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Chapter Force and Pressure Notes Class 8th PDF

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76 views5 pages

Chapter Force and Pressure Notes Class 8th PDF

Free notes dor students

Uploaded by

ojasvmiglani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER :- FORCE AND PRESSURE

 Introduction :

Force:- A push or pull that changes the position, size, shape and speed of the moving body is
called force. It can also change the direction of the moving body. Force is measured in terms
of newton.

Characteristics of forces:

 When two forces act in the same direction, the net resultant force on an object is the sum
of these two forces.
 When two forces act in opposite directions the net resultant force is the difference of
these two forces. The force has a magnitude which describes its strength.
 The force always has a direction in which it is applied and a measure of its strength or
magnitude.
 The effect of more than one forces being applied on an object is calculated by evaluating
the net force acting on that object.
 If two forces are acting upon each other having equal magnitudes (strength) and in
opposite directions then the net force acting on the object will be zero.
 Force can bring different effects to an object’s position, size and shape.
 Force can change the state of motion of an object.
 Force can change the shape of an object.

Types of Forces: On the basis of the nature of the interaction between two or more
objects, forces can be classified as :

 Contact Forces

Contact forces Non-contact forces


These kinds of forces are applied only These kinds of forces are applied when the objects do not
when two or more objects come in contact come in contact with each other and yet are exerting a force
with each other. upon each other.

Example: Magnetic Force, Gravitational Force, Electrostatic


Example: Muscular Force, Frictional Force
Force
 Muscular Force
 The force that comes into play because of the action of muscles is called muscular
force. For example:
 Human beings use muscular force in order to walk.
 The expansion and contraction of lungs is because of muscular force
 Movement of food along the food pipe
 Animals can also exit muscular forces; that's why they can move from one place to
another

 Frictional Force :- It is the force that is exerted by the surface over an object whenever the
object moves on the surface. Force of friction has the following characteristics:

 The force of friction always acts in


the opposite direction of the
motion of the object.

 It leads to generation of heat as


two surfaces come in contact with
each other. For example, when we
rub our hands together, heat is
produced as a result of friction
between our hands.
 Frictional force also leads to wear and tear of the
surfaces of objects that come in contact with each
other. For example, sole of shoes often gets worn-out
due to friction force that acts between them and the
ground as we walk.
 Air Resistance :- Whenever an object moves or flies in the air, it experiences a force called
air resistance.

 Non-Contact Forces
 Magnetic Force
 The force exerted by any
magnetic object is called
magnetic force.
 We know that like magnetic
poles always repel each other,
that is, they push each other
away.
 Also, opposite magnetic poles always attract each other, that is, they pull each other
towards themselves.
 Electrostatic Force
 The force exerted by a charged particle is called electrostatic force.
 We know that like charges always repel or push each other away.
 Similarly, opposite charges always attract or pull each other towards themselves.

 Gravitational force
 It is an attractive force that is applied by the earth on all the objects.
 It is also called the force of gravity or gravity that acts upon all the objects that are
present on or near the Earth's surface.
 Gravity is a property exhibited by every object present in the universe and not only
the earth. Hence, all the planets, the moons and even the sun have a gravitational
force of their own.
 Pressure :- The pressure is the quantity with which can measure how much force is exerted
on a body. It can also be defined as the amount of force applied perpendicularly on a unit
square meter area.
 Hence, the pressure exerted by an object depends upon its surface area.
 If the surface is small, the amount of pressure applied is large, and vice-versa.
 The SI unit of Pressure is
Pascal (Pa) or N/m2 .

 The pressure exerted by liquids


and gases.
 Liquids exert a pressure on the
walls of the container in which
they are put in.
 The pressure that a liquid exerts
on the bottom of the container is dependent upon the height of the liquid in the container.
 The liquid exerts equal pressure on different points on the walls of the container having the
same depth.
 Similarly, gases also exert pressure on the walls of the container. The molecules of a gas of
higher kinetic energy collide with walls applying large force, and as a result these molecules
apply pressure on the walls of the container.
 Similarly, gases also exert pressure on the walls of the container.
The molecules of a gas of higher kinetic energy collide with walls
applying large force, and as a result these molecules apply
pressure on the walls of the container.

 Atmospheric Pressure: Atmospheric pressure is the amount of


force exerted by the air surrounding us downwards upon the
earth's unit surface.
 The atmospheric pressure keeps on increasing as we move towards the Earth’s surface.
 The amount of atmospheric pressure upon us is quite large due to the large surface area of
the atmosphere around the earth but we do not experience any of its effects. - This is so
because the pressure of the air inside our body is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
There are also fluids present in our body that exert a pressure inside our body. Hence, our
bodies easily obtain a balance with the atmospheric pressure.
 However sometimes at higher altitudes where the atmospheric pressure is low as
compared to that at the Earth’s surface (low altitudes), nose bleeding occurs - This is so
because at that time the blood pressure in our body becomes higher than the atmospheric
pressure outside us.

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