d electrons are beta particles.
Is released
Alpha parti cles) Negatively charged.
Z and A remain same
( 2 neut rons + 2 proto ns) Plus ener gy is released
The daug hter nucleus is an isobar of the parent,
The daug hter nucl eus is place d two With Z +lan d 1 place higher in Periodic Table
plac es lowe r in the perio dic table .
1
0
n _ _ _ __ 1 p + o e
l -1
Alpha and beta emissions do not take place simultaneously t e.f,:vi, - ..,,..,. 'l'-1""")
J)- '-1
,p ,t2 "'~ - ~ ➔ s~
r-J~ ➔
. •()(. -e /;'V'-f . MI· - "l- - l"\ ➔ +v<- 'P V"> •
·,1-- 1 ~,..1.,- (.. J,. t,~ , ' ~ ~ll l z.) _, !" !
~ - ~;~ ,'- .,_~1a----- e~ .
(]~ ~ - ,1,,, ~ YI O ......, ~ ~
1 ~ ~J.1 1'-' _e...
f -t-1, IJ1.., ""° ~ ➔ - I
•
gamma radiations
Com par ativ e pro per ties of alpha, beta and
Pro per ty @tnmemumts -•:Gtl•Eil@S ·Gamma-radiation .
'Name · Stre~m of+ vei y charged . · Stream of..;;,vely charged ._: ~lectro-r11agnetic radiation
rgy
'i;>artides '. Hel ium nucleus ~articles.Erle,i··&etic el·ectrons :.~ -itfthigh. ene
.•·- . _:. · _-
Least ~or e than alpha Speed of ligh t
Speed
Highest. 4·tim es mass of a Equal to mass of an electron :No ·mass ·
·Rest mass
pro ton
-ve. -e No charge
Charge .+v e.2 p
. L~ast deflected~ Towards:~ Mo.,re . deflected tha,n .algha. · ' Undeflected
·.-Ef fec t.hf el.e.ctri,c a~d .·
1
ve term ina l · · Towards ·+ve·~·Opposite to .
:·rn.c:1gn¢ticfield . ,: ·\ · . , . . ! . - .
alpha
--;r;r_r;y: .:. --. .-- ,·..

. ~;·;
Min imu m
Less tha n alpla
·Ma xim um
Ion isin g pow er .· Maximum
·•- , , More tharpJlpJ1a
_pow.~r Least .
'. e'~ne~r,ating. ·., .
. . _: . ~ '
. .'.:_-.;· . ~
More damage Huge damage
Least damage
Bio log ical dam age
 Chan ges that take place in a nucl ear chan ge:
A. a chan ge in the num ber of nucl eons
/ 2. A and Z are cons erve d. Sum of Z of react ants is equa l to
sum of Z of prod ucts. Similarly, for A ....
I. Emis sion of alpha partic les
AzX --- --- --- - A-4Z-2Y + 4 2 He
23892 U - -- - ------- - - -+ 234901h + 42He +1
charg e -1
mass 0 1 1
A-➔S~
~e,.p .-k_~ . p~ {n· -~ -z_. ➔ +J
l. Emis sion of beta parti cles
~ -~ ~ ) V'-7
AzX
_ _ _ __ ~
A '/:f 1.¥., + 0 -1e ( .,,~ ~ f---J- A- 7S a.----1
(J.- r~· ~ f '? ~ -z... ➔,-,
(
I. Gam ma radia tion
A
2
X + y (radia tion)
AzX
 Uses of Radio activ ity
Medi cal Use Indus trial Use Scientific Use
• Kills cancer cells • Uranium used as fuel for reactors • Alpha used for scattering
• Radio isotopes ,tracers used for • Beta radiation used for calculating Used for study of nucleus
Daignosis of clots etc Thickness of sheets • Agriculture
• Gam ma rays are used for • Ionising effect used for luminescent • Archaeology- to study carbo n
steril izatio n signs decay from beta emission
Background Radiations
substances
Radi ation s we are exposed to even in the absence of radioactive
Two sourc es:
1. Inter nal sources - K-40, C-14 prese nt in our body
ring like radon
2. Exte rnal sources- solar radia tions , cosmic rays, natur ally occur
huma n body.
Tota l back grou nd radia tion do not exceed the safet y limit for
Harmtu\ Effects ot Radioacthnty
Sourc es: Safety Measures
• Nude ar attide nts • While setting up nuclear powe r plants
• Nuc\ear waste
• Other radiations , cosmic and X-ra:is • While handling radioactive subst ances
• Waste disposal
Harm ful Effects:
• Short term effects
• Long term effects
• Gene tic effects
 . Nuclear fission and Fusion

• In a nuclear change, total mass of product nucl~i < total mass of

reactant nuclgi.
• There is loss of mass.
• Energy is released due to loss of mass - Einstein's theory o,_f
Relativity- mass energy equivalence
vi/ E = 8m c2
When 1 kg mass is lost, E =1 X (3xl08 ) 2 =9 X 1016 J = 2.5 X 1010kWh
Atomic mass unit, a.m.u. ·=1.66 x 10-27kg

When 1 a.m.u. mass is lost,

E= {1.66x10"27 ) X {3x10 8 ) 2
=1.49 X 10·10 J
Now, leV = 1.6 x 10·19 J , therefore, lMeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J
E = 1.49 X 10·10 / 1.6 X 10·13
= 931 Mev M ~ o.,V ~ r<f e)/~

1 a.m.u. mass is equivalent to 931Mev of energy vt/

 Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fission
Two light nuclei combine to fo
rm aE ;av}
avy nucleus
~eutrons are bombarded, a he - nd very
nu clei with release of energy u er .::::>
nuclei with
splits up into 2 almost equal pressur~· •
high temperature(10"7~) a_n.cl._
. r~lease of energy
1 H+ I2 H ➔ -~He+ ~n+3.27MeV
Loss in mass= 0.20a .m.u I

~ H + ;H ➔ ~H + /H + 4.03M
eV
la.m.u = 931 MeV
:H + iH ➔ ;He+ ~n+ 17.59MeV
0.20 = 190 MeV
~ H + ~He ➔ 1He+ ;H + 18
.3MeV

, Deuterl~m·+ Oeuterlu;,,,,. ~
~Helium + energy
. f:·~: .. - .-" -~, ;... • .
-· l ; I. \....
:rH ;_He ~ energy
. :,H ., + , .-

' • 'I•

92 l
s6Ba +J6Kr+J 0·n
l 23 5u 141
on+ 92 -+
+Energy
In one reaction , 24 .7 MeV
Is released.
rature and
Possible at ordinary tempe

pressure
fus ion are no t
released Substances which undergo =
In one reaction 19 0M ev is
radioactive
s
Non-radioactive substance
Radioactive substances
ogen bomb
Uncontrolled Cj nn ot be co ntrolled . Hydr
Gives rise to chain reaction.
;
chain reaction -a to m bomp
nuclear .
on tro lle d chain reaction -

reactor