Python programming

- Data Structures -
EL Moukhtar ZEMMOURI

ENSAM – Meknès

Version 1.0 – 2024

Python Data Structures

 Compound types
• Sequences
o Immutable sequences
• Strings str
• Tuples tuple
• Bytes byte
o Mutable sequences

• Lists list
• Byte Arrays bytearray

• Set types
o Sets set
o Frozen sets frozenset

• Mappings
o Dictionaries dict
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Sequences
• Represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative numbers
• Built-in function len() returns the number of items
• A sequence a is indexed by 0 to len(a)-1
o Item i of sequence a is accessed by a[i]

• Sequences support slicing

o a[i:j] selects items with index k, i <= k < j.
• Immutable sequences
o Objects cannot change once it is created

• Mutable sequences
o Object can be changed after creation

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 Sequences

• Common operations :
o x in s True if an item of s is equal to x, else False
o x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x, else True
o s + t the concatenation of s and t
o s * n or n * s equivalent to adding s to itself n times
o min(s) smallest item of s
o max(s) largest item of s
o sum(s)

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Set types

• Represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable objects

o è Cannot be indexed
o Can be iterated over
o Built-in function len() returns the number of items

• Common uses for sets :

o membership testing,
o removing duplicates from a sequence,
o computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union, difference,
and symmetric difference.

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 Mappings

• Represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index sets

o è index may be string, numbers, …
o a[k] selects the item indexed by k from the mapping a
o Built-in function len() returns the number of items

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Strings

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 Strings
• Strings are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters
• A Python str can be enclosed in single or double quotes:
o 'Hello World' is the same as "Hello World".
o String literals can span multiple lines using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...'''

• Python does not have a char data type.

o è a single character is a string with a length of 1.

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Strings
• Declaration, indexing, slicing

>>> a = "Hello world!" >>> s = "Hello World!"

>>> b = '"Hello world!", I said' >>> s[0] = 'h'
>>> c = """ this is TypeError: 'str' object does
... a multiline block not support item assignment
... of text """

>>> a[0]
'H' >>> a[-1] >>> b[1:6]
>>> b[0] '!' 'Hello'
'"' >>> a[-len(a)] >>> a[6:]
>>> a[11] 'H' 'world!'
'!' >>> a[0] >>> a[:5]
>>> a[12] 'H' 'Hello'
IndexError: string index out >>> a[len(a)-1] >>> b[-6:]
of range '!' 'I said'

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 Strings
• Operators, interpolation, functions, and methods
>>> p = 98.1234 >>> "Hello" + "World"
>>> r = 97.4321 'HelloWorld'
>>> print("Precision = " + str(p) + "%") >>> "Hello" * 3
Precision = 98.1234% 'HelloHelloHello'
>>> s = "Precision %.2f et Recall %.2f" %(p, r) >>> 'lo' in "Hello World"
>>> s True
'Precision 98.12 et Recall 97.43’

>>> s = "Hello Python Programmers !"

>>> s.upper() >>> a = "Hello world!"
'HELLO PYTHON PROGRAMMERS !' >>> ord('A') # the Unicode of 'A'
>>> s.split(" ") 65
['Hello', 'Python', 'Programmers', '!'] >>> ord(' ‫)' ض‬
>>> s.replace("Python", "C/C++") 1590
'Hello C/C++ Programmers !' >>> chr(65)
>>> print("Precision={} Recall={}".format(p, r)) 'A'
Precision=98.1234 Recall=97.4321 >>> chr(8364)
>>> help(str) #for more methods on strings '€'
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Quick exercise
• Use the method find to print out indices of all occurrences of a
substring sub in a string s.

