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3 - Structural Form 191125

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12 views18 pages

3 - Structural Form 191125

Uploaded by

Azumasen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Science

Chapter Three
Structural Forms

1
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Tie Rods

Structural members subjected


to a tensile force are often
referred to as the tie rods or
bracing struts.

Tie rod

2
Beam
• Beams are usually straight horizontal members used
primarily to carry vertical loads.

10 kN 15 kN
4 kN/m

A B P C D
HB
VB VC
2m 4m
10m 3m
Simple beam
Overhanging Beam
40 kN

MA A 5 kN/m
HA
4m B P C
VA 3m 3m

3
Cantilever Beam
Beam before and after loading

4
Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial
compressive loads are referred to as columns.

Column

Typical cross-sections

5
STRUCTURAL FORM
The form that a structure is to take is
dependent on many considerations :-
1. functional requirements
2. aesthetic requirements,
3. foundation conditions,
4. availability of materials,
5. economic limitations

6
Tension and Compression Structures

• composed of members that are subjected


to pure tension or compression.
• provides for highly efficient material usage
because there is a constant stress level
over the entire cross-sectional area of
each member.
• compression elements are susceptible to
buckling.

7
Examples
Support

Cable
Tensile force

Cable-supported structure
(One of the simplest structural forms)

The above structure contains cable elements that serve as tension members.

8
The arch structures carry pure compression in its
primary element.

Compression

Arch Structures

(One of the simplest structural forms)

9
A common structural form in which tension and
compression elements are combined is the pin-
connected truss. Each element carries pure tension or
compression and acts in concert with other elements to
form a stable structural system.

10
The simplest internally stable plane truss can be formed by
connecting three members at their ends by hinges to form
a triangle. This triangular truss is called the basic truss
element.

A triangular truss is internally stable in the sense that


it is a rigid body that will not change its shape under loads.
In contrast, a rectangular truss is internally unstable because
it will change its shape and collapse when subjected to a
general system of coplanar forces.
11
The basic truss element ABC can be enlarged by attaching
two new members, BD and CD, to two of the existing joints
B and C and by connecting them to form a new joint D.
The truss can be further enlarged by repeating the same
procedure. Truss constructed by this procedure is called
simple trusses.

30 kN
30 kN

20 kN

5m
A B

5m 5m 5m 5m

12
Flexural Beam and Frame Structures
A flexural element is one that is subjected to a
bending action. Bending induces compression on
one side of the element and tension on the other side
and that a transverse shear may also be present in
the member.

13
14
Beam Compressive Stress

Tensile Stress

Forces induced by bending moment

15
Flexural frame structures
They are formed from a combination of beam and column
elements, some of which are subjected to pure flexure
while others carry a combination of flexure and tension or
compression.
5 4
20 kN 3
25 kN

C D
4m

10 kN
B
4m

A E

12 m

Frame Structures 16
Structures that are composed of flexural elements can
receive along their member lengths loads that are directed
normal to the orientation of the members. They also
distinguished from pin-connected trusses by having
flexural-resistant connections that ensure continuity at the
member ends.

17
OTHER TYPES OF STRUCUTRES

18

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