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Hydrology 2

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8 views5 pages

Hydrology 2

Uploaded by

ivyshamju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GUAGES

• A network of rain guages is the simplest and most common means of measurement of
rainfall.
• A number of stations are found to be adequate to represent the reliable picture of the
intensity and duration of rainfall.
• Rain guage density – area covered by a rainguage
• The network of rainguage design is found to be satisfactory when any addition of rain
guage will alter the rainfall accessed.
2
C
• Optimum number m = ( v ) e-permissible degree of error in %
e
C v - coefficient of variation of mean rainfall
σ
C v= X 100 value in %
P av

σ - std: deviation
√ ∑ (P−P av )2
n−1
P- rainguage values (depth of rainfall)
Pav - Mean rain guage values

n- number of rainguages installed.


PRESENTATION OF RAINFALL DATA
• 1. Mass rainfall curve
– It is the plot between accumulated rainfall in Y axis and time in X axis.
– Can be used for determining intensity, amount and duration of rainfall.
– The amount and duration can be directly obtained from the graph.
– The tangent at any point gives the intensity
– Intensity is measured in mm/hr or cm/hr

2. Hyetograph
– It is the graph between intensity of rainfall on Y-axis and time on X- axis
– The area of the hyetograph gives the total rainfall occurring in that period.

3. Point rain fall


• Rain fall data in a rainguage station is called as point or station rainfall.
• Represented in a graph with magnitude of rainfall on the Y axis and time on X axis
WATER LOSSES/ WATER ABSTRACTION FROM PRECIPITATION
• 1. Interception - The amount of precipitation intercepted by the vegetal cover
• 2. Transpiration – The process by which water vapors escapes from the leaves of the
plants and enters the atmosphere
Methods to find – Watershed studies,
Phythometer
• 3. Evaporation- It is the combined process of both evaporation and transpiration from
plants which are at field
• 4. Infiltration – Movement of water through the soil surface and into the soil.
• 5. Depression storage –Filled in depressions in field
INFILTRATION
• Infiltration capacity- The maximum rate at which water will enter the soil in a given
condition
• Infiltration rate- Rate at which water actually enters the soil during a storm and is
equal to the infiltration capacity , or the rainfall rate which is less
• Factors affecting infiltration rate
1. soil moisture
2. type of soil
3. permeability or porosity
4. presence of vegetal cover
5. soil particle size
6. compaction of soil.
HORTON’S EQUATION
• The infiltration capacity at any time t,
f t=f c + ( f o−f c ) e−k t

f o−¿ Initial infiltrationrate

f c FInal infiltration rate

K- constant, whose value depends on the type of soil and the vegetation
t- Time

MEASUREMENT OF INFILTRATION RATE


1. Single tube infiltrometer
Consist of
-metal tube of diameter 25 to 30cm, length 50 to 60 cm
- major drawback – infiltrated water percolates laterally at the bottom of the ring, thus
the tube is not truly representing the area through which the infiltration is taking
place.
2. Double ring infiltrometer
Consist of
- Two concentric rings diameter varies from 25 to 60 cm.
-Purpose of outer ring is to suppress the lateral percolation of water from the inner
ring
INFILTRATION INDICES
• Infiltration rate does not remain constant. It varies with time.
• For hydrological computations, it is more convenient to use an average constant rate.
• Infiltration indices are extremely useful for the analysis of major floods.
1. ɸ index
2. W index
ɸ INDEX
• It is the average rate of rainfall such that the volume of rainfall in excess of average
rate is equal to the volume of runoff.
• The value of the ɸ index obtained from rainfall hyetograph and resulting runoff.

W INDEX
• It is the average rate of infiltration, during the period when the rainfall intensity
exceeds the infiltration rate.
P−R−S
W index = P- Total precipitation
t
R- Total surface run off
S- Depression storage
t- time period during which the rainfall intensity
exceeds infiltration rate
• W index is more accurate than ɸ index
• W index < ɸ index

EVAPORATION
• Process by which water from liquid or solid state passes into the vapour state and is
diffused into atmosphere
• Transpiration- process by which water passes from liquid to vapor state through plant
metabolism
• Evapotranspiration- process from which water is evaporated from wet surfaces and
transpired by plant together.
Measurement of evaporation
- Evaporation pan method
-Empirical method
-Analytical method
PAN COEFFICIENT
• Evaporation measured from a small pan will not be same as the evaporation from
a large lake or reservoir since the exposure conditions are not identical in both
cases.
• Heat storing capacity, heat transferred from side and bottom of pan are different
from that of lake or reservoir.
• Height of rim above the water surface in an evaporation pan affects the wind
action over the surface.
• Therefore ratio of reservoir evaporation to pan evaporation is called, “PAN
COEFFICIENT”
• PAN COEFFICIENT (Cp) =
Actual evaporation ¿ reservoir ¿ pan¿
Measured evaporation ¿
– Cp = 0.8 (IS)
= 0.7 (US)
ESTIMATING MISSING RAINFALL DATA
• If N 1, N 2, N 3, and N x represents the average annual rainfalls at stations 1,2,3 and x
respectively, and P1, P2, P3, and P xrepresents their respective precipitation data of the
day for which the data is missing at station X ., then we have
P 1 + P2 + P3
• P x= ( provided N 1, N 2, N 3, differs within 10% of N x )
3

RECURRENCE INTERVAL
• Recurrence interval of a given storm is the time interval during which the given storm
is likely to be equalled or exceeded.
• At a given station, the maximum precipitation of 20cm has got a recurrence interval
of 5 years means the chance of rainfall are such that once in 5 years rain is likely to
equalled or exceed 20cm.
N= T.m
T= total number of years of record
m= number of times the given rain is equalled or exceeded (ranking number)

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