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 Lists

Lists
• A list is a collection of items
o Can contain items of different types

o But usually, the items all have the same type

>>> t = [10, 2, 25, 2] >>> len(t) >>> t = list(range(10))

>>> type(t) 6 >>> s = 0
>>> t[0] >>> for e in t :
<class 'list'>
10 ... s += e
>>> print(t)
>>> t[4] ...
[10, 2, 25, 2] >>> print(s)
'Hello'
>>> t*2 >>> t[-1] 45
[10, 2, 25, 2, 10, 2, 25, 2] 1.5 >>> sum(t)
>>> t = t + ["Hello", 1.5] >>> t[-6] 45
>>> t 10
[10, 2, 25, 2, 'Hello', 1.5] >>> t[1:4]
>>> a = [[1, 2], [10, 20]] [2, 25, 2]
>>> t[4] = 100
>>> a
>>> t
[[1, 2], [10, 20]] [10, 2, 25, 2, 100, 1.5]
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 Lists
>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
• List methods / copying lists >>> b = a
>>> a[0] = 10
>>> L = [8, 1, 5, 6, 4, 10] >>> L.index(5) >>> a
>>> L.append(15) 2 [10, 2, 3]
>>> L >>> L.index(2) >>> b
[8, 1, 5, 6, 4, 10, 15] ValueError: 2 is not in list [10, 2, 3]
>>> L.insert(1, 25) >>> 2 in L >>> a == b
>>> L False True
[8, 25, 1, 5, 6, 4, 10, 15] >>> L.sort() >>> a is b
>>> L.pop() >>> L True
15 [4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 25] >>> c = a.copy()
>>> L >>> L.reverse() >>> a[1] = 20
[8, 25, 1, 5, 6, 4, 10] >>> L >>> a
>>> L.pop(2) [25, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4] [10, 20, 3]
1 >>> L.clear() >>> c
>>> L >>> L [10, 2, 3]
[8, 25, 5, 6, 4, 10] [] >>> a == c
False

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Quick exercise
• A matrix (2d-array) can be represented in Python as a list of lists.
o Create a matrix of zeros with size (n, m)

o Create the identity matrix with size (n, n)

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 Lists

• List comprehensions

>>> a = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]

>>> a
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> b = [x**2 for x in range(10) if x%2]
>>> b
[1, 9, 25, 49, 81]

>>> n = 3
>>> m = 4
>>> M = [[0 for j in range(m)] for i in range(n)]
>>> M
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]

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Exercise
• A matrix (2d-array) can be represented in Python as a list of lists.
• Define a function that returns a random matrix with size (n, m) and values
between 0.0 and 1.0
o Hint : use function of random module

• Define a function that computes the sigmoid of a matrix.

• Define a function that computes the softmax of a matrix.

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 Dictionaries

Dictionaries
• A dictionary is an unordered collection of (key, value) pairs.
o A dictionary stores data as a key:value pair >>> list(d)
['casa', 'fes', 'ifrane']
o Dictionaries are indexed by keys >>> 'fes' in d
True
>>> d = {"fes":60, "rabat":120, "ifrane":55}
>>> d >>> for k in d.keys():
... print(k, d[k])
{'rabat': 120, 'fes': 60, 'ifrane': 55}
>>> type(d) ...
casa 300
<class 'dict’>
>>> d['rabat'] fes 60
ifrane 55
120
>>> for k, v in d.items():
>>> d["casa"] = 300
... print(k, v)
>>> d
...
{'rabat': 120, 'casa': 300, 'fes': 60, 'ifrane': 55}
>>> d.pop('rabat') casa 300
fes 60
120
>>> d ifrane 55
>>> {x:x**2 for x in (2, 4, 8)}
{'casa': 300, 'fes': 60, 'ifrane': 55}
{8: 64, 2: 4, 4: 16}
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 Tuples

Tuples
>>> t = (100, 200, 'Hello', 12.5)
• A tuple is an immutable list >>> type(t)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> t
• tuples are usually used :
(100, 200, 'Hello', 12.5)
o to pass arguments into functions >>> t[0]
100
o to return values from functions >>> t[len(t)-1]
12.5
o as keys in dictionaries. >>> t[1] = 10
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item
assignment
>>> a, b, c, d = t # tuple unpacking
>>> c
'Hello'
>>> L = list(t)
>>> L
[100, 200, 'Hello', 12.5]
>>> pts = [(x, x*x) for x in range(5)]
>>> pts
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)]
